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Perceived damage and areas of needed research for wildlife pests of California agriculture

Integrative Zoology 2014年第3期9卷 265-279页

作者： Roger A.BALDWIN Terrell P.SALmON robert H.SCHmIDT robert m.TImm Statewide IPm Program University of California Cooperative ExtensionParlierCAUSA University of California Cooperative Extension San DiegoCAUSA Department of Environment and Society Utah State UniversityLoganUTUSA Hopland Research and Extension Center University of CaliformniaHoplandCAUSA

many wildife species cause extensive damage to a variety of agricultural commodities in California,with es-timates of damage in the hundreds of millions *** the limited availability of resources to solve all human-wildlife conficts,we should focus management efforts on issues that provide the greatest benefit to ag-ricultural commodities in *** survey provides quantitative data on research needs to better guide future efforts in developing more effective,practical and appropriate methods for managing these *** found that ground squirels,pocket gophers,birds,wild pigs,coyotes and voles were the most common agricul-tural wildlife pest species in *** damage caused by these species could be quite high,but varied by agricultural *** most species,common forms of damage included loss of crop production and di-rect death of the plant,although livestock depredation was the greatest concern for *** methods used most frequently and those deemed most effective varied by pest species,although greater advancements in control methods were listed as a top research priority for all ***,the use of toxicants,biocon-trol and trapping were the most preferred methods for control,but this varied by *** general,integrated pest management practices were used to control wildlife pests,with a special preference for those approaches that were efficacious and quick and inexpensive to *** information and survey design should be useful in establishing research and management priorities for wildlife pest species in California and other similar re-gions.

关键词： agriculture California human-wildlife conflict integrated pest management survey

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Bacterial communities in paddy soils changed by milk vetch as green manure: A study conducted across six provinces in South China

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Pedosphere 2021年第4期31卷 521-530页

作者： Songjuan GAO Weidong CAO Guopeng ZHOU robert m.REES College of Resources and Environmental Sciences Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095(China) Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional PlanningChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081(China) Scotland’s Rural College(SRUC) West Mains RoadEdinburgh EH93JG(UK)

The use of green manures contributes to sustainable soil and nutrient management in agriculture;however, the responses of soil microbial communities to different fertilization regimes at the regional scale are uncertain. A study was undertaken across multiple sites and years in Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Henan,Hubei, and Fujian provinces of South China to investigate the effects of green manuring on the structure and function of soil bacterial communities in rice-green manure cropping systems. The study included four treatments: winter fallow with no chemical fertilizer as a control(NF), milk vetch as green manure without chemical fertilizer(Gm), winter fallow and chemical fertilizer(CF), and a combination of chemical fertilizer and milk vetch(GmCF).Significant differences were found in the responses of soil microbial communities at different sites, with sampling sites explaining 72.33%(F = 36.59,P = 0.001) of the community composition variation. The bacterial communities in the soils from Anhui, Henan, and Hubei were broadly similar, while those from Hunan were distinctly different from other locations. The analysis of Weighted UniFrac distances showed that milk vetch changed soil microbial communities compared with winter fallow. Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi predominated in these paddy soils;however, the application of green manures increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria. There was evidence showing that the functional microbes which play important roles in the cycling of soil carbon, nitrogen(N), and sulfur(S) changed after several years of milk vetch utilization(linear discriminant analysis score > 2). The abundance of methane-oxidizing bacteria and S-reducing bacteria increased, and microbes involved in N fixation, nitrification, and denitrification also increased in some provinces. We concluded that the application of milk vetch changed the bacterial community structure and affected the functional groups related to nutrient transformation in soils at

关键词： alpha diversity bacterial composition functional group operational taxonomic unit soil fertility Weighted UniFrac distance

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Toward three-dimensional in vitro models to study neurovascular unit functions in health and disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第11期16卷 2132-2140页

作者： Tara m.Caffrey Emily B.Button Jerome robert Djavad mowafaghian Center for Brain Health University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada Department of Pathology University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada Institute of Clinical Chemistry University Hospital of ZurichZurichSwitzerland

The high metabolic demands of the brain require an efficient vascular system to be coupled with neural activity to supply adequate nutrients and *** supply is coordinated by the action of neurons,glial and vascular cells,known collectively as the neurovascular unit,which temporally and spatially regulate local cerebral blood flow through a process known as neurovascular *** many neurodegenerative diseases,changes in functions of the neurovascular unit not only impair neurovascular coupling but also permeability of the blood-brain barrier,cerebral blood flow and clearance of waste from the *** order to study disease mechanisms,we need improved physiologicallyrelevant human models of the neurovascular *** towards modeling the cellular complexity of the neurovascular unit in vitro have been made using stem-cell derived organoids and more recently,vascularized organoids,enabling intricate studies of non-cell autonomous *** and design innovations in microfluidic devices and tissue engineering are progressing our ability to interrogate the *** advanced models are being used to gain a better understanding of neurodegenerative disease processes and potential *** innovation is required to build more physiologically-relevant models of the neurovascular unit encompassing both the cellular complexity and designed features to interrogate neurovascular unit functionality.

关键词： Alzheimer’s disease cerebrovasculature in vitro model neurodegeneration neurovascular unit

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microstructural development and mechanical properties of drop tube atomized Al-2.85 wt%Fe

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Journal of materials Science & Technology 2022年第9期104卷 41-51页

作者： mehmet R.Abul robert F.Cochrane Andrew m.mullis School of Chemical&Process Engineering University of LeedsLeeds LS29JTUK

Al-2.85 wt%Fe alloy has been subjected to non-equilibrium container-less solidification using a 6.5 m drop *** samples were collected and sieved into 7 sizes fractions ranging from 850μm to 53μm,with the estimated cooling rates being 150 to 11000 K s^(-1)*** analysis was employed on all droplet size fractions for identification and evolution of the phases,showing that Al,Al_(6)Fe and Al_(13)Fe_(4)were formed for all sizes while Al_(5)Fe_(2)was observed only in droplets≤150μm in *** evaluation was conducted by using SEm and optical microscopy,showing that droplet larger than 300μm in diameter exhibited distinct morphologies;microcellular,dendriticα-Al with inter-dendritic Al_(13)Fe_(4)eutectic and an AI-Al_(6)Fe eutectic *** increasing cooling rate,the Al-Al_(6)Fe region *** analysis reveals that increasing the cooling rate increased the dissolved Fe content inα-Al from 0.37 wt%Fe to 1.105 wt%Fe,and correspondingly the eutectic fraction decreased from 49.7 vol.%to 26.7 vol.%.measurement of the lamellar spacing allowed the eutectic growth velocity and interfacial undercooling to be calculated,wherein the Al-rich boundary of the eutectic coupled zone could be *** shows a coupled zone skewed significantly towards the intermetallic side of the *** order to understand the effect of non-equilibrium the solidification on the mechanical properties micro hardness of the droplets was *** micro-hardness has risen from 55.3 HV_(0.01)to 66.5 HV_(0.01)for≥850μm and≤75μm droplets,respectively.

关键词： Al-Fe alloys Container-less solidification microstructure TEm micro-hardness

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Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by single-stranded RNA structural mimics

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第17期16卷 2100-2108页

作者： robert Smolic martina Smolic John H Andorfer Catherine H Wu robert m Smith George Y Wu Department of medicine Division of Gastroenterology-HepatologyUniversity of Connecticut Health Center263 Farmington Ave.FarmingtonCT 06030-1845United States

AIm: To examine the effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV) structural mimics of regulatory regions of the genome on HCV ***: HCV RNA structural mimics were constructed and tested in a HCV genotype 1b aBB7 replicon,and a Japanese fulminant hepatitis-1 (JFH-1) HCV genotype 2a infection *** sequences were computer-predicted to adopt stem-loop structures identical to the corresponding elements in full-length viral ***7.5 cells bearing the BB7 replicon or infected with JFH-1 virus were transfected with expression vectors generating HCV mimics and *** HCV RNA and protein levels were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting,*** evaluate possible antisense effects,complementary RNAs spanning a mimic were ***: In the BB7 genotype 1b replicon system,mimics of the polymerase (NS-5B),X and BA regions inhibited replication by more than 90%,50%,and 60%,*** the JFH-1 genotype 2 infection system,mimics that were only 74% and 46% identical in sequence relative to the corresponding region in JFH-1 inhibited HCV replication by 91.5% and 91.2%,respectively,as effectively as a mimic with complete identity to HCV genotype *** inhibitory effects were confirmed by NS3 protein *** RNA molecules spanning the 74% identical mimic had no significant ***: HCV RNA structural mimics can inhibit HCV RNA replication in replicon and infectious HCV systems and do so independent of close sequence identity with the target.

关键词： Hepatitis C virus Japanese fulminant hepatitis virus Complementarity RNA sequence Hybridization

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ASimplified Neuronal model for the Instigation and Propagation of Cortical Spreading Depression

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Advances in Applied mathematics and mechanics 2011年第6期3卷 759-773页

作者： Huaxiong Huang robert m.miura Wei Yao Department of mathematics and Statistics York UniversityTorontoOntario M3J1P3Canada Center for Applied mathematics and Statistics New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNJ 07102USA Department of mathematical Sciences New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNJ 07102USA Department of mechanics and Engineering Science Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433China

In this paper,we construct a simplified neuronal model that is capable of simulating the instigation of cortical spreading depression(CSD)and propagation of a CSD *** model is a simplification and extension of a single neuron model proposed in the literature for studying the instigation of *** the simplified neuronal model,we construct a network of these simplified *** network model shows that the propagation of a CSD wave occurs naturally after it is instigated electrically or *** the model is simple,the speed of the CSD wave predicted by our model is consistent with experimentally observed ***,our model allows us to investigate the effects of specific ion channels on the spread of a CSD wave.

关键词： Cortical spreading depression neuronal model network numerical simulation

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Erosion pattern of artificial gravel deposits

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2018年第1期33卷 57-67页

作者： Fabian Friedl Volker Weitbrecht robert m.Boes Laboratory of Hydraulics Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW)ETH Zurich

Sediment replenishment with artificial gravel deposits is an option to compensate for sediment deficits in rivers and to improve their ecological conditions. Predicting and quantifying the erosion rate of an artificial gravel deposit is important to successfully perform river restoration projects. Laboratory experiments have been done to investigate the influence of various parameters on the erosion pattern of artificial gravel deposits. In the present paper the effects of deposit geometry, bulk density, grain size distribution, and hydraulic load on the erosion process are described. The temporal evolution of the deposit geometry and the corresponding mean erosion rates were studied. The mean erosion rate increases with deposit height, deposit width, and decreasing grain size. Furthermore, no significant impact of the bulk density was observed. Equations to predict the mean erosion rate are proposed. This investigation helps to determine the design frequency of gravel dumping and deposit volumes for restoration projects.

关键词： Artificial gravel deposits Bed load transport Laboratory experiments Sediment replenishment

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Stability of Two Conservative,High-Order Fluid-Fluid Coupling methods

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Advances in Applied mathematics and mechanics 2019年第6期11卷 1287-1338页

作者： Jeffrey m.Connors robert D.Dolan University of Connecticut Department of MathematicsStorrsCT 06269USA

This paper investigates two methods of coupling fluids across an interface,motivated by air-sea interaction in application *** method is for sequential configurations,where the air code module in invoked over some time interval prior to the sea *** other method is for concurrent setups,in which the air and sea modules run in *** focus is the temporal representation of air-sea *** methods we study conserve moments of the fluxes,with an arbitrary order of accuracy possible in *** step sizes are allowed for the two fluid *** a posteriori stability indicator is defined,which can be computed efficiently on-the-fly over each coupling *** a model of two coupled fluids with natural heat convection,using finite elements in space,we prove the sufficiency of our stability *** certain conditions,we also prove that stability can be enforced by iteration when the coupling interval is small *** particular,for solutions in a certain class,we show that the step size scaling is no worse than O(h)in three dimensions of space,where Oh is a mesh *** is a sharper result than what has been shown previously for related algorithms with finite element *** examples illustrate the behavior of the algorithms under a wide variety of configurations.

关键词： Air-sea atmosphere-ocean fluid-fluid partitioned time stepping conservative coupling

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Adult myelination: wrapping up neuronal plasticity

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Neural Regeneration Research 2014年第13期9卷 1261-1264页

作者： megan O’Rourke robert Gasperini Kaylene m.Young menzies Research Institute Tasmania University of Tasmania The School of medicine University of Tasmania

In this review, we outline the major neural plasticity mechanisms that have been identified in the adult central nervous system （CNS）, and offer a perspective on how they regulate CNS function. In particular we examine how myelin plasticity can operate alongside neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity to influence information processing and transfer in the mature CNS.

关键词： oligodendrocyte OPC adult central nerrous system NG2 oligodendrogenesis plasticity remodelling myelination neural stem cells synapse

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Expression levels of aminopeptidase-N genes in the lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana

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Insect Science 2008年第6期15卷 505-512页

作者： robert m. Simpson Joanne Poulton Ngaire P. markwick Horticulture and Food Research Institute Palmerston North Horticulture and Food Research Institute Auckland New Zealand

Five aminopeptidase-N genes （EpAPN1-5） of the tortricid moth Epiphyas postvittana have been isolated from a midgut expressed sequence tag （EST） library. Relative RNA expression of these genes was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using actin as a reference gene. measurements were made on various tissues of fifth instar larvae, over all stages of the life cycle and under differing dietary conditions： different protein sources and levels, and in presence of trypsin and metalloprotease inhibitors. Gene expression for all five genes was the greatest in midgut tissue, but was also detected in the hindgut, fat body and malpighian tubules. EpAPN4 was consistently the highest expressed, with EpAPN3 at about half that level; EpAPN5 was the least expressed. During larval stages expression was high, generally increasing over the instars, after an early peak as neonates or first instars. Expression in other life stages was much lower. males and females showed differing expression in the pupal and adult stages： female expression was higher in the pupa, this reversed in the adult. Gene expression levels and ratios both changed with diet. A natural apple leaf diet depressed levels. Diets with the most impaired amino acid balance induced the greatest change; generally EpAPN1 increased by the greatest proportion. The addition of proteinase inhibitor also increased gene expression, and it was noteworthy that the trypsin inhibitor addition, which has been shown to double aminopeptidase activity, also doubled levels of gene expression.

关键词： aminopeptidase Epiphyas postvittana Q-PCR

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