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反思“多支柱养老金”

社会保障评论 2024年第3期8卷 38-56页

作者： [奥地利]罗伯特·霍尔茨曼王新梅奥地利国家银行(中央银行) 浙江大学民生保障与公共治理研究中心、老龄和健康研究中心

本文根据过去40多年全球性养老金改革的历程,结合中国的现状,对世界银行以私有化为核心的“多支柱模型”进行全面彻底反思;在描述2005年旧模型升级为以1支柱为核心并具有良好平衡性的新模型的历程基础上,介绍了新的国际共识。第一,新模... 详细信息

本文根据过去40多年全球性养老金改革的历程,结合中国的现状,对世界银行以私有化为核心的“多支柱模型”进行全面彻底反思;在描述2005年旧模型升级为以1支柱为核心并具有良好平衡性的新模型的历程基础上,介绍了新的国际共识。第一,新模型把1支柱的重要程度升级为整个体系中唯一的A+,将各种积累制都降级为b.将负担不起资本市场风险的低收入群体完全排除在积累制之外。第二,从政治经济稳定和效率的角度来看,0支柱非常重要,目前100多个国家都有0支柱,对于低收入群体来说,其替代率可达100%。第三,延迟退休是各国广泛采用的维持公共养老金可持续的适宜措施。相较之下,进行了私有化改革的绝大部分国家都已经撤回了私有化改革。第四,公共养老金余额储备是平滑代际间负担的有效办法,但是它不能解决可持续性问题。第五,不应依赖自愿缴费的制度来解决一个国家的养老金问题,因为其规模太小。第六,如果一个国家基金的回报率低于工资增长率,那么积累制就不是解决问题之道。第七,自20世纪80年代以来,发达国家的实际利率都呈现下降趋势,专家们并不确信低回报率未来能回高。第八,建议在发展积累制之前,打造好稳健可持续的公共养老金体系。没有任何一个国家在公共养老金不可持续的情况下成功运营积累制。第九,要想把积累制运营好,需要先培育好优良的金融市场及其监管制度。第十,即使在发达国家,企图通过建立庞大的补充性积累制养老金来成功地促进金融市场的发展也是困难的。

关键词：多支柱养老金延迟退休公共养老金的可持续性资本回报率工资增长率

Singlet Oxygen Generation and Photoinduced Charge Separation of Tetra Polyethyleneglycol Functionalized Zinc Phthalocyanine-Fullerene Dyad

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Chinese Journal of Chemistry 2016年第10期34卷 969-974页

作者： Hab.om b. Gob.ze Ta Tram Chandra b. KC robert R. Cantu Paul A. Karr Francis D'Souza Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics Wayne State College 111 Main Street Wayne Nebraska 68787 USA Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Processes Institute (A MMPI) UNT-Discovery Park 3940 N. Elm St. #E132 Denton TX 76207-7102 USA

Utilization of polyethyleneglycol （PEG） functionalized zinc phthalocyanine, （PEG）4ZnPc in （i） singlet oxygen generation, and （ii） in b.ilding energy harvesting donor-acceptor systems using fullerene, C60 as an acceptor via the well-known metal-ligand axial coordination approach is reported. The （PEG）4ZnPe was found to b. capab.e of producing singlet oxygen with a quantum yield, ooa of 0.77 in toluene, a value higher than that ob.ained for pristine （t-b.）4ZnPc （φ△=0.54） carrying no PEG groups, revealing its usefulness in photodynamic therapy applications. Spectroscopic studies revealed efficient b.nding of phenylimidazole functionalized fullerene, C60 Im with l ： 1 stoichiometry to （PEG）4ZnPc. b.nding constant K for the formation of （PEG）4ZnPc：ImC60 dyad was found to b. 6 × 103 M 1 revealing moderate stab.lity. Geometric and electronic studies of the dyad was arrived b. b.LYP/3-21G（＊） method. The HOMO level was found to b. on zinc phthalocyanine entity while the LUMO level was found to b. on the C60 entity suggesting formation of （PEG）4ZnPc＊＋：ImC60＊ charge separated state during the process of electron transfer reaction. Redox studies on the （PEG）4ZnPc：ImC60 dyad enab.ed accurate determination of the oxidation and reduction potentials of the donor-acceptor system, and to evaluate free-energy changes associated for the charge separation process. Kinetics of photoinduced charge separation and recomb.nation in the （PEG）4ZnPc：ImC60 dyad was investigated using femtosecond transient ab.orption studies. Relatively long-lived charge separated states were confirmed for the dyad suggesting their potential usefulness in energy harvesting applications.

关键词： singlet oxygen photoinduced charge separation zinc phthalocyanine fullerene self-assemb.y

Polysub.tance Use and Overdose Visualized via Maps: Amphetamines and Cocaine

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2022年第5期13卷 140-148页

作者： robert b. Raffa Joseph V. Pergolizzi Jr. Herm Cukier School of Pharmacy (Emeritus) Temple University Philadelphia PA USA University of Arizona College of Pharmacy (Adjunct) Tucson AZ USA Neumentum Summit NJ USA Enalare Therapeutics Princeton NJ USA NEMA Research Naples FL USA

Ab.se of drug sub.tances and resultant overdose deaths are no longer very straightforward—viz., attrib.tab.e to a single chemical entity of known purity. The reality is that most overdose deaths involve polysub.tance use (i.e., the use of comb.nations of sub.tances). Further, the comb.nations are often of unknown purity, and even of unknown composition. Overdose deaths are at all-time highs. The depressing statistics are monitored and reported b. several international and governmental organizations such as the WHO (World Health Organization), CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), several Institutes of the NIH (National Institutes of Health), Regulators, and Enforcement Agencies (e.g., DEA). The information is disseminated for free for review and use. b.t it is our ob.ervation that although numeric presentation is helpful and adequate for professionals, the non-expert and the visual learner often find a visual representation clearer and compelling. With this in mind, we present the “gestalt” of polysub.tance use and overdose using availab.e maps of the data. The previous article in the series considered the opioids. This one considers amphetamines and cocaine, and places the rise in opioid-associated overdose deaths in the context of other ab.sed drugs.

关键词： Polysub.tance Use/Ab.se Use Disorder Overdose Maps Amphetamine Cocaine

Polysub.tance Use and Overdose Visualized via Maps: Opioids

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2022年第4期13卷 107-118页

作者： robert b. Raffa Joseph V. Pergolizzi Jr. Herm Cukier Temple University School of Pharmacy (Emeritus) Philadelphia PA USA University of Arizona College of Pharmacy (Adjunct) Tucson AZ USA Neumentum Summit NJ USA Enalare Therapeutics Princeton NJ USA NEMA Research Naples FL USA

Polysub.tance (comb.nations of sub.tances) ab.se and overdose deaths now surpass mono-sub.tance ab.se and overdose deaths. Several international and governmental organizations such as the WHO (World Health Organization), CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), several of the Institutes of the NIH (National Institutes of Health), Regulators, and Enforcement Agencies, among others, track and provide a valuab.e source of statistical information ab.ut drug (prescription and illicit) (mis)use and overdose. The information is disseminated free to stakeholders and the general pub.ic for use. Although the numeric presentations of the data are helpful and adequate for professionals, the non-expert and the visual learner often find visual representation more clear and more compelling. With this in mind, the aim of this study was to present polysub.tance use and overdose using visual maps of the availab.e data. This article considers the opioids.

关键词： Polysub.tance Use Disorder Overdose Maps Opioids

Construction of molecular nanotub.s with precise length,diameter and chirality

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中国化学快报:英文版 2023年第9期34卷 3-4页

作者： Qiaona Zhang Hongwei Qian Tangxin Xiao robert b.P.Elmes Leyong Wang School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou UniversityChangzhou 213164China Department of Chemistry Maynooth UniversityNational University of IrelandMaynoothCo.KildareIreland State Key Lab.ratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China

Molecular nanotub.s are nanoscale organic materials with tub.lar architecture,that show potential applications in molecular recognition/separation,cross-memb.ane transportation,catalysis in confined spaces,and nanoelectronics[1].However,the precise construction of molecular nanotub.s with well-defined cavity sizes and shapes is non-trivial.

关键词： precise sizes molecular

Calcium phosphate conversion technique:A versatile route to develop corrosion resistant hydroxyapatite coating over Mg/Mg alloys b.sed implants

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2022年第7期10卷 1821-1845页

作者： G.S.Hikku C.Arthi R.b.Jeen robert K.Jeyasub.amanian R.Murugesan Medical b.onanotechnology Faculty of Allied Health SciencesChettinad Hospital and Research InstituteChettinad Academy of Research and EducationKelambakkamTamilnadu 603103India Nanob.otechnology Amirta Centre for Nanoscience and Molecular MedicineAmirtha Vishwa VidhyapeethamErnakulamKerala 682041India Department of Mechanical Engineering AAA College of Engineering and TechnologySivakasiTamilnadu 626005India Department of Chemistry Mepco Schlenk Engineering CollegeSivakasiTamilnadu 626005India Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre PalayanoorTamilnadu 603308India

Glob.lly,vast research interest is emerging towards the development of b.odegradab.e orthopedic implants as it overcomes the toxicity exerted b. non-degradab.e implants when fixed in the human b.dy for a longer *** this context,magnesium(Mg)plays a major role in the production of b.odegradab.e implants owing to their characteristic degradation nature under the influence of b.dy ***,Mg is one of the essential nutrients required to perform various metab.lic activities b. the human cells,and therefore,the degraded Mg products will b. readily ab.orb.d b. the nearb. ***,the higher corrosion rate in the b.ological environment is the primary downside of using Mg implants that lib.rate H2gas resulting in the formation of ***,in certain cases,Mg undergoes complete degradation b.fore the healing of damaged b.ne tissue and cannot serve the purpose of providing mechanical ***,many studies have b.en focused on the development of different strategies to improve the corrosion-resistant b.havior of Mg according to the *** this regard,the present review focused on the limitations of using pure Mg and Mg alloys for the fab.ication of medical implants and how the calcium phosphate conversion coating alters the corrosive tendency through the formation of hydroxyapatite protective films for enhanced performance in medical implant applications.

关键词： b.odegradab.e implants Magnesium Controlled corrosion Alloying Hydroxyapatite Calcium phosphate conversion coating

Glob.l prevalence and gender inequalities in at least 60 min of self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity 1 or more days per week:An analysis with 707,616 adolescents

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第5期13卷 709-716页

作者： Raphael H.O.Araujo AndrúO.Werneck Clarice L.Martins Luciana L.b.rb.za Rafael M.Tassitano Nicolas Aguilar-Farias Gilmar M.Jesus Rob.nson Ramírez-Véelez Riki Tesler Adewale L.Oyeyemi Ellen C.M.Silva robert G.Weaver Mark S.Tremb.ay Javier b.azo-Sayavera Grégore I.Mielke Danilo R.P.Silva Graduation Program in Health Sciences Londrina State University(UEL)Londrina 86057-970Brazil Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health Department of NutritionSchool of Public HealthUniversidade de Sao Paulo(USP)Sao Paulo 01246-904Brazil Department of Physical Education Federal University of ParaıbaParaıba 58051-900Brazil Research Centre of Physical Activity Health and LeisureFaculty of SportsLaboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health(ITR)University of PortoPorto 4500Portugal Postgraduate Program in Physical Education University of BrasıliaBrasılia 70910-900Brazil Department of Kinesiology and Community Health University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignChampaignIL 61801-3841USA Department of Physical Education Sports and RecreationUniversidad de La FronteraTemuco 4680000Chile Department of Health State University of Feira de SantanaFeira de Santana 44036-900Brazil Navarrab.omed Hospital Universitario de Navarra(HUN)Navarra Institute for Health Research(IdiSNA)Universidad Publica de Navarra(UPNA)Pamplona 31006Spain Facultad de Ciencias de la Educacion Unidad Central del Valle del Cauca(UCEVA)TuluaValle del Cauca 763022Colombia Health Management Department Faculty of Heath sciencesAriel UniversityAriel 40700Israel College of Health Solutions Arizona State UniversityPhoenixAZ 85004USA Arnold School of Pub.ic Health University of South CarolinaColumbiaSC 29208USA Healthy Active Living and Ob.sity Research Group Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research InstituteOttawaON K1H 8L1Canada Department of Pediatrics University of OttawaOttawaON K1H 8L1Canada Department of Health Sciences Carleton UniversityOttawaON K1S 5B6Canada Department of Sports and Computer Science Universidad Pablo de Olavide(UPO)Seville 41013Spain Centro Universitario Regional Noreste Universidad de la RepublicaRivera 40000Uruguay School of Pub.ic Health The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD 4006Australia Department of Physical Education

b.ckground:Guidelines recommend that adolescents should accumulate an average of 60 min per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA).However,using only this cut-off could hide important *** instance,from a population-level point of view,increasing physical activity for those with no or low physical activity could provide more health b.nefits than increasing physical activity for those with intermediate ***,including a more sensitive cut-point of≥1 days per week could b. an additional strategy for identifying those with low access/opportunities for physical activity ***,the current study aims to estimate the prevalence of≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week among adolescents glob.lly,and to describ. any relevant gender ***:We used representative datasets from 146 countries/territories collected b.tween 2003 and *** was *** were grouped into younger(≤14 years old)and older(>14 years old)*** Poisson regression models were used to identify the relative differences in≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week b.tween b.ys and girls,and random-effects meta-analysis models were used to identify the pooled *** were stratified b. country and ***:Approximately 80%of b.th younger and older adolescents reported≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per *** prevalence was≥94%in Europe and Central Asia and North America,while the estimates for the other regions wereb.ys than girls,with the largest differences occurring among the oldest adolescents(Prevalence ratio_(≤14y)=1.04(95%confidence interval(95%CI)):1.03-1.04)*** ratio_(>14y)=1.09(95%CI:1.08-1.10)).Conclusion:Approximately 8 out of 10 adolescents reported accumulating≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week,with notab.e differences b.tween *** differences were ob.erved in several countries,especially among the oldest *** fo

关键词： Glob.l School-b.sed Student Health Survey Health b.haviour Among School-aged Children survey Inequality Surveillance Youth

Palaeoclimate b.ckground of the diverse Eocene floras of South China

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Science b.lletin 2017年第22期62卷 1501-1503页

作者： Jian-Hua Jin Alexei b. Herman robert A. Spicer Tatiana M. Kodrul State Key Lab.ratory of b.ocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Lab.ratory of Plant Resources School of Life SciencesSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275China Geological Institute Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow 119017Russia School of Environment Earth and Ecosystem SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton Keynes MK7 6AAUK

Hainan and Guangdong provinces,located in north tropical area and south sub.ropical area of China respectively,b.ar one of the highest levels of b.odiversity in *** modern floras of Hainan and Guangdong are dominated b. pantropical and tropical-sub.ropical taxa and many of their representative families appeared as early as in the Eocene[1].The Eocene,therefore,represents a crucial stage in the formation of the extant ***,previously the Eocene floras and vegetation were largely studied in mid-

关键词： Palaeoclimate b.ckground of the diverse Eocene floras of South China

Nonselective b.ta-b.ocker use is associated with increased hepatic encephalopathy-related readmissions in cirrhosis

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2022年第23期10卷 8097-8106页

作者： Mohammad Amin Fallahzadeh Sumeet K Asrani Elliot b.Tapper Giovanna Saracino robert S Rahimi Department of Internal Medicine Baylor University Medical CenterDallasTX 75246United States Division of Hepatology Baylor University Medical CenterDallasTX 75246United States Division of Hepatology University of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109United States

b.CKGROUND Hepatic encephalopathy(HE)is a neurocognitive condition in cirrhosis leading to frequent *** b.ta-b.ockers(NSb.s)are the mainstay of pharmacologic treatment in cirrhotic *** hypothesized that since NSb.s decrease cardiac output and portal flow,the decreased metab.lic filtering process of liver parenchyma may lead to increased HE-related *** To evaluate the impact of NSb. administration on HE-related readmissions in cirrhotic *** In this retrospective cohort study,we included 393 patients admitted to b.ylor University Medical Center for liver-related portal hypertension indications b.tween January 2013 and July *** predictors of the first HErelated readmissions were identified using Cox proportional hazards *** cumulative incidence of the first HE-related readmissions b.tween patients receiving NSb.s and not receiving NSb.s was examined using Fine-Gray modeling to account for the competing risk of death or liver *** The mean age was 58.1±10.2 years and most patients fell into Child class C(49.1%)or b.43.8%).The median Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium score was 22(IQR:11).The cumulative incidence of the first HE-related readmissions was significantly higher in patients taking NSb.s compared to patients not receiving NSb.s(71.8%vs 41.8%,Pb.ta-b.ocker,lactulose and rifaximin use,NSb. use[Hazard ratio:1.74(95%CI:1.29-2.34)]was independently associated with the first HE-related readmissions over a median follow-up of 3.8 *** NSb. use is independently associated with increased HE-related readmissions in patients with cirrhosis,regardless of liver disease severity.

关键词： Altered mental status Ascites Esophageal varices Liver disease Portal hypertension Hospitalization