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Prevalence of Gender-Based Violence among Sex Workers in Bangui, Central African Republic (CAR)

Advances in Sexual Medicine 2024年第2期14卷 13-20页

作者： D. Mossoro-Kpinde Hermione S. C. Diemer Henri R. Tende Nzengou richard S. Siki Francis J. D. D. Tekpa Bertrand Ministry of Labor Employment Social Protection and Vocational Training Bangui Central African Republic Department of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of Bangui Bangui Central African Republic Community of the Tree of Life Bangui Central African Republic Traumatology Department The Central African Republic RCA Community Hospital Bangui Central African Republic

Background: Violence against women has become an international public health and human rights issue in recent decades. The violence suffered by sex workers is of little interest for research, yet it constitutes a major health and safety problem. We propose to assess the extent of the phenomenon of gender-based violence (GBV) among sex workers (SWs) in the city of Bangui in the CAR. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological study covering the period from July to October 2021 carried out among SWs in Bangui, the capital of the CAR. Given that the SWs association had only 159 members in Bangui, an exhaustive sampling was retained. Were included in the study, any SW present during the data collection period and having given their written consent. The parameters studied were socio-demographic characteristics: age, sex, residence, level of education, marital status, and characteristics linked to violence: the notion of violence during their professional activity, the type of violence, the declaration and the declaration if necessary, the response and management of this violence. The data collected was analyzed using Epi info version 7 software. Results: Of the 159 SWs that counted the association, 108 had been included. The average age was 27.0 years with extremes of 14 and 46 years. The age groups of 25 to 34 years were the most represented (43.5%). Fifty-six SWs (51.9%) had reached the secondary level. Unemployed SWs were in the majority at 74.1%;Sixty-six (66) SWs in our sample (61.1%) had already been victims of violence during the exercise of their activity Sexual violence was the most represented (28.5%) followed by verbal violence (22.4%). Sixty-eight (62.9%) wanted to stop the professional activity of SWs and 93.1% would accept another income-generating activity in place of sex work. Conclusion: It is necessary to supervise SWs and protect them within the framework of respect for human rights, rather than criminalizing them and the exploit

关键词： Female Sex Workers Gender-Based Violence Central African Republic

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Effect of Different Rates and Mixtures of Solid Household Waste and Faecal Sludge-Based Composts on Soil Fertility and Productivity of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Dschang, West Cameroon

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2024年第7期14卷 448-470页

作者： Romary Ngnipa Tchinda Rodrigue Emmanuel Kenne Primus Azinwi Tamfuh Jovanie Gladys Kenfack Doris Temgoua Zombou Désiré Évariste Moundjeu Tsafack richard Tanwi Ghogomu Emile Temgoua Dieudonné Bitom Oyono Department of Environmental Sciences of the Higher Institute of Agriculture Wood Water and the Environment of the University of Bertoua Blabo Cameroon Department of Soil Science Soil Analysis and Environmental Chemistry Research Unit Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon Department of Mining and Mineral Engineering National Higher Polytechnic Institute University of Bamenda Bambili Cameroon Department of Animal Biology Faculty of Sciences University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon Department of Earth Sciences University of Yaounde 1 Yaounde Cameroon

The unbalanced and inadequate use of fertilizers is one of the causes of soil degradation. Combined with the ever-increasing population, it is necessary to find sustainable agricultural production alternatives. The present work aims to determine the effect of different rates and mixtutes of organic amendments on soil fertility and the performance of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). In the field, treatments consisted of solid household waste and faecal sludge in the ratios of 3/5 (V1), and a mixture of faecal sludge and household waste in the ratio of 3/5 with 900 worms (V2). At the end of the composting process, V1, V2 composts and the poultry manure (PM) were applied at rates of 4, 5 and 6 t∙ha−1 in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Soil samples were collected before and after the experiment and analyzed. The main results revealed that at the end of the composting process, there was a progressive improvement in the physico-chemical properties of V1 and V2 composts. In particular, the C/N ratio, phosphorus (P) and total nitrogen (TN) initially at 16.49 ± 0.42 (V1, V2), 21.06 ± 0.07 mg∙kg−1 (V1, V2), 0.76% ± 0.08% (V1, V2) respectively, increased after 60 days to 12.40 ± 0.41 (V1), 9.74 ± 0.28 (V2) for C/N, 21.94 ± 0.63 mg∙kg−1 (V1) and 22.04 ± 0.04 mg∙kg−1 (V2) for P, 0.96% ± 0.0% (V1) and 1.22 ± 0.04 (V2) for TN. The application of 6 t∙ha−1of PM had the greatest influence on the diameter and weight of the flower heads (27.16 ± 4.01 t∙ha−1 and 230.83 ± 2.64 t∙ha−1), while 4 t∙ha−1 of V2 gave the tallest sunflower plants (110.07 ± 73.28 cm) as well as the diameter at the crown (19.30 ± 9.07 cm). However, CEC was most influenced by 4 t∙ha−1 of V1, while 4 t∙ha−1 of PM had the greatest effect on organic carbon and phosphorus. However, 5 t∙ha−1 of PM showed the highest sunflower production and yield (1.67 ± 0.21 t∙ha−1). The combination with 900 earthworms is recommended for composting and 5 t∙ha−1 of PM is recommended to obtain a better sunfl

关键词： Sunflower Faecal Sludge Household Waste Compost Soil Fertility

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DNA barcoding of Pedicularis L.(Orobanchaceae):Evaluating four universal barcode loci in a large and hemiparasitic genus

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Journal of Systematics and Evolution 2011年第5期49卷 425-437页

作者： richard H.REE Department of Botany Field Museum of Natural History

One application of DNA barcoding is species identification based on sequences of a short and standardized DNA *** plants,various DNA regions,alone or in combination,have been proposed and investigated,but consensus on a universal plant barcode remains *** this study,we tested the utility of four candidate barcoding regions(rbcL,matK,trnH-psbA,and internal transcribed spacer(ITS)) as DNA barcodes for discriminating species in a large and hemiparasitic genus Pedicularis(Orobanchaceae).Amplification and sequencing was successful using single primer pairs for rbcL,trnH-psbA,and ITS,whereas two primer pairs were required for *** of sequence divergence commonly showed a "barcoding gap",that is,a bimodal frequency distribution of pairwise distances representing genetic diversity within and between species,*** primer universality,ease of amplification and sequencing,and performance in discriminating species,we found the most effective single-region barcode for Pedicularis to be ITS,and the most effective two-region barcode to be rbcL + *** discriminated at least 78% of the 88 species and correctly identified at least 89% of the sequences in our sample,and were effective in placing unidentified samples in known species *** results suggest that DNA barcoding has the potential to aid taxonomic research in Pedicularis,a species-rich cosmopolitan clade much in need of revision,as well as ecological studies in its center of diversity,the Hengduan Mountains region of China.

关键词： DNA barcode Hengduan Mountains region ITS Pedicularis rbcL species identification.

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Radiocarbon calibration:The next generation

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Science China Earth Sciences 2021年第3期64卷 507-510页

作者： richard A STAFF Ruiliang LIU Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre(SUERC) University of GlasgowEast KilbrideG750QFUK School of Archaeology University of OxfordOxfordOX13TGUK

The discovery of the radiocarbon(14C)dating technique in the mid-twentieth century by Willard Libby and colleagues(Libby et al.,1949)revolutionised such fields as archaeology and palaeoclimatology that require robust chronological information to inform their *** sample yielding sufficient quantities of carbon could be dated in this manner,with the older age limit of the method(currently circa 50 to 60 thousand years ago)having been pushed back significantly since its inception.

关键词： dating dated carbon

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Effects of taxon sampling on molecular dating for within-genus divergence events,when deep fossils are used for calibration

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Journal of Systematics and Evolution 2009年第5期47卷 383-401页

作者： richard I.MILNE Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences The University of Edinburgh

A universal method of molecular dating that can be applied to all families and genera regardless of their fossil records,or lack thereof,is highly desirable.A possible method for eudicots is to use a large phylogeny calibrated using deep fossils including tricolpate pollen as a fixed(124 mya) calibration *** method was used to calculate node ages within three species-poor disjunct basal eudicot genera,Caulophyllum,Podophyllum and Pachysandra,and sensitivity of these ages to effects such as taxon sampling were then *** deleting from one to three accessions related to each genus in 112 different combinations,a confidence range describing variation due only to taxon sampling was *** for Caulophyllum,Podophyllum and Pachysandra were 8.4-10.6,7.6-20.0,and 17.6-25.0 mya,***,the confidence ranges calculated using bootstrapping were much wider,at 3-19,0-32 and 11-32 mya,***,deleting 10 adjacent taxa had a large effect in Pachysandra only,indicating that undersampling effects are significant among *** to sampling density in neighboring clades,or to the position of the fixed fossil calibration point had small to negligible ***-parametric rate smoothing was more sensitive to taxon sampling effects than was penalized *** wide range for Podophyllum,compared to the other two genera,was probably due to a high degree of rate heterogeneity within this *** ranges calculated by this method could be narrowed by sampling more individuals within the genus of interest,and by sequencing multiple DNA regions from all species in the phylogeny.

关键词： basal eudicots fossil calibration molecular dating North America-East Asia disjunction taxon sampling Tertiary relict tricolpate pollen.

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Characterization of mudrocks:a practical application of advanced laboratory testing

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied Physics & Engineering) 2011年第1期12卷 1-14页

作者： richard J.JARDINE Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Imperial College London

An integrated approach to geomaterial characterization is advocated that combines geology, in-situ testing, fabric studies, routine index experiments and advanced laboratory testing. It is shown that advanced laboratory testing can explore features such as kinematic yielding and anisotropy in stiffness or shear strength that would otherwise be impossible to quantify. A detailed study performed in London clay at the new Heathrow Terminal 5 site is used to illustrate the arguments made. It is shown that the London clay has strong anisotropy in stiffness, is highly non-linear over the strain range of engineering interest, has markedly anisotropic shear strength characteristics and exhibits a pronounced degree of brittleness. These features can impact significantly on the practical design and analysis of civil engineering works including shallow and deep foundations, tunnels and excavations, and the stability of slopes.

关键词： Mudrock Fabric Anisotropy Hollow cylinder tests

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Lab experiments on the innovative rapid thick strip casting process

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2012年第5期19卷 391-398页

作者： richard Nagy Dieter Senk Department of Ferrous Metallurgy IEHK RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen 52056Germany

Rapid thick strip casting （RTSC） by Anton Hulek, Inventmetall, is an innovative concept for the production of hot strips with a final as-cast thickness of about 25 mm before rolling. The innovation of the mechanism consists in a vertical mould performing a caterpillar motion. This moving mould has an unconventional parallelogram-shaped cross-section. The conventional rectangular shape is formed in the shaping machine, which is placed straight below the mould. Further elements of the technology are state-of-the-art. For the investigation of this new casting system theoretical calculations were complemented with practical experiments. The investigation focused mainly on two key aspects： the characteristics of the mould and the shaping process. For the practical analysis a static mould with three pairs of elements in laboratory scale was developed and commissioned by the Dept. of Ferrous Metallurgy @ RWTH Aachen University. The shaping experiments were carried out in model scale with two different materials and in variable boundary conditions. The results of these experiments delivered important mechanical as well as thermal informations about the casting system.

关键词： continuous casting rapid solidification strip metal moulds near-net-shape casting

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Critical questions in development of targeted nanoparticle therapeutics

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Regenerative Biomaterials 2016年第2期3卷 143-147页

作者： richard Korsmeyer Pharmaceutical Sciences Pfizer Worldwide R&DGrotonCT 06340USA

One of the fourteen Grand Challenges for Engineering articulated by the US National Academy of Engineering is‘Engineer Better Medicines’.Although there are many ways that better medicines could be engineered,one of the most promising ideas is to improve our ability to deliver the therapeutic molecule more precisely to the desired *** conventional drug delivery methods(oral absorption,intravenous infusion etc.)result in systemic exposure to the therapeutic molecule,which places severe constraints on the types of molecules that can be used.A molecule administered by systemic delivery must be effective at low concentrations in the target tissue,yet safe everywhere else in the *** drug carriers could be developed to deliver therapeutic molecules selectively to the desired target,it should be possible to greatly improve safety and efficacy of ***(and related nanostructures,such as liposomes,nanoemulsions,micelles and dendrimers)are an attractive drug carrier concept because they can be made from a variety of materials engineered to have properties that allow loading and precise delivery of bound therapeutic *** field of targeted nanoparticles has been extraordinarily active in the academic realm,with thousands of articles published over the last few *** of these publications seem to demonstrate very promising results in in vitro studies and even in animal *** addition,a handful of human clinical trials are in ***,the biopharmaceutical industry has been relatively slow to make major investments in targeted nanoparticle development programs,despite a clear desire to introduce innovative new therapies to the *** is the reason for such caution?Some degree of caution is no doubt due to the use of novel materials and the unproven nature of targeted nanoparticle technology,but many other unproven technologies have generated intense interest at various *** believe that the major barrier to the exploration

关键词： nanoparticles targeting biodistribution manufacturing

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Direct molecular-level near-field plasmon and temperature assessment in a single plasmonic hotspot

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Light(Science & Applications) 2020年第1期9卷 1673-1685页

作者： Marie richard-Lacroix Volker Deckert Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology(IPHT) Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9D-07745 JenaGermany Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics University of JenaHelmholtzweg 4D-07743 JenaGermany

Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(TERS)is currently widely recognized as an essential but still emergent technique for exploring the ***,our lack of comprehension of crucial parameters still limits its potential as a user-friendly analytical *** tip’s surface plasmon resonance,heating due to near-field temperature rise,and spatial resolution are undoubtedly three challenging experimental parameters to ***,they are also the most fundamentally relevant parameters to explore,because they ultimately influence the state of the investigated molecule and consequently the probed *** we propose a straightforward and purely experimental method to access quantitative information of the plasmon resonance and near-field temperature experienced exclusively by the molecules directly contributing to the TERS *** detailed near-field optical response,both at the molecular level and as a function of time,is evaluated using standard TERS experimental equipment by simultaneously probing the Stokes and anti-Stokes spectral ***-assembled 16-mercaptohexadodecanoic acid monolayers covalently bond to an ultra-flat gold surface were used as a *** of blinking lines in the spectra also provides crucial information on the lateral resolution and indication of atomic-scale thermally induced morphological changes of the tip during the *** study provides access to unprecedented molecular-level information on physical parameters that crucially affect experiments under TERS *** study thereby improves the usability of TERS in day-to-day *** obtained information is of central importance for any experimental plasmonic investigation and for the application of TERS in the field of nanoscale thermometry.

关键词： straight purely thereby

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耐亚磷酸盐马铃薯的筛选与评价

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植物学报 2024年第4期59卷 544-557页

作者：张锋 richard Dormatey 刘寅笃李成举王云姣张春利张莹范又方姚攀锋毕真真刘玉汇白江平孙超甘肃农业大学农学院/干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室/甘肃省作物遗传改良与种质创新重点实验室兰州730070

磷是植物生长发育不可或缺的营养元素之一,正磷酸盐(P)在土壤中含量丰富,但由于土壤的固定作用,其中能被植物吸收利用的有效磷含量并不高,提高植物对土壤磷的吸收利用能力,或优化磷肥施用,已成为亟待解决的问题。土壤中亚磷酸盐(PH)的... 详细信息

磷是植物生长发育不可或缺的营养元素之一,正磷酸盐(P)在土壤中含量丰富,但由于土壤的固定作用,其中能被植物吸收利用的有效磷含量并不高,提高植物对土壤磷的吸收利用能力,或优化磷肥施用,已成为亟待解决的问题。土壤中亚磷酸盐(PH)的含量仅次于正磷酸盐,其具有更高的溶解度,可在植物木质部与韧皮部之间进行双向运输,不易被土壤固定,但亚磷酸盐作为磷肥替代正磷酸盐和选育耐亚磷酸盐作物品种的研究鲜有报道。基于此,该研究选取5份引进的马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)品种和1个商业品种青薯9号(QS9)为实验材料,经驯化炼苗后直接栽入试验田,设置正常磷肥处理和亚磷酸盐替代处理,测定不同品种的表型、光合作用效率和干物质等指标,以各单项耐亚磷酸盐系数(PTC)为衡量依据,利用主成分分析等方法对不同马铃薯品种的PH耐性进行综合评价。结果表明,6个马铃薯品种可分为高度耐亚磷酸盐型(C115和D13)、弱耐亚磷酸盐型(C20、C31和QS9)和亚磷酸盐敏感型(C80)3类。该研究评价了不同马铃薯品种对亚磷酸盐的耐受性,旨在为马铃薯耐亚磷酸盐品种选育和亚磷酸盐新型肥料开发提供科学依据。

关键词：马铃薯耐亚磷酸盐系数主成分分析隶属函数分析聚类分析综合评价

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