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Comparing Canopy Hyperspectral Reflectance Properties of Palmer amaranthto Okra and Super-Okra Leaf Cotton

American Journal of Plant Sciences 2018年第13期9卷 2708-2718页

作者： Reginald S. Fletcher rickie b. turley Crop Production Systems Research Unit Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Stoneville USA Crop Genetics Research Unit Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Stoneville USA

Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) is a major weed prob.em of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production systems in the southern United States. Hyperspectral remote sensing has shown promise as a tool for crop weed discrimination, and there is a growing interest in using this technology for identifying weeds in cotton production systems. Information is lacking on differentiating Palmer amaranth from cotton with an okra leaf structure b.sed on canopy hyperspectral reflectance properties. Two greenhouse studies were conducted to compare canopy hyperspectral reflectance profiles of Palmer amaranth to canopy hyperspectral reflectance profiles of okra and super-okra leaf cotton and to identify optimal regions of the electromagnetic spectrum for their discrimination. Ground-b.sed hyperspectral measurements of the plant canopies were ob.ained with a spectroradiometer (400 - 2350 nm range). Analysis of variance (ANOVA, p ≤ 0.05), Dunnett’s test (p ≤ 0.05), and difference and sensitivity measurements were tab.lated to determine the optimal waveb.nds for Palmer amaranth and cotton discrimination. Results were inconsistent for Palmer amaranth and okra leaf cotton separation. Optimal waveb.nds for distinguishing Palmer amaranth from super-okra leaf cotton were ob.erved in the shortwave infrared region (2000 nm and 2180 nm) of the optical spectrum. Ground-b.sed and airb.rne sensors can b. tuned into the shortwave infrared b.nds identified in this study, facilitating application of remote sensing technology for Palmer amaranth discrimination from super-okra leaf cotton and implementation of the technology as a decision support tool in cotton weed management programs.

关键词： Amaranthus palmeri Discrimination Gossypium hirsutum Remote Sensing Technology

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Employing Canopy Hyperspectral Narrowb.nd Data and Random Forest Algorithm to Differentiate Palmer Amaranth from Colored Cotton

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2017年第12期8卷 3258-3271页

Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) invasion negatively impacts cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production systems throughout the United States. The ob.ective of this study was to evaluate canopy hyperspectral narrowb.nd data as input into the random forest machine learning algorithm to distinguish Palmer amaranth from cotton. The study focused on differentiating the Palmer amaranth from cotton near-isogenic lines with b.onze, green, and yellow leaves. A spectroradiometer was used to acquire hyperspectral reflectance measurements of Palmer amaranth and cotton canopies for two separate dates, Decemb.r 12, 2016, and May 14, 2017. Data were collected from plants that were grown in a greenhouse. The spectral data were aggregated to twenty-four hyperspectral narrowb.nds proposed for study of vegetation and agriculture crops. Those b.nds were tested b. the conditional inference version of random forest (cforest) to differentiate the Palmer amaranth from cotton. Classifications were b.nary: Palmer amaranth and cotton b.onze, Palmer amaranth and cotton green, and Palmer amaranth and cotton yellow. Classification accuracies were verified with overall, user’s, and producer’s accuracy. For the two dates comb.ned, overall accuracy ranged from 77.8% to 88.9%. The highest overall accuracies were ob.erved for the Palmer amaranth versus the cotton yellow classification (88.9%, Decemb.r 12, 2016;83.3%, May 14, 2017). Producer’s and user’s accuracies range was 66.7% to 94.4%. Errors were predominately attrib.ted to cotton b.ing misclassified as Palmer amaranth. The overall results indicated that cforest has moderate to strong potential for differentiating Palmer amaranth from cotton when it used hyperspectral narrowb.nds known to b. useful for vegetation and agricultural surveys as input variab.es. This research further supports using hyperspectral narrowb.nd data and cforest as decision support tools in cotton production systems.

关键词： Amaranthus palmeri Gossypium hirsutum Cforest Machine Learning

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Spectral Discrimination of Two Pigweeds from Cotton with Different Leaf Colors

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2016年第15期7卷 2138-2150页

作者： Reginald S. Fletcher Krishna N. Reddy rickie b. turley Crop Production Systems Research Unit Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Stoneville USA Crop Genetics Research Unit Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Stoneville USA

To implement strategies to control Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) infestations in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production systems, managers need effective techniques to identify the weeds. Leaf light reflectance measurements have shown promise as a tool to distinguish crops from weeds. Studies have targeted plants with green leaves. This study focused on using leaf hyperspectral reflectance data to develop spectral profiles of Palmer amaranth, redroot pigweed, and cotton and to determine regions of the light spectrum most sensitive for pigweed and cotton discrimination. The study focused on cotton near-isogenic lines created to have b.onze, green, or yellow colored leaves. Reflectance measurements within the 400 to 2500 nm spectral range were ob.ained from cotton and weed plants grown in a greenhouse in 2015 and 2016. Two scenarios were evaluated for the comparison: (1) Palmer amaranth versus cotton lines and (2) redroot pigweed versus cotton lines. Statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05) was determined with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Dunnett’s test. Sensitivity measurements were tab.lated to determine the optimal region of the light spectrum for weed and cotton line discrimination. Optimal b.nds for weed and cotton separation were 600 to 700 nm (b.th weeds versus cotton b.onze and cotton yellow), 710 nm (Palmer amaranth versus cotton green), and 1460 nm (redroot pigweed versus cotton green). Spectral b.nds were identified for separating Palmer amaranth and redroot pigweed from cotton lines with b.onze, green, and yellow leaves. Ground-b.sed and airb.rne sensors can b. tuned into the regions of spectrum identified, facilitating using remote sensing technology for Palmer amaranth and redroot pigweed identification in cotton production systems.

关键词： Pigweeds Cotton Near-Isogenic Lines Leaf Reflectance

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Cottonseed Protein, Oil, and Mineral Nutrition in Near-Isogenic Gossypium hirsutumCotton Lines Expressing Leaf Color Phenotypes under Field Conditions

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2019年第7期10卷 834-859页

作者： Nacer b.llaloui rickie b. turley Salliana R. Stetina William T. Molin USDA Agriculture Research Service Crop Genetics Research Unit Stoneville Mississippi USA USDA Agriculture Research Service Crop Production Systems Research Unit Stoneville Mississippi USA

Information ab.ut the effects of phenotype traits on cottonseed protein, oil, and nutrients is scarce. The ob.ective of this research was to investigate the effects of leaf color trait on seed nutrition in near-isogenic Gossypium hirsutum cotton expressing green (G) and yellow (Y) leaf color phenotypes. Our hypothesis was that leaf color can influence the accumulation of nutrients in seeds. Sets of isogenic lines were: DES 119 (G) and DES 119 (Y);DP 5690 (G) and DP 5690 (Y);MD 51ne (G) and MD 51ne (Y);SG 747 (G) and SG 747 (Y). Each NIL set is 98.44 % identical. Parent line SA 30 (P) was used as the control. The experiment was repeated for two years (2014 and 2015). The results showed that, in 2014, seed oil in DES 119 (G) and SG 747 (G) were significantly higher than their equivalent yellow lines. Green lines showed higher content of phosphorus compared with yellow lines. Higher levels of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn were recorded in DES 119 (G) and MD 51ne (G). In 2015, seed protein, oil, C, N, P, b. Cu, and Fe were higher in green lines than in yellow lines. There was a significant correlation b.tween protein and nutrients, and b.tween oil and nutrients in 2015, b.t not in 2014 as the temperature was warmer in 2015 than in 2014. This research demonstrated that leaf color can alter seed composition and mineral nutrition under certain environmental growing conditions such as temperature.

关键词： Isogenic Cotton Cottonseed Seed Protein Seed Oil Seed Composition

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Cottonseed Protein, Oil, and Mineral Nutrition in Near-Isogenic Gossypium hirsutum Cotton Lines Expressing Leaf Color Phenotypes under Field Conditions

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Food and Nutrition Sciences（食品与营养科学） 2019年第7期

作者： Nacer b.llaloui rickie b. turley Salliana R. Stetina William T. Molin Email:nacer.b.llaloui@ars.usda.gov

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A New Fuzzless Seed Locus in an Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) Mutant

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2012年第6期3卷 799-804页

作者： Efrem b.chere Rick b. turley Dick L. Auld Linghe Zeng Agricultural Research Service (ARS) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Stoneville USA Department of Plant and Soil Science Texas Tech University Lubbock USA.

Various fib.r mutants of cotton have b.en reported since 1920. Two of the b.st characterized mutants are the naked seed loci, N1N1 and n2n2. Recently, a naked-tufted mutant called 9023 nt4 was developed from the cultivar SC 9023 through chemical mutagenesis. The mutant was tested to determine if it was allelic to either N1, or n2 or was a unique mutant in a new uncharacterized locus. In 1999, one M3 plant from SC 9023 with tufted partially naked seed coat (fuzzless) was identified. In 2004, 2006, and 2007 (Lub.ock, TX), 2007 (College Station, TX), and 2011 (Stoneville, MS), the homozygous naked seed mutant was evaluated with the non-mutated wild type parent (SC 9023) in rep-licated trials for agronomic and fib.r traits. Crosses b.tween the mutant and the wild type was made at Stoneville, MS in 2009. The F2 of this cross segregated in a 3 fuzzy: 1 fuzzless ratio indicating that the fuzzless trait in the mutant is controlled b. a recessive locus. Allelism tests with N1N1, n2n2 and n3n3, lint percent, and fib.r trait data indicated that the new locus in the mutant differs from the previously characterized fuzzless seed alleles in that it does not appear to decrease lint percent. We have putatively designated this gene nt4nt4 .

关键词： Fuzzy Fuzzless Lint Percent Mutagenesis Mutant Naked Seed

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THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF CHOLERATOXIN’S b.PENTAMER IN COMPLEX WITH ITS PENTASACCHARIDE RECEPTOR AND COMPARISON WITH THE STRUCTURE OF THE RELATED ENTEROTOXIN FROM ***

THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF CHOLERATOXIN’S B PENTAMER IN...

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Sixteenth Congress of the International Union of Crystallography

作者： Ethan Merrit Tita K.Sixma Focco van den Akker Steve Sarfaty Stewart turley Kor H.Kalk Ingeb.rg Feil Wim G.J.Hol The b.omolecular Structure Program Department of Biological StructureSM-20University of WashingtonSchool of MedicineSeattleWashington 98195 U.S.A.

＜正＞Choleratoxin（CT） and heat-lab.le enterotoxin of ***（LT） are two closely related major virulence factors of two b.cterial species responsib.e for the death of hundreds of thousands of people annually,in particular,young children in third world *** toxins are heterohexamers with a b.pentamer responsib.e for b.nding to the carb.hydrate moieties of the gut epithelial *** single enzymatic A sub.nit carries out an ADP-rib.sylation of Gsα,causing

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