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Ultraviolet reflection enhances the risk of predation in a vertebrate

current Zoology 2013年第2期59卷 151-159页

作者： Ricarda MODARRESSIE IngolfE rick Theo c. M. BAKKER Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology University of Bonn An der Immenburg 1 D-53121 Bonn Germany

Many animals are sensitive to ultraviolet light and also possess UV-reflective regions on their body surface. Individu- als reflecting UV have been shown to be preferred during social interactions such as mate choice or shoaling decisions. However, whether those body UV-reflections enhance also the conspicuousness to UV-sensitive predators and thereforeentail costs for its bearer is less well documented. Two size-matched three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus, one enclosed in a UV-transmitting （UV＋） and another in a UV-blocking （UV-） chamber, were simultaneously presented to individual brown trout Salmo trutta. ＂yearlings＂. Brown trout of this age are sensitive to the UV part of the electromagnetic spectnun and are natural predators of three-spined sticklebacks. The stickleback that was attacked first as well as the subsequent number of attacks was recorded. Sticklebacks enclosed in the UV-transmitting chamber were attacked first significantly more often compared to stickle- backs enclosed in the UV-blocking chamber. control experiments using neutral density filters revealed that this was more likely due to LrV having an influence on hue perception rather than brighmess discrimination. The difference in attack probability cor- responded to the difference in chromatic contrasts between sticklebacks and the experimental background calculated for both the UV＋ and UV- conditions in a physiological model of trout colour vision. UV reflections seem to be costly by enhancing the risk of predation due to an increased conspicuousness of prey. This is the first study in a vertebrate, to our knowledge, demonstrating direct predation risk due to UV wavelengths [current Zoology 59 （2）： 151-159, 2013].

关键词： UV vision Brown trout Salmo trutta Ultraviolet reflection Three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus Pre-dation risk

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The dynamics of color signals in male threespine sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus

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current Zoology 2016年第1期62卷 23-31页

作者： Meike HIERMES Ingolf P. rick Marion MEHLIS Theo c. M. BAKKER Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology University of Bonn An der Immenburg 1 53121 Bonn Germany

Body coloration and color patterns are ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom and vary be- tween and within species. Recent studies have dealt with individual dynamics of various aspects of coloration, as it is in many cases a flexible trait and changes in color expression may be context-de- pendent. During the reproductive phase, temporal changes of coloration in the visible spectral range （400-700 nm） have been shown for many animals but corresponding changes in the ultravio- let （UV） waveband （300-400 nm） have rarely been studied. Threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus males develop conspicuous orange-red breeding coloration combined with UV reflect- ance in the cheek region. We investigated dynamics of color patterns including UV throughout a male breeding cycle, as well as short-term changes in coloration in response to a computer- animated rival using reflectance spectrophotometry and visual modeling, to estimate how colors would be perceived by conspecifics. We found the orange-red component of coloration to vary during the breeding cycle with respect to hue （theta/R50） and intensity （achieved chroma/red chroma）. Furthermore, color intensity in the orange-red spectral part （achieved chroma） tended to be increased after the presentation of an artificial rival. Dynamic changes in specific measures of hue and intensity in the UV waveband were not found. In general, the orange-red component of the signal seems to be dynamic with respect to color intensity and hue. This accounts in particular for color changes during the breeding cycle, presumably to signal reproductive status, and with limitations as well in the intrasexual context, most likely to signal dominance or inferiority.

关键词： breeding season color change color signals stickleback structural coloration UV coloration

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Mate assessment behavior is correlated to learning ability in female threespine sticklebacks

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current Zoology 2019年第3期65卷 295-304页

作者： Taylor L.RYSTROM Theo c.M.BAKKER Ingolf P.rick Department of Behavioural Biology University of Munster Badestrasse 13 Munster 48149 Germany Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology University of Bonn An der Immenburg 153121 Bonn Germany

In many species, males signal quality with elaborate traits, but females often show inter-individual variation in pref ere nee for these traits. choosi ng a mate requires multiple cog nitive steps;therefore, cog nitive style (how an in dividual processes information) likely in fluences the perception of sexual signals and ability to choose a high-quality mate. An important component of cognitive style is flexibility;cognitively flexible individuals are more perceptive to shifts in cues. We hypothesized that cognitively flexible individuals would acquire more information about potential mates, better discern between two quality-signaling traits, and thus be more discriminatory. Here, we show that mate assessment is correlated to other cognitive traits. Although we did not detect an effect of cogn itive style on mate pref ere nee or discriminatio n, we found that female threespi ne sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus that spent more time assessing potential mates (more responsive) in a dichotomous mate choice task reached both the initial and reversal learning criterion in a spatial learning task with fewer errors. However, these highly responsive females made more consecutive mistakes immediately at the beginning of the reversal phase, suggest!ng that they did not quickly adapt to the en vironmental cha nge but in stead rapidly formed strict routi nes duri ng the learning task that were eventually reversible after repeated errors. Furthermore, we found evidenee for condition-dependent mate pref ere nee, with larger females preferring the high-quality male. These are among the first results that illustrate how cog nitive traits might in flue nee mate choice, which has implicati ons for the st re ngth and di recti on of sexual selection.

关键词： cognition cognitive flexibility choosiness computer animation mate choice sexual selection

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Influence of lighting environment on social preferences in sticklebacks from two different photic *** preferences of wild-caught females

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current Zoology 2021年第3期67卷 299-308页

作者： Meike Hiermes Stephanie REHER Ingolf P.rick Theo c.M.Bakker Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology University of BonnAn der Immenburg 1Bonn53121Germany Institute of Zoology Functional EcologyUniversity of HamburgMartin-Luther-King-Platz Hamburg 20146Germanyand Institute of ZoologyUniversity of BonnMeckenheimer Allee 169Bonn53115Germany

Ultraviolet(UV)A signals(320-400 nm)are important in mate choice in numerous *** sensitivity for UV signals is not only assumed to be costly,but also expected to be a function of the prevailing ecological ***,those signals are favored by selection that efficiently reach the receiver.A decisive factor for color signaling is the lighting environment,especially in aquatic habitats,as the visibility of signals,and thus costs and benefits,are instantaneously influenced by *** ecological aspects of color signal evolution are relatively well-studied,there is little data on specific effects of environmental UV-light conditions on signaling at these shorter *** studied wild-caught gravid female 3-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus of 2 photic habitat types(tea-stained and clear-water lakes),possessing great variation in their UV *** 2 treatments,tea-stained and clear-water,preferences for males viewed under UV-present(UV-1-)and UV-absent(UV-)conditions were tested.A preference for males under UV+conditions was found for females from both habitat types,thus stressing the significance of UV signals in stickleback's mate choice ***,females from both habitat types showed the most pronounced preferences for males under UV-h conditions under clear-water test ***,reflectance measurements revealed that the carotenoid-based orange-red breeding coloration in wild-caught males of both habitat types differed significantly in color intensity(higher in clear-water males)and hue(more red shifted in clear-water males)while no significant differences in UV coloration were *** differential reflection patterns in longer wavelengths suggest that sticklebacks of both habitat types have adapted to the respective water *** of UV signals in a sexual context to ambient light conditions in both behavior and coloration seem less evident.

关键词： color signals female mate preference Gasterosteus aculeatus lighting environment sensory drive UV vision

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Fundamentals of audio production /

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2008年

作者： Drew O. McDaniel rick c. Shriver Kenneth R. collins.

来源：畅想之星图书光盘版（南... 评论

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Phytochemical analyses, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of stem bark extracts of Distemonanthus benthamianus H. Baill. and fruit extracts of Solanum torvum Sw. from Gabon

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2019年第5期9卷 209-216页

作者： cédric Sima Obiang rick Léonid Ngoua Meye Misso Guy Roger Ndong Atome Joseph Privat Ondo Louis clément Obame Engonga Edouard Nsi Emvo Laboratory of Research in Biochemistry University of Sciences and Technology of Masuku Laboratory of Natural Substances and Organometallic Synthesis University of Sciences and Technology of Masuku

Objective: To evaluate the phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the extracts of Distemonanthus benthamianus(D. benthamianus) stem bark and Solanum torvum(S. torvum) fruit which have been used as traditional medicinal herbs in Gabon. Methods: Plant extracts were subjected to a qualitative study(phytochemical screening) and a quantitative(dosing) study of secondary metabolites. Antioxidant activity was tested by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid assay. Bacteria and fungi susceptibility tests were performed on Mueller Hinton medium and solid Sabouraud, respectively, using the diffusion method, while minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were evaluated by microdilution ***: The total phenol and tannin contents were significantly higher in the water-ethanol extract compared to the other extracts of D. benthamianus and S. torvum. The water-ethanol and water-acetone extracts showed significantly higher antioxidant activity than the aqueous extracts of the two medicinal plants. However, the extracts presented weak antioxidant activities compared to standards(Vitamin c, BHA). The water-acetone and water-ethanol extracts of S. torvum showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus LMG 13569 BHI, Shigella dysenteriae 5451 cIP, Shigella dysenteriae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. conclusions: Our results show that D. benthamianus and S. torvum can be promising sources of natural products with potential antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.

关键词： Antioxidants Phytochemical Antimicrobial Distemonanthus benthamianus Solanum torvum

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Modulating arousal to overcome gait impairments in Parkinson’s disease:how the noradrenergic system may act as a double-edged sword

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Translational Neurodegeneration 2023年第1期12卷 666-676页

作者： Anouk Tosserams Bastiaan R.Bloem Kaylena A.Ehgoetz Martens rick c.helm.ch Roy P.c.Kessels James M.Shine Natasha L.Taylor Gabriel Wainstein Simon J.G.Lewis Jorik Nonnekes Department of Neurology Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement DisordersRadboud University Medical CentreDonders Institute for BrainCognition and BehaviourNijmegenThe Netherlands Department of Rehabilitation Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement DisordersRadboud University Medical CentreDonders Institute for BrainCognition and BehaviourPO Box 91016500 HB NijmegenThe Netherlands Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences University of WaterlooWaterlooONCanada Department of Neuropsychology and Rehabilitation Psychology Donders Institute for BrainCognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands Department of Medical Psychology and Radboudumc Alzheimer center Radboud University Medical CentreDonders Institute for BrainCognition and BehaviourNijmegenThe Netherlands Vincent Van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry VenrayThe Netherlands Klimmendaal Rehabili-tation center ArnhemThe Netherlands Brain and Mind centre Parkinson’s Disease Research ClinicSchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia centre for complex Systems The University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia Department of Rehabilitation Sint MaartenskliniekNijmegenThe Netherlands.

In stressful or anxiety-provoking situations,most people with Parkinson’s disease(PD)experience a general worsening of motor symptoms,including their gait ***,a proportion of patients actually report benefits from experiencing-or even purposely inducing-stressful or high-arousal *** data from a large-scale international survey study among 4324 people with PD and gait impairments within the online Fox Insight(USA)and ParkinsonNEXT(NL)cohorts,we demonstrate that individuals with PD deploy an array of mental state alteration strategies to cope with their gait ***,these strategies differ along an axis of arousal-some act to heighten,whereas others diminish,overall sympathetic ***,our observations suggest that arousal may act as a double-edged sword for gait control in *** propose a theoretical,neurobiological framework to explain why heightened arousal can have detrimental effects on the occurrence and severity of gait impairments in some individuals,while alleviating them in ***,we postulate that this seemingly contradictory phenomenon is explained by the inherent features of the ascending arousal system:namely,that arousal is related to task performance by an inverted u-shaped curve(the so-called Yerkes and Dodson relationship).We propose that the noradrenergic locus coeruleus plays an important role in modulating PD symptom severity and expression,by regulating arousal and by mediating network-level functional integration across the *** ability of the locus coeruleus to facilitate dynamic‘cross-talk’between distinct,otherwise largely segregated brain regions may facilitate the necessary cerebral compensation for gait impairments in *** the presence of suboptimal arousal,compensatory networks may be too segregated to allow for adequate ***,with supraoptimal arousal,increased cross-talk between competing inputs of these complementary networks may emerge and become dysf

关键词： Arousal Gait Parkinson’s disease Freezing of gait Locus coeruleus

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Photochemistry of Styrene Oxide: A Triplet Pathway in the Singlet Excitation of a Monoaryl Oxirane

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International Journal of Organic chemistry 2017年第3期7卷 263-268页

作者： Benny E. Aney Heiko Ihmels rick c. White Department of chemistry Sam Houston State University Huntsville TX USA University of Siegen Siegen Germany

Direct photolysis and quenching experiments with styrene oxide support the existence of an efficient triplet photochemical pathway to benzyl radical formation. Similar photolytic behavior for styrene glycol carbonate strongly supports the 1,3-diradical, resulting from the scission of the benzylic c-O bond, as the geometric source of the triplet pathway. Primary photoproducts were determined by both NMR and HPLc analysis and we observed that toluene and bibenzyl were both primary photoproducts, not secondary photoproducts.

关键词： Photochemistry Oxiranes cyclic carbonate Esters Mechanisms

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Motor competence and health-related fitness in children:A cross-cultural comparison between Portugal and the United States

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2019年第2期8卷 130-136页

作者： carlos Luz Rita cordovil Luis Paulo Rodrigues Zan Gao Jacqueline D.Goodway Ryan S.Sacko Danielle R.Nesbitt rick c.Ferkel Larissa K.True David F.Stodden Escola Superior de Educaeao de Lisboa Instituto Politecnico de Lisboa & CIED cIPER Faculdade de Motricidade Humana Universidade de Lisboa Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer de Melgaqo Instituto Politecnico de Viana do Castelo Research center in Sports Health and Human Development (CIDESD) School of Kinesiology The University of Minnesota Department of Human Sciences The Ohio State University Department of Health and Human Performance Department of Physical Education University of South Carolina Physical Education & Sport Central Michigan University Kinesiology Department State University of New York at Cortland

Background: Motor competence and health-related fitness are important components for the development and maintenance of a healthy lifestyle in children. This study examined cross-cultural performances on motor competence and health-related fitness between Portuguese and ***: Portuguese(n = 508; 10.14 § 2.13 years, mean § SD) and U.S.(n = 710; 9.48 § 1.62 years) children performed tests of cardiorespiratory fitness(Progressive Aerobic cardiovascular Endurance Run), upper body strength(handgrip), locomotor skill performance(standing long jump), and object projection skill performance(throwing and kicking). Portuguese and U.S. children were divided into 2 age groups(6à9 and 10à13 years) for data analysis purposes. A twoàfactor oneàway analysis of covariance(ANOVA) was conducted with the Progressive Aerobic cardiovascular Endurance Run, handgrip, standing long jump scores, kicking, and throwing speed(km/h) as dependent ***: Results indicated that Portuguese children, irrespective of sex, presented better performances in locomotor and cardiorespiratory performance(standing long jump and Progressive Aerobic cardiovascular Endurance Run) than U.S. children in both age bands. U.S. children outperformed Portuguese children during throwing and handgrip tests. Kicking tests presented gender differences: Portuguese boys and U.S. girls outperformed their internationally matched ***: cultural differences in physical education curricula and sports participation may impact differences in motor competence and fitness development in these countries.

关键词： children cross-cultural comparison Health-related fitness Motor competence

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Boosting energy-storage capability in carbon-based supercapacitors using low-temperature water-in-salt electrolytes

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Journal of Energy chemistry 2022年第7期31卷 521-530,I0013页

作者： Joao Pedro A.Santos Manuel J.Pinzón érick A.Santos Rafael Vicentini cesar J.B.Pagan Leonardo M.Da Silva Hudson Zanin Brazilian Renewable Energies Center for Innovation on New EnergiesSchool of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of CampinasSao Paulo 13083-852Brazil Department of Semiconductors Instruments and PhotonicsSchool of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of CampinasSao Paulo 13083-852Brazil Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Electrochemistry Department of ChemistryFederal University of Jequitinhonha e Mucuri’s ValleyMinas Gerais 39100-000Brazil

Supercapacitors(Scs) are high-power energy storage devices with ultra-fast charge/discharge *** using concentrated aqueous-based electrolytes can work at low temperatures due to their intrinsic properties, such as higher freezing point depression(FPD) and robustness. Besides the traditional organic-and aqueous-based(salt-in-water) electrolytes used in Scs, water-in-salt(WISE) sodium perchlorate electrolytes offer high FPD, non-flammability, and low-toxicity conditions, allowing the fabrication of safer, environmentally friendly, and more robust devices. For the first time, this work reports a comprehensive study regarding WISE system’s charge-storage capabilities and physicochemical properties under low-temperature conditions(T carbon-based electrodes. The effect of temperature reduction on the electrolyte viscosity and electrical properties was investigated using different techniques and the in-situ(or operando) Raman spectroscopy under dynamic polarization *** cell voltage, equivalent series resistance, and specific capacitance were investigated as a function of the temperature. The cell voltage(U) increased ~ 50%, while the specific capacitance decreased ~20%when the temperature was reduced from 25 ℃ to -10 ℃. As a result, the maximum specific energy(E = cU^(2)/2) increased ~ 100%. Therefore, low-temperature WISEs are promising candidates to improve the energy-storage characteristics in Scs.

关键词： carbon supercapacitors Water-in-salt electrolytes Low-temperature charge-storage Specific energy improvement at low temperatures

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