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Earliest megafossils of scandent calamoid palms from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India and their paleobiogeographic implications

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2024年第3期13卷 509-527页

作者： Sanchita Kumar Kaustav Roy robert a.spicer Mahasin Ali Khan Palaeobotany and Palynology Laboratory Department of BotanySidho-Kanho-Birsha UniversityRanchi RoadPurulia-723104India CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMengla 666303Yunnan ProvinceChina School of Environment Earth and Ecosystem SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton KeynesMK76AAUK State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System Resources and Environment(TPESRE)Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Two well-preserved petrified palm stems from the latest Maastrichtian(Late Cretaceous) to earliest Danian(Early Paleocene) sediments of the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Madhya Pradesh, Central India are described. Their significant anatomical characteristics include a Calamus-type general stem pattern,the presence of well-preserved fibrovascular bundles(fvbs) with two wide metaxylem vessel elements(230 μm-250 μm) and one phloem strand, uniform density of fvbs, lack of continuity between protoxylem and metaxylem vessel elements, and an absence of centrifugal differentiation of sclerenchymatous fibrous *** features reveal a close resemblance to those of extant genera of scandent Calamoideae. The permineralized stems are described as a new species namely, Palmoxylon calamoides Kumar, Roy et Khan sp. *** fossils represent the oldest reliable fossil records of this family, supporting their Gondwanan origin, their importance in tracing their migration pathways from India to Europe and other continents after the docking of the Indian subcontinent with Eurasia during the Paleocene, and an “Out-of-India” dispersal hypothesis. Today the subfamily Calamoideae is disjunctly occurred in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and South America, but the poor deep-time fossil record of this subfamily with a small number of Cenozoic fossils makes hypotheses concerning its origin and dispersal difficult to evaluate. The present study has significant implications for the origin and migration of this subfamily and the paleoclimate.

关键词： Scandent Calamoideae Stem anatomy K-Pg Paleobiogeography Paleoclimate Central India

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Cenozoic topography,monsoons and biodiversity conservation within the Tibetan Region:An evolving story

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Plant Diversity 2020年第4期42卷 229-254页

作者： robert a.spicer Alexander Farnsworth Tao Su CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesXishuangbanna 666303China School of Environmental Earth and Ecosystem SciencesThe Open UniversityWalton HallMilton KeynesMK76AAUK School of Geographical Sciences University of BristolBristolBS81SSUK

The biodiversity of the Himalaya,Hengduan Mountains and Tibet,here collectively termed the Tibetan Region,is exceptional in a global *** contextualize and understand the origins of this biotic richness,and its conservation value,we examine recent fossil finds and review progress in understanding the orogeny of the Tibetan *** examine the deep-time origins of monsoons affecting Asia,climate variation over different timescales,and the establishment of environmental niche heterogeneity linked to topographic *** origins of the modern biodiversity were established in the Eocene,concurrent with the formation of pronounced topographic relief across the Tibetan ***(>4 km)mountains to the north and south of what is now the Tibetan Plateau bounded a Paleogene central lowland(<2.5 km)hosting moist subtropical vegetation influenced by an intensifying *** mid Miocene times,before the Himalaya reached their current elevation,sediment infilling and compressional tectonics raised the floor of the central valley to above 3000 m,but central Tibet was still moist enough,and low enough,to host a warm temperate angiosperm-dominated *** 15 Ma,global cooling,the further rise of central Tibet,and the rain shadow cast by the growing Himalaya,progressively led to more open,herb-rich vegetation as the modern high plateau formed with its cool,dry *** the moist monsoonal Hengduan Mountains,high and spatially extensive since the Eocene but subsequently deeply dissected by river incision,Neogene cooling depressed the tree line,compressed altitudinal zonation,and created strong environmental *** served as a cradle for the then newly-evolving alpine biota and favoured diversity within more thermophilic vegetation at lower *** diversity has survived through a combination of minimal Quaternary glaciation,and complex relief-related environmental niche *** great antiquity and diversity of the Tibetan Regi

关键词： Tibet Himalaya Hengduan Mountains Landscape Fossils Conservation

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Coryphoid palms from the K-Pg boundary of central India and their biogeographical implications:Evidence from megafossil remains

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Plant Diversity 2023年第1期45卷 80-97页

作者： Sanchita Kumar Taposhi Hazra robert a.spicer Manoshi Hazra Teresa E.V.spicer Subir Bera Mahasin Ali Khan Palaeobotany and Palynology Laboratory Department of BotanySidho-Kanho-Birsha UniversityRanchi RoadPurulia 723104India CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMengla 666303PR China School of Environment Earth and Ecosystem SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton Keynes MK76AAUK Centre of Advanced Study Department of BotanyUniversity of Calcutta35B.C.RoadKolkata 700019India

Ten palm leaf impressions are documented from the latest Maastrichtian(late Cretaceous) to early Danian(earliest Paleocene) sediments(K-Pg,c.66-64 Ma) of the Mandla Lobe of the Deccan Intertrappean Beds,Madhya Pradesh,central *** palmate leaf shape along with a definite wellpreserved costa support their placement in the subfamily Coryphoideae of the family *** place all recovered palm leaf specimens in the fossil genus Sabalites,report seven species of coryphoid palms and describe two new species namely,Sabalities umariaensis *** Sabalites ghughuaensis *** fossils indicate that coryphoid palms were highly diverse in central India by the latest *** and earlier reported coryphoid palm fossils from the same locality indicate that they experienced a warm and humid tropical environment during the time of *** discoveries confirm the presence of a diversity of Coryphoideae in Gondwana prior to the India-Eurasia collision and provide information about coryphoid biogeographical history over geological *** on megafossil remains,we trace coryphoid palm migration pathways from India to mainland Southeast(SE) Asia and other parts of Asia after the docking of the Indian subcontinent with Eurasia early in the Paleogene.

关键词： Coryphoideae Leaf fossils Late cretaceous-early paleocene Paleobiogeography Paleoclimate Madhya Pradesh

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Siwalik plant megafossil diversity in the Eastern Himalayas: A review

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Plant Diversity 2023年第3期45卷 243-264页

作者： Mahasin Ali Khan Sumana Mahato robert a.spicer Teresa E.V.spicer Ashif Ali Taposhi Hazra Subir Bera Palaeobotany and Palynology Laboratory Department of BotanySidho-Kanho-Birsha UniversityRanchi RoadPurulia 723104India CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMengla 666303PR China School of Environment Earth and Ecosystem SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton KeynesMK76AAUK Centre of Advanced Study Department of BotanyUniversity of Calcutta35B.C.RoadKolkata 700019India

The Eastern Himalayas are renowned for their high plant *** understand how this modern botanical richness formed,it is critical to investigate past plant biodiversity preserved as fossils throughout the eastern Himalayan Siwalik succession(middle Miocene-early Pleistocene).Here,we present a summary of plant diversity records that document Neogene floristic and climate *** do this by compiling published records of megafossil plant remains,because these offer better spatial and temporal resolution than do palynological *** of the Siwalik floral assemblages based on the distribution of the nearest living relative taxa suggest that a tropical wet evergreen forest was growing in a warm humid monsoonal climate at the deposition *** qualitative interpretation is also corroborated by published CLAMP(Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program) ***,we also reconstruct the climate by applying a new common proxy WorldClim2 *** allows the detection of subtle climate differences between floral assemblages free of artefacts introduced by using different methodologies and climate *** analysis of the Siwalik floras indicates that there was a gradual change in floral *** lower Siwalik assemblages provide evidence of a predominance of evergreen *** increase in deciduous elements in the floral composition is noticed towards the close of the middle Siwalik and the beginning of the upper Siwalik *** change reflects a climatic difference between Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene *** review helps us to understand under what paleoenvironmental conditions plant diversity occurred and evolved in the eastern Himalayas throughout the Cenozoic.

关键词： Megafossils Siwalik MiocenePleistocene Palaeovegetation Palaeoenvironment Eastern Himalayas

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Why ‘the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau’ is a myth

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National Science Review 2021年第1期8卷 156-174页

作者： robert a.spicer Tao Su Paul J.Valdes Alexander Farnsworth Fei-Xiang Wu Gongle Shi Teresa E.V.spicer Zhekun Zhou CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Plant Ecology Core Botanical GardensChinese Academy of Sciences School of Environment Earth and Ecosystem Sciences The Open University School of Geographical Sciences University of Bristol Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and PaleoenvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences

The often-used phrase ‘the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau’ implies a flat-surfaced Tibet rose as a coherent entity, and that uplift was driven entirely by the collision and northward movement of India. Here, we argue that these are misconceptions derived in large part from simplistic geodynamic and climate modeling, as well as proxy misinterpretation. The growth of Tibet was a complex process involving mostly Mesozoic collisions of several Gondwanan terranes with Asia, thickening the crust and generating complex relief before the arrival of India. In this review, Earth system modeling, paleoaltimetry proxies and fossil finds contribute to a new synthetic view of the topographic evolution of Tibet. A notable feature overlooked in previous models of plateau formation was the persistence through much of the Cenozoic of a wide east–west orientated deep central valley, and the formation of a plateau occurred only in the late Neogene through compression and internal sedimentation.

关键词： Tibet paleoaltimetry paleogeography paleontology Himalaya

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The first megafossil of Cibotium within its modern distribution

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2023年第1期12卷 96-106页

作者： Jia-Rong Hu Hao Zhang Lu-Liang Huang Xin-Kai Wu robert a.spicer Cheng Quan Jian-Hua Jin State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources School of Life SciencesSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275Guangdong ProvinceChina School of Ecology Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275Guangdong ProvinceChina School of Environment Earth and Ecosystem SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton Keynes MK76AAUK School of Earth Science and Resources Chang'an UniversityXi'an 710054Shaanxi ProvinceChina State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and PalaeontologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008Jiangsu ProvinceChina

The‘man fern’(Cibotium,Cibotiaceae),a typical tree fern of tropical and subtropical climates,is today mainly distributed in the Hawaiian Islands,Mesoamerica,and tropical and subtropical regions of East and Southeast *** fossil records of this genus are *** two cases of stem fossils have been reported from the Upper Cretaceous of Iwate-Ken,Japan and the upper Eocene of Oregon,*** this paper,ultimate fertile pinna fossils of Cibotium are described from the Miocene Erzitang Formation of Guiping Basin,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,South China,which also preserve in situ spores and *** the first global discovery of Cibotium pinna fossils preserving both in situ spores and cuticles,this find enriches the organ types of Cibotium *** is also the first discovery of Cibotium fossils within its modern distribution range,indicating that Cibotium had migrated southwards into its modern distribution by at least the *** on the modern habitat of Cibotium,we infer that the Guiping Basin was under a warm and humid tropical/subtropical climate in the Miocene.

关键词： Cibotium Miocene South China Phytogeography Paleoclimate Paleoecology

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Environmental adaptations and constraints on latest Cretaceous Arctic dinosaurs

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Global Geology 2016年第4期19卷 241-254页

作者： robert a.spicer Alexei B.Herman Romain Amiot Teresa E.V.spicer School of Environment Earth and Ecosystem SciencesOpen UniversityMilton KeynesMK7 6AAUK Geological Institute Russian Academy of Sciences119017 MoscowRussia Claude Bernard University of Lyon 1 and High Normal School of Lyon Dubois69622 Villeurbanne CedexFrance State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China

The Arct ic hosts an extraordinary wealth of terrestrial fossil biotas of Late Cretaceous age representing a diverse and highly productive near-polar ecosystem that has no modern analogue. Compared to the rest of the Late Cretaceous Maastrichtian plant diversity was at its lowest and the temperature regime the coolest, yet the semi-open forests supported a rich dinosaur fauna made up of a wide range of body sizes and feeding strategies. The combination of mild winter temperatures and continuous darkness lasting several months imposed severe constraints on primary productivity. Plant survival strategies involved almost universal winter loss of foliage, which in turn limited food supply for non-migratory overwintering herbivorous animals. A combination of leaf form and tree ring studies has been used to quantify year round variations in temperature and determine the tim-ing of spring bud-break and autumnal leaf fall. While Maastrichtian winter temperatures were cold enough （down to - 10°C for brief intervals） for frequent frosts and snowfall, summer temperatures were cool but highly variable and at -830N along the north Alaskan coast frequently fel l below ＋ 10°C . Theropod egg shell frag-ments at - 76° N in the Maastrichtian of Northeastern Russia may indicate that dinosaur reproduction took place in the Arctic ecosystem, as distinct from taking place at lower latitude breeding grounds reached by migration. This raises the question of nest management and specifically the maintenance of incubation temperatures, and the duration of incubation. Of critical importance to year-round residency is the timing of hatching and juvenile care before winter darkness set in, temperatures fell to near freezing and food resources became limited.

关键词： Maastrichtian arctic ecosystems climate dinosaur reproduction

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Uplift, climate and biotic changes at the Eocene-Oligocene transition in south-eastern Tibet

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National Science Review 2019年第3期6卷 495-504页

作者： Tao Su robert a.spicer Shi-Hu Li He Xu Jian Huang Sarah Sherlock Yong-Jiang Huang Shu-Feng Li Li Wang Lin-Bo Jia Wei-Yu-Dong Deng Jia Liu Cheng-Long Deng Shi-Tao Zhang Paul J.Valdes Zhe-Kun Zhou Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Paleobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Environment Earth and Ecosystem Sciences The Open UniversityMK7 6AA UK Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Geodynamics and Geohazards School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Sun Yat-sen University Institute of Geology and Paleontology Linyi University Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Faculty of Land Resource Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology School of Geographical Sciences and Cabot Institute University of Bristol

The uplift history of south-eastern Tibet is crucial to understanding processes driving the tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas. Underpinning existing palaeoaltimetric studies has been regional mapping based in large part on biostratigraphy that assumes a Neogene modernization of the highly diverse, but threatened, Asian biota. Here, with new radiometric dating and newly collected plant-fossil archives, we quantify the surface height of part of the south-eastern margin of Tibet in the latest Eocene(～34 Ma) to be ～3 km and rising, possibly attaining its present elevation(3.9 km) in the early Oligocene. We also find that the Eocene–Oligocene transition in south-eastern Tibet witnessed leaf-size diminution and a floral composition change from sub-tropical/warm temperate to cool temperate, likely reflective of both uplift and secular climate change, and that, by the latest Eocene, floral modernization on Tibet had already taken place, implying modernization was deeply rooted in the Palaeogene.

关键词： biodiversity Eocene Oligocene plant fossil Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau uplift

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Cenozoic plants from Tibet:An extraordinary decade of discovery,understanding and implications

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第2期66卷 205-226页

作者： Zhekun ZHOU Jia LIU Linlin CHEN robert a.spicer Shufeng LI Jian HUANG Shitao ZHANG Yongjiang HUANG Linbo JIA Jinjin HU Tao SU CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMengla666303China CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming650204China School of Environment Earth and Ecosystem SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton KeynesMK76AAUK Faculty of Land Resource Engineering Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650093China State Key Laboratory of Paleobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and PaleontologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing210008China

Plant fossils play an important role in understanding landscape evolution across the Tibetan Region,as well as plant diversity across wider eastern *** the last decade or so,paleobotanical investigations within the Tibet Region have led to a paradigm shift in our understanding of how the present plateau formed and how this affected the regional climate and *** is because:(1)Numerous new taxa have been *** all the Cenozoic records of new plant fossil species reported from the Tibet(Xizang)Autonomous Region 45 out of 63(70%)were documented after *** these,many represent the earliest records from Asia,or in some cases worldwide,at the genus or family level.(2)These fossils show that during the Paleogene,the region now occupied by the Tibetan Plateau was a globally significant floristic exchange *** on paleobiogeographic studies,grounded by fossil evidence,there are four models of regional floristic migration and exchange,i.e.,into Tibet,out of Tibet,out of India and into/out of Africa.(3)Plant fossils evidence the asynchronous formation histories for different parts of the Tibetan *** most of the Paleogene,there was a wide east-west trending valley with a subtropical climate in central Tibet bounded by high(>4 km)mountain systems,but that by the early Oligocene the modern high plateau had begun to form by the rise of the valley *** reconstructions using radiometrically-dated plant fossil assemblages in southeastern Tibet show that by the earliest Oligocene southeastern Tibet(including the Hengduan Mountains)had reached its present elevation.(4)The coevolution between vegetation,landform and paleoenvironment is evidenced by fossil records from what is now the central Tibetan *** the Paleocene to Pliocene,plant diversity transformed from that of tropical,to subtropical forests,through warm to cool temperate woodland and eventually to deciduous shrubland in response to landscape evolution from a seas

关键词： Tibetan Plateau Cenozoic Paleobotany Flora Central valley Biodiversity

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The Eocene climate of China, the early elevation of the Tibetan Plateau and the onset of the Asian Monsoon

The Eocene climate of China, the early elevation of the Tibe...

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生态文明建设中的植物学：现在与未来——中国植物学会第十五届会员代表大会暨八十周年学术年会

作者： QING WANG robert a.spicer JIAN YANG YU-FEI WANG CHENG-SEN LI State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Radiation Center College of Life Sciences Liaoning Normal University

Eocene palynological samples from 37 widely distributed sites across China were analysed using Co-existence Approach (CA) to determine trends in space and time for seven palaeoclimate variables: Mean Annual Temperature (MAT), Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP), Mean Temperature of the Warmest Month (WMMT), Mean Temperature of the Coldest Month (CMMT), Mean Annual Range of Temperature (MART), Mean Maximum monthly Precipitation (MMaP) and Mean Minimum monthly Precipitation (MMiP). Present day distributions and observed climates within China of the nearest living relatives of the fossil forms were used to find the range of a given variable in which a maximum number of taxa can coexist. Isotherm and isohyet maps for the early, middle and late Eocene were constructed. These illustrate regional changing patterns in thermal and precipitational gradients that may be interpreted as the beginnings of the modern Asian Monsoon system, and suggest that the uplift of parts of the Tibetan Plateau appear to have taken place by the middle to late Eocene.

关键词： China Eocene Quantitative palaeoclimate reconstruction Co-existence Approach Isogram map Tibetan Plateau Asian Monsoon.

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