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The Use of Organic Waste as an Eco-Efficient Energy Source in Ghana

Journal of Environmental Protection 2012年第7期3卷 553-562页

作者： robert Ohene Adu Reiner Lohmueller Esbjerg Institute of Technology (EIT) Aalborg University Esbjerg Denmark University of Applied Sciences Emden Germany

The problem of municipal solid waste (MSW) management has been an issue of global concern in recent times and has engaged governments and local authorities in their quest to manage solid waste in a sustained manner. One proposition which has the potential of solving three problems at the same time is the use of the biodegradable component of MSW as a source of energy to augment energy supply. This research therefore assessed the use of the organic fraction of MSW as an eco-efficient energy source in Ghana. A study of Ghana’s solid waste profile was undertaken and the fraction of biodegradable component was found to be approximately 60%, with a heating value of 17 MJ/kg and a moisture content of 50%. Moreover, it was established that 0.5 kg of solid waste is generated daily by each Ghanaian, meaning that about 5610 tons of the organic fraction could be made available every day to generate energy to the national grid. It was also established that waste disposal in Ghana is largely by way of open dumping as primary collection of waste from households in Ghana is limited to high-income communities which represent only 11% of the population, whereas secondary collection from transfer points to the disposal facilities is inefficient. With representative power output of 1.66 MWh/tonne a total of 3320 GWh of energy can be produced annually from the 4 proposed plants, generating net revenue of about $111,600,000. As an optimizing step, a waste incineration scheme was suggested in which the off-gases produced from organic waste combustion could be used to produce electrical power with steam in a multi-stage heat exchanger-steam turbine configuration, and the off gases again used for pre-drying of the organic waste in a cycle. A state-of-the art waste incineration technology was used as a model and adapted to suit Ghana’s tropical conditions. MSW combustion releases less CO2 for the same power output (837 Ib/MWh) than any of the other conventional fuels do, and is therefore a

关键词： Municipal Solid Waste Organic Waste Biodegradable Eco-Efficient Pre-Drying Waste Incineration Climate Change

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New Instruments and Columns @ PittCon 2005

New Instruments and Columns @ PittCon 2005

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第十五次全国色谱学术报告会

作者： robert Stevenson Executive Editor China Laboratory and Editor of Separation ScienceInternational Scientific CommunicationsInc．3338 Carlyle TerraceLafayetteCA 94549-5202 USA

＜正＞The Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy （PittCon） was held at the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando, FL from February 28 to March 4, 2005. The meeting attracted over 20,000 scientists and engineers to a strong technical program combined with an exhibition consisting of over 1000 exhibiting firms and over 2000 booths. Each year, many of the Editors from over 100 different publications serving the laboratory market space gather late on the third day to select the most significant new products of the year. This vear the awards were:

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Outflow of Pacific water from the Chukchi Sea to the Arctic Ocean

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Chinese Journal of Polar Science 2008年第2期19卷 135-148页

作者： robert S Pickart Greg Stossmeister Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole MAUSA National Center for Atmospheric Research/Earth Observing Laboratory Boulder COUSA

Pacific water exits the Chukchi Sea shelf through Barrow Canyon in the east and Herald Canyon in the west, forming an eastward-directed shelfbreak boundary current that flows into the Beaufort Sea. Here we summarize the transformation that the Pacific water undergoes in the two canyons, and describe the characteristics and variability of the resulting shelfbreak jet, using recently collected summertime hydrographic data and a year-long mooting data set. In both canyons the northward-flowing Pacific winter water switches from the western to the eastern flank of the canyon, interacting with the northward-flowing summer water. In Barrow canyon the vorticity structure of the current is altered, while in Herald canyon a new water mass mode is created. In both instances hydraulic effects are believed to be partly responsible for the observed changes. The shelfl）reak jet that forms from the canyon outflows has distinct seasonal configurations, from a bottom-intensified flow carrying cold, dense Pacific water in spring, to a surface-intensified current advecting warm, buoyant water in summer. The current also varies significantly on short timescales, from less than a day to a week. In fall and winter much of this mesoscale variability is driven by storm events, whose easterly winds reverse the current and cause upwelling. Different types of eddies are spawned from the current, which are characterized here using hydrographic and satellite data.

关键词： Chukchi Sea Arctic Ocean outflow of Pacific water.

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Growth, Optical, Mechanical, Dielectric and Theoretical Studies on Potassium Pentaborate Tetrahydrate (KB_5O_8·4H_2O) Single Crystal by Modified Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy Method

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2009年第6期25卷 745-748页

作者： C. Justin Raj S. Krishnan S. Dinakaran J. Mary Linet R. Uthrakumar R. robert S. Jerome Das Department of Physics FET Saveetha University Department of Physics RMK Engineering College Department of Physics Loyola College

A nonlinear optical single crystal of potassium pentaborate tetrahydrate （KB5O8·4H2O） has been grown from aqueous solution by using unidirectional crystal growth method of Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy （SR） with a due modification in the growth assembly. Potassium pentaborate crystal of 60 mm length and 10 mm diameter has been grown along （100） plane with a growth rate of 3 mm per day within a period of 20 days. The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to confirm that the crystal belongs to the orthorhombic system. Some fundamental data such as valance electron plasma energy, Penn gap, Fermi energy and electronic polarizability of the grown crystal were calculated. The presence of borate in the grown crystal was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectroscopy. The optical transmission property of the grown crystal was analyzed using ultra violet （UV） visible spectral analysis. Surface morphology of the growth plane was observed using scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The mechanical strength of the crystals was found out using Vickers microhardness test along the growth axis. Frequency dependent dielectric constant of the grown crystal was studied for various temperatures along （100） plane.

关键词： Crystal growth Characterization Nonlinear optic materials

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Benthic Macroinvertebrates of Bull Run Creek: A Pre-Restoration Baseline

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Natural Resources 2023年第6期14卷 79-91页

作者： Joe Corsini John Zakrajsek robert Hassmiller Biology Department Eastern Oregon University La Grande OR USA NFJD Habitat Biologist Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation La Grande OR USA Malheur National Forest Blue Mountain District John Day OR USA

In North America, disturbed riparian zones have had a deleterious effect on the life cycles of anadromous fish, especially the commercially and culturally important salmon and steelhead. The result has been a significant reduction in the numbers and average size of these fish. Tributaries of the John day River are important spawning waters for western populations of these fish, and the National Forest Service and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation are cooperating to restore floodplains and riparian zones in a number of these headwater tributaries. Herein we have conducted a pre-restoration study of macroinvertebrates and basic water quality parameters in one of these important spawning locations in central Oregon, Bull Run Creek. Results of the turbidity, pH, dissolved Oxygen, and temperature determinations indicate that overall water quality is good, and benthic macroinvertebrate sampling yielded a number of sensitive organisms, including members of Chloroperlidae, Peltoperlidae, Ryachophilidae, Odontoceridae, and Brachycentridae. At all sites, chironomid larvae (non-biting midge) dominated the assemblages. The EPT Index suggests that Bull Run Creek ranges from fair to excellent in terms of its ability to support sensitive species. Sorensen’s Similarity Coefficient indicates varying degrees of shared diversity between the sites, and Shannon’s entropy calculations suggest moderate to low species diversity at all sites, including the reference site on nearby Boundary Creek. Overall, this study indicates that Bull Run Creek is in fair condition and that it should benefit significantly from the restoration efforts.

关键词： Benthic Macroinvertebrates Restoration Diversity Anadromous Fish Beaver

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Diurnal variation in fecal concentrations of acid-detergent insoluble ash and alkaline-peroxide lignin from cattle fed bermudagrass hays of varying nutrient content

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2015年第4期6卷 410-415页

作者： Juvenal Kanani Dirk Philipp Kenneth P Coffey Elizabeth B Kegley Charles P West Shane Gadberry John Jennings Ashley N Young robert T Rhein Division of Agriculture University of Arkansas Department of Plant and Soil Science Texas Tech University

Background： The effect of time of fecal sampling on the accuracy of acid-detergent insoluble ash （ADIA） and alkaline-peroxide lignin （APL） for the prediction of fecal output （FO） in cattle was evaluated. Eight ruminally cannulated cows （594 _＋ 35.5 kg） were allocated randomly to 4 bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon （L.） Pers.] hay diets markedly different in crude protein concentration （79-164 g/kg） with 2 replicates per diet for 3 periods. Cows were offered hay individually at 20 g DM/kg of body weight daily in equal feedings at 08：00 and 16：00 h for a 10-d adaptation period followed by 5-d of total fecal collection. Fecal grab samples also were taken each day during the fecal collection period at 06：00, 12：00, 18：00, and 24：00 h either directly from the rectum or from freshly voided feces. Samples were composited within cow and time across the 5 d total fecal collection period. Additionally, forage, ort, and fecal samples were analyzed for concentrations of APL and ADIA. Results： Fecal concentrations of ADIA and APL were not affected by sampling time （P 〉 0.22）, even though diet affected （P 〈 0.01） fecal ADIA and APL concentrations. There were no diet x sampling time interactions （P ≥ 0.60）. Estimates of FO and dry matter digestibility （DMD） from ADIA and APL were not affected （P 〉 0.16） by sampling time or the diet x sampling time interaction （P 〉 0.74）. Estimates of FO and DMD from markers from different sampling times or all different combinations of sampling time were not different （P 〉 0.72） from those of total collection among internal markers. Conclusion： Little variation in concentrations of ADIA and APL in daily fecal excretion across time increases flexibility in fecal grab sampling schedules for predicting FO and DMD.

关键词： Digestibility Fecal sampling time Internal markers Bermudagrass Cattle

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伊伐布雷定和阿替洛尔保护大鼠心肌梗死后冠脉储备的比较研究

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中国药学杂志 2011年第6期46卷 426-429页

作者：张荣林 robert J.Tomanek 南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院心血管内科南京210008 美国爱荷华大学医学院心血管病中心艾奥瓦城52242

目的比较伊伐布雷定(Iva)和阿替洛尔(Ate)治疗对大鼠心梗后冠脉储备的保护作用有无差异。方法受试大鼠分为假手术(sham)组、心肌梗死(MI)组、MI+Iva组和MI+Ate组,药物治疗在诱导心肌梗死后开始,疗程28 d。比较大鼠的心梗面积,以及治疗... 详细信息

目的比较伊伐布雷定(Iva)和阿替洛尔(Ate)治疗对大鼠心梗后冠脉储备的保护作用有无差异。方法受试大鼠分为假手术(sham)组、心肌梗死(MI)组、MI+Iva组和MI+Ate组,药物治疗在诱导心肌梗死后开始,疗程28 d。比较大鼠的心梗面积,以及治疗前后的心率、冠脉储备等情况。结果三组心梗大鼠之间基础心率、梗死面积占心室面积的比例均无统计学差异;与MI组相比,术后第28天MI+Iva组和MI+Ate组的心率明显减慢;而MI+Iva组和MI+Ate组相比,术后第28天的心率减慢程度没有统计学差异。与sham组相比,MI组无论游离壁还是室间隔的冠脉储备都显著降低,MI+Ate组室间隔的冠脉储备也显著降低。MI+Iva组无论游离壁还是室间隔的冠脉储备都显著高于MI组和MI+Ate组。结论 Iva治疗对大鼠MI后冠脉储备的保护作用优于Ate。

关键词：心肌梗死伊伐布雷定阿替洛尔冠脉储备

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An Analysis of Solid Waste Generation and Characterization in Thika Municipality of Kiambu County, Kenya

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(B) 2015年第4期4卷 210-215页

作者： Mugo Ephantus Kinyua robert Njogu Paul Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobi 62000-00200 Kenya

The rapid increase in population in Thika has led to increase in municipal solid waste generation, which has posed challenges in the waste disposal and management. This study was carried out to quantify and characterize the waste generated within Thika municipality. Six months data （between March 2014 and August 2014） of waste stream at the dumpsite was reviewed and analyzed. The survey indicated that 66.95% ± 0.34% of the total waste dumped originated from the municipal council ofThika （MCT）. It constitutes of domestic, commercial and institutional waste. 33.05% is industrial waste. Sixty eight percent （68%） of the waste consisted primarily of four components： paper, plastic, organics and food. Food accounted for 15.51% ± 0.95%, paper 18.31% ± 1.7%, plastics 17.89% ± 0.81% and organics other than food 16.51% ±1.01%, respectively obtained at 95% confidence level. Each of the components has some level of recovery. Some of the reusable and recyclable materials were being recovered, food waste had the highest recovery rate of 23% ± 1.7% and was used as animal feed, while plastic （soft plastic） 17% ± 0.93% was sold to recyclers. Recovery of materials for recycling and composting was estimated at 10.21 tonnes or 11.35% of daily generation, leaving 76.44 tonnes per day that can be converted into useful energy. The study shows waste in this dumpsite can be exploited to by converting it to energy thus a good solution for waste management.

关键词： Municipal solid waste municipal solid waste management waste to energy Thika municipality.

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POMPEⅡ

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大学英语 1986年第6期 36-39页

作者： robert Silverburg 康明强

At dawn on August 24,in the year A.D.79,Pompeii’s 25,000 peopleawakened to another hot day in that hot *** was goingto be a contest in the arena that night and the whole town was lookingforward to the bloody fights of the *** children headedtoward school,carrying slates and followed by their *** the forumthe town’s important men had gathered after breakfast to read the poli-

关键词： POMPE 科幻小说

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Black soldier fly larvae in broiler diets improve broiler performance and modulate the immune system

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Animal Nutrition 2021年第3期7卷 695-706页

作者： Jessica de Souza Vilela Nicholas M.Andronicos Manisha Kolakshyapati Matthew Hilliar Terence Z.Sibanda Nigel R.Andrew robert A.Swick Stuart Wilkinson Isabelle Ruhnke School of Environmental and Rural Science Faculty of ScienceAgricultureBusiness and LawUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNSWAustralia School of Science and Technology University of New EnglandArmidaleNSWAustralia Insect Ecology Lab Natural History MuseumZoologyUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNSWAustralia Feedworks Pty Ltd. RomseyVICAustralia

Non-conventional feed ingredients are receiving more interest in their ability to increase farming effi-ciency,sustainability and animal *** objective of this study was to determine the optimal rate of inclusion level of the full-fat black soldier fly larvae(BSFL)in broiler diets and to evaluate their impact on performance,nutrient digestibility,and the immune system(blood cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes).A total of 400 male day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups with 8 replicates *** inclusion levels of full-fat BSFL were investigated across starter(0,2.5%,5%,7.5%and 10%),grower and finisher diets(0,5%,10%,15%and 20%).All diets were formulated based on digestible amino acid values according to the Aviagen(2016)recommendations.A polynomial regression at different degrees was performed to analyse broiler performance parameters(body weight,body weight gain,feed intake,and feed conversion ratio),nutrient digestibility,and blood cell *** lymphocyte population data was analysed performing univariate linear *** the entire experimental period(from 2 to 42 d),BSFL inclusion levels decreased the feed conversion ratio by 10%in broilers that received 20%BSFL in their diets(P<0.05).Lymphocytes and white blood cell count decreased linearly by 47.7%and 35.9%,respectively,with up to 20%BSFL inclusion(P<0.001).A 4-fold decrease in CD3+T lymphocytes and a 9.7-fold decrease of CD3+CD8+intestinal cytotoxic T lymphocytes occurred in broilers fed 20%BSFL compared to the control *** findings suggest that the inclusion of BSFL can improve broiler performance and potentially reduce immune response energy expenditure in birds fed 20%BSFL for 42 d.

关键词： Antimicrobial peptides Chitin Feed insects Poultry Protein

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