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气象科技 1990年第4期18卷 60-65页

作者： Harry T.Ochs iii robert R.Czys 陈锡铭美国伊利诺斯州水资源调查所

云滴碰撞结果对降水的演变十分重要.碰撞雨滴是并合还是分离,电荷起着决定性作用.在实验室里用以终速自由下落的荷电滴做了实验,揭示了滴碰撞的许多新特点.

关键词：荷电碰撞角自由下落云滴电荷量反电荷频闪灯滴流计算机控制云中

Endangered species and nature conservation: science issues and challenges

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Integrative Zoology 2008年第2期3卷 75-82页

作者： robert C.SZARO US Geological Survey Biological Resources DisciplineRestonVirginiaUSA

The issues and challenges facing us in ensuring the survival of as many species and ecosystems as possible call fora renewed research focus to address how to improve management strategies and policy making now and into thefuture. The key issues to be addressed by activities of the International Union of Forest Research Organization’s(IUFRO) Task Force on Endangered Species and Nature Conservation include such issues as: (i) preventing speciesfrom being listed by maintaining species populations at sufficient levels that they do not require listing;(ii) recoveringthreatened and endangered species;(iii) developing management practices and strategies;(iv) balancingactions affecting suites of threatened or endangered species;(v) developing conservation strategies for specieswithout definitive taxonomic treatments;(vi) dealing with global change;(vii) dealing with invasive species;and(viii) restoring critical habitats.

关键词： endangered species management practices nature conservation restoration science issues

The ORC Patient/Tumor Classification—A New Approach: A New Challenge with Special Consideration for the Lung

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Journal of Cancer Therapy 2011年第2期2卷 172-175页

作者： Raymond Andrew Dieter Jr. George Kuzycz Raymond Andrew Dieter iii robert Sean Dieter Center for Surgery LLC Naperville USA Department Cardiology/Interventional Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine Maywood USA Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery University of Tennessee Knoxville USA Past President International College of Surgeons Chicago USA

Purpose: The development of malignancy is a life changing concern for many individuals. The classification of the tumor alone does not adequately take into consideration the patient’s physical condition. Thus, a system to classify both the patient and the tumor has been followed-the ORC system. Method: Additional information regarding the patient and their health has been followed by most physicians but not systematically categorized. By using the individuals health information in addition to the TNM classification one can more adequately advise the patient. Thus O-operability, R-resectability, and C-curability are all considered and more appropriately define the patient and his/her tumor condition. Results: The patient’s physical condition must be acceptable for the treatment-whether surgical or nonsurgical. Pulmonary, cardiac, muscular, renal or other disease entities must not be so severe as to prevent treatment (operability). The lesion should be in a location and of a size to afford possible excision-resectability, and the tumor should be potentially curable in order to justify major intervention. Thus, by combining the patient’s specific health status as well as the tumor characteristics (TNM) a better clarification of the treatment, the options, and the prognosis are delineated. Conclusion: When a patient is seen with a tumor-malignant or benign, therapeutic considerations must include the individual’s health status as well as the tumor prior to determining the treatment. Therefore, a system to consider both the health and the tumor is proposed-the ORC system.

关键词： Patient Classification Tumor Classification Operability Resectability Curability TNM

Evaluation of a Wireless Solar Powered Personal Weather Station

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第1期15卷 36-53页

作者： robert J. Lascano Timothy S. Goebel Dennis C. Gitz iii John E. Stout Cropping Systems Research Laboratory Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Research Unit USDA-ARS Lubbock TX USA

We are evaluating dryland cotton production in Martin County, Texas, measuring cotton lint yield per unit of rainfall. Our goal is to collect rainfall data per 250 - 400 ha. Upon selection of a rainfall gauge, we realized that the cost of using, for example, a tipping bucket-type rain gauge would be too expensive and thus searched for an alternative method. We selected an all-in-one commercially available weather station;hereafter, referred to as a Personal Weather Station (PWS) that is both wireless and solar powered. Our objective was to evaluate average measurements of rainfall obtained with the PWS and to compare these to measurements obtained with an automatic weather station (AWS). For this purpose, we installed four PWS deployed within 20 m of the Plant Stress and Water Conservation Meteorological Tower that was used as our AWS, located at USDA-ARS Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, Lubbock, TX. In addition, we measured and compared hourly average values of short-wave irradiance (Rg), air temperature (Tair) and relative humidity (RH), and wind speed (WS), and calculated values of dewpoint temperature (Tdew). This comparison was done over a 242-day period (1 October 2022-31 May 2023) and results indicated that there was no statistical difference in measurements of rainfall between the PWS and AWS. Hourly average values of Rg measured with the PWS and AWS agreed on clear days, but PWS measurements were higher on cloudy days. There was no statistical difference between PWS and AWS hourly average measurements of Tair, RH, and calculated Tdew. Hourly average measurements of Rg and WS were more variable. We concluded that the PWS we selected will provide adequate values of rainfall and other weather variables to meet our goal of evaluating dryland cotton lint yield per unit rainfall.

关键词： Automation Sensors Citizen Weather Station Mesonet Rainfall Weather Variables

Modules and Structure Presheaves for Arbitary Rings

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数学进展 1991年第1期 15-23页

作者： robert Wisbauer University of Dusseldorf West Germany

Basic techniques in the classical theory of commutative associative rings A with unity are:(i) The homological characterization of A in the category of A-modules. (ii) The rings of quotients of prime or semjprime rings A,(iii) The localization Ap at a prime ideal P and the structure sheaf on the prime spectrum of A. All these parts of structure theory are closely related to each other in this *** technique (i) was successfully applied to non-commutative rings, the parts (ii) and (iii) do not allow a satisfying extension to this more general situation. Moreover, in the special cases which admit corresponding constructions, the interplay between the different points usually gets *** the cateaory of left A-modules by a suitable subcategory σ[A] of bimodules over an arbitary (non-associative) ring A a natural extension of all three techniques under consideration which preserves relationships known from the classical situation is obtainedPart (i) and (ii) of the resulting theory can be fou

关键词： Pr Modules and Structure Presheaves for Arbitary Rings

Short Communication: Analysis of Grain Size Distribution through Image Analysis

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2018年第12期9卷 2339-2346页

作者： Dennis C. Gitz iii Jeffrey T. Baker Paxton Payton Zhanguo Xin robert J. Lascano USDA-ARS Cropping Systems Research Laboratory Lubbock TX USA

Herein we describe an approach to measure the volume and to characterize the volume distribution of large numbers of individual small regularly shaped seeds. The results of a preliminary investigation into the distribution of seed size of a multi-seeded sorghum mutant, as compared to the wild type from which it was developed are also reported, and are used as an example of the method’s utility.

关键词： Seed Size Grain Size Sorghum Twin Seed Multi-Seed Image Analysis

A Portable and Mobile Rainfall Simulator

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2019年第10期9卷 207-218页

作者： robert J. Lascano John E. Stout Timothy S. Goebel Dennis C. Gitz iii Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Research Unit USDA-ARS Lubbock TX USA Department of Plant and Soil Science Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA.

An existing Purdue-type rainfall simulator (RFS) was designed to be transported using a commercial flatbed trailer that was modified by cutting out a section of the wooden bed allowing the RFS to be positioned directly above the target area to measure soil erosion and water runoff. To allow water to pass through the trailer undisturbed, the axle of the trailer was removed and replaced with axle-free wheel hubs and springs. Additionally, a remote control mover rated for 2000 kg was incorporated in our design. The final result was a portable and mobile RFS that can be moved to fields using a trailer hitch and can be operated by two individuals. The cost of the hardware, not including the RFS, is $5300 (USD) and detailed design plans are available.

关键词： Mobile Transport Trailer Plot and Field Studies Infiltration Runoff Soil Erosion

The Stem Heat Balance Method to Measure Transpiration: Evaluation of a New Sensor

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Agricultural Sciences 2016年第9期7卷 604-620页

作者： robert J. Lascano Timothy S. Goebel Jill Booker Jeffrey T. Baker Dennis C. Gitz iii USDA-ARS Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Research Unit Plant Stress and Water Conservation Laboratory Lubbock TX USA USDA-ARS Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Research Unit Plant Stress and Water Conservation Laboratory Big Spring TX USA

The measurement of crop transpiration (Tcrop) under field conditions and throughout the growing season is difficult to obtain. An available method uses stem flow gauge sensors, based on the conservation of energy and mass, where the calculated sap flow (F) is a direct measure of Tcrop. This method has been extensively tested on agronomic, horticultural, ornamental aspects and tree crops and the general consensus is that F is a measure of Tcrop. A new sap flow gauge (EXO-SkinTM Sap Flow) sensor, with different placement and number of thermocouples, compared to the original sensor, was introduced, resulting in a different energy balance equation to calculate F. Our objective was to compare values of Tcrop obtained with the new sensor on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, L) plants to values measured with lysimeters. For this purpose, cotton plants were grown in 11-liter pots in a greenhouse experiment and hourly and daily values of Tcrop were compared for eight days. We used linear regression analysis to compare the hourly and daily values of Tcrop measured with the sensor to corresponding values measured with lysimeters on the same plant. Using a t-test (p > 0.05) we tested if the slope of the line was significantly different than 1 and if the intercept was significantly different than 0. This test indicated that there were no statistical differences between hourly and daily values of Tcrop measured with the new sensor and with the lysimeters. The main advantage of the new sensor is the flexibility of the new heater, allowing for better thermal contact between the plant stem and the temperature sensors. Further, the new sensor requires less wiring and copper connectors, and the number of channels used in a datalogger to record the output from the sensor is reduced by 25%. We conclude that the new sensor correctly measures Tcrop and that additional experiments with field grown plants are required to test the sensor at hig

关键词： Cotton Greenhouse Irrigation Evaporation Water Use Water Management

Annual Rainfall and Dryland Cotton Lint Yield—Southern High Plains of Texas

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Agricultural Sciences 2022年第2期13卷 177-200页

作者： robert J. Lascano Paxton Payton James R. Mahan Timothy S. Goebel Dennis C. Gitz iii Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Research Unit USDA-ARS Lubbock TX USA Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Research Unit USDA-ARS Lubbock TX USA

Agriculture in the Texas High Plains (THP) is in a transition phase of producing crops with a diminishing supply of irrigation-water from the Ogallala aquifer to dryland production systems. This shift is driven by the fact that the depth to the water table of the Ogallala aquifer continues to increase. Dryland cotton production systems are prevalent in the southern counties of the THP and our purpose was to use the long-term dryland cotton lint yields from these counties as precursors of the future cotton production patterns that will emerge in this region. For this purpose, from 1972 to 2018, we calculated the ratio of dryland cotton lint yield per unit of annual rainfall at the county level. This ratio is called crop water productivity (CWP) and has units of mass per unit volume (g/m3). In our analysis, we used cotton lint yield data provided by the National Agricultural Statistics and rainfall data provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Our results indicated that the three datasets used in our analysis, i.e., cotton lint yield, rainfall and CWP were all normally distributed. In this time period, 1972 to 2018, only one year 2011—a year with a record drought of 179 mm of rain failed to produce a dryland cotton crop in all the counties used in our analysis. The mean cotton lint yield ± standard deviation ranged from a high of 400 ± 175 kg/ha in Lubbock County to a low of 252 ± 144 kg/ha in Andrews County. However, the counties with the largest CWP > 90 g/m3 were Glasscock, Midland and Martin County. The importance of this result is that these counties are in the southern region of the THP and are subject to extreme environmental conditions and yet cotton producers manage to produce a cotton crop in most years. We conclude that management production methods used by these dryland producers represent the future schemes that will need to be adopted in other counties to sustain the emerging dryland cropping systems across t

关键词： Crop Water Productivity Cotton Cropping Systems Crop Management Rainfed Ogallala Aquifer Water Use Efficiency

Hormone Replacement Therapy for Restoring the HPG Axis in Pain Patients Treated with Long-Term Opioid Analgesics

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2018年第11期9卷 473-480页

作者： Srinivas Nalamachu Joseph V. Pergolizzi Jr. robert Taylor Jr. Jo Ann Le Quang Joseph V. Pergolizzi iii robert B. Raffa International Clinical Research Institute and Pain Management Institute Overland Park KS USA NEMA Research Inc. Naples FL USA LeQ Medical Angleton TX USA College of Pharmacy University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA School of Pharmacy Temple University Philadelphia PA USA

Opioids are a treatment option for a variety of chronic pain conditions. But long-term opioid use can be associated with side effects, including hypogonadism. Opioid-induced hypogonadism (OIhG) is associated with the alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG). In males, hypogonadism can result in erectile dysfunction, reduced libido, fatigue, worsening mood, and increased risk of osteoporosis;in females, it can result in changes in the menstrual cycle and reduced libido, among other effects. A current treatment option for these patients is hormone replacement therapy. In this report, we discuss the problem of opioid-induced hypogonadism, and the therapeutic approach and the potential complications of treating pain patients using hormone replacement therapy.

关键词： Opioid Therapy Chronic Pain HPG Axis Hormone Replacement Therapy