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Update on the laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of HIV infection

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Cell Research 2005年第Z1期15卷 870-876页

作者： Niel T CONSTANTINE William KABAT richard y zhao Department of Pathology University of Maryland School of Medicine BaltimoreMD 21201-1192 USAInstitute of Human Virology Baltimore MD 21201-1192 USA Children’s Memorial Hospital Chicago IL 60614-3363 USA Department of Pathology University of Maryland School of Medicine BaltimoreMD 21201-1192 USADepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Maryland School of Medicine BaltimoreMD 21201-1192 USAInstitute of Human Virology Baltimore MD 21201-1192 USA

In China, the estimated number of HIV infected cases is approaching one million. Although public education has been initiated for awareness and behavioral modification for this devastating infection, better diagnostic methods are needed to identify infected persons and manage infection. Simple and more accurate diagnostic tools have become available, particularly for early detection and to monitor treatment in those who receive anti-retroviral treatment. In this short review, we summarize some of the common and new methodologies that can be used in clinical laboratories, in the field, or in private laboratories. These range from simple antibody tests to more sophistical methods that are used to monitor disease progression and identify drug resistance. These tools can assist physicians, medical practitioners, and laboratory personnel to select suitable diagnostic tools for the diagnosis, blood screening, monitoring of disease progression, and for detection of drug resistance to anti-retroviral therapies.

关键词： HIV diagnosis viral load drug resistance.

Viral infections and cell cycle G2/M regulation

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Cell Research 2005年第3期15卷 143-149页

作者： richard y. zhao,Robert T. ELDER Children's Memorial Research Center Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL 60614 USA

Progression of cells from G2 phase of the cell cycle to mitosis is a tightly regulated cellular process that requires activation of the Cdc2 kinase, which determines onset of mitosis in all eukaryotic cells. In both human and fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) cells, the activity of Cdc2 is regulated in part by the phosphorylation status of tyrosine 15 (Tyr15) on Cdc2, which is phosphorylated by Wee1 kinase during late G2 and is rapidly dephosphorylated by the Cdc25 tyrosine phosphatase to trigger entry into mitosis. These Cdc2 regulators are the downstream targets of two well- characterized G2/M checkpoint pathways which prevent cells from entering mitosis when cellular DNA is damaged or when DNA replication is inhibited. Increasing evidence suggests that Cdc2 is also commonly targeted by viral proteins, which modulate host cell cycle machinery to benefit viral survival or replication. In this review, we describe the effect of viral protein R (Vpr) encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) on cell cycle G2/M regulation. Based on our current knowledge about this viral effect, we hypothesize that Vpr induces cell cycle G2 arrest through a mechanism that is to some extent different from the classic G2/M checkpoints. One the unique features distinguishing Vpr-induced G2 arrest from the classic checkpoints is the role of phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in Vpr-induced G2 arrest. Interestingly, PP2A is targeted by a number of other viral proteins including SV40 small T antigen, polyomavirus T antigen, HTLV Tax and adenovirus E4orf4. Thus an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Vpr-induced G2 arrest will provide additional insights into the basic biology of cell cycle G2/M regulation and into the biological significance of this effect during host-pathogen interactions.

关键词： HIV-1 Vpr cell cycle G2/M regulation DNA damage DNA replication checkpoints viral infections fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Commentary on “Prevalence and evolution of drug resistance HIV-1 vari-ants in Henan, China”

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Cell Research 2005年第Z1期15卷 850-851页

作者： Bruce L GILLIAM Robert R REDFIELD richard y zhao Robert C GALLO Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Baltimore MD 21201 USA Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Baltimore MD 21201 USA Department of Microbiology-Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21201 USA Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Baltimore MD 21201 USA .Department of Pathology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21201 USA

Critical to the implementation and scale-up of successful antiretroviral therapy worldwide is an understanding of the effcacy, toxicitie and durability of antiretroviral regimens in the specific populations, which the... 详细信息

关键词： HIV Commentary on Prevalence and evolution of drug resistance HIV-1 vari-ants in Henan

Roles of HIV-1 auxiliary proteins in viral pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions

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Cell Research 2005年第Z1期 923-934页

作者： C. David PAUZA Michael BUKRINSKy richard y zhao Department of Pathology University of Maryland Baltimore MD 21201 USA Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropic Medicine George Washington University Washington DC 20037 USA

Active host-pathogen interactions take place during infection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Outcomes of these interactions determine the efficiency of viral infection and subsequent disease progression. HIV- infected cells respond to viral invasion with various defensive strategies such as innate, cellular and humoral immune antiviral mechanisms. On the other hand, the virus has also developed various offensive tactics to suppress these host cellular responses. Among many of the viral offensive strategies, HIV-1 viral auxiliary proteins (Tat, Rev, Nef, Vif, Vpr and Vpu) play important roles in the host-pathogen interaction and thus have significant impacts on the outcome of HIV infection. One of the best examples is the interaction of Vif with a host cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G. Although specific roles of other auxiliary proteins are not as well described as Vif-APOBEC3G interaction, it is the goal of this brief review to summarize some of the preliminary findings with the hope to stimulate further discussion and investiga- tion in this exhilarating area of research.

关键词： HIV-1 auxiliary proteins viral pathogenesis host-pathogen interactions.

New analytical modelling of fractional generalized Kuramoto-Sivashinky equation via Atangana-Baleanu operator and J-transform method

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Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 2024年第1期9卷 66-88页

作者： Metonou richard Weidong zhao Shehu Maitama School of Mathematics Shandong UniversityJinanShandongChina

In this paper,we propose a new analytical modelling of the well-known fractional generalized Kuramoto-Sivashinky equation(FGKSE)using fractional operator with non-singular kernel and the homotopy anal-ysis transform method via J-transform ***,using fixed-point theorem,we prove the existence and uniqueness of our proposed solution to the fractional Kuramoto-Sivashinky *** further val-idate the efficiency of the suggested technique,we proved the convergence analysis of the method and provide the error *** obtained solutions of the FGKSE,describing turbulence processes in the field of ocean engineering are analytically and numerically compared to show the behaviors of many parameters of the present model.

关键词： Homotopy analysis J-transform method J-transform method Fractional generalized Kuramoto-Sivashinky equation Fixed-point theorem Numeric-symbolic computation

HIV-1 Vif Protein Mediates the Degradation of APOBEC3G in Fission yeast When Over-expressed Using Codon Optimization

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Virologica Sinica 2008年第4期23卷 255-264页

作者： Lin LI Jing-yun LI Hong-shuai SUI richard y. zhao yong-jian LIU Zuo-yi BAO Si-yang LIU Dao-min ZHUANG AIDS Research Department State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Being 100071 China Department of Pathology Department of Microbiology- Immunology Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland 10 South Pine Street MSTF7OOA Baltimore MD 21201 USA

Interaction between the HIV-1 Vif protein and the cellular host APOBEC3G protein is a promising target for inhibition of HIV-1 replication. Considering that human cells are a very complicated environment for the study of protein interactions, the goal of this study was to check whether fission yeast could be used as a model cell for studying the Vif-APOBEC3G interaction. Vif and APOBEC3G were expressed in fusion with GFP protein in the S. pombe SP223 strain. Subcellular localizations of Vif and APOBEC3G were observed with fluorescent microscopy. Codon optimization was used to over express the Vif protein in S. pombe cells. The degradation of APOBEC3G mediated by Vif was tested through expressing Vif and GFP-APOBEC3G proteins in the same cell. Western Blot analysis was used to measure the corresponding protein levels under different experimental conditions. The results showed that the Vif protein was predominantly localized in the nucleus of S. pombe cells, APOBEC3G was localized in the cytoplasm and concentrated at punctate bodies that were often in close proximity to the nucleus but were not necessarily restricted from other regions in the cytoplasm. Vif protein expression levels were increased significantly by using codon optimization and APOBEC3G was degraded when Vif was over-expressed in the same S. pombe cells. These results indicate that fission yeast is a good model for studying the interaction between the Vif and APOBEC3G proteins.

关键词： HIV Vif protein APOBEC3G Fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)

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Data-driven Static Equivalence with Physics-informed Koopman Operators

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2024年第1期10卷 432-438页

作者： Wei Lin Changhong zhao Maosheng Gao C.y.Chung Department of Electrical Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong Kong SARChina Department of Information Engineering The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina School of Electrical Engineering Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400044China

With deployment of measurement units,fitting static equivalent models of distribution networks(DNs)by linear regression has been recognized as an effective method in power flow analysis of a transmission *** volatility of measurements caused by variable distributed renewable energy sources makes it more difficult to accurately fit such equivalent *** tackle this challenge,this letter proposes a novel data-driven method to improve equivalency accuracy of DNs with distributed energy *** letter provides a new perspective that an equivalent model can be regarded as a mapping from internal conditions and border voltages to border power *** mapping can be established through 1)Koopman operator theory,and 2)physical features of power flow equations at the root node of a *** of the proposed method is demonstrated on the IEEE 33-bus and IEEE 136-bus test systems connected to a 661-bus utility system.

关键词： Data-driven distribution network Koopman operator theory static equivalent model

Optimal Coordination of Transportable Power Sources and Repair Crews for Service Restoration of Distribution Networks Considering Uncertainty of Traffic Congestion

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2024年第1期12卷 189-201页

作者： zhao Shi yan Xu Dunjian Xie Shiwei Xie Amer M.y.M.Ghias Nanyang Technological University Singapore the School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China

This paper proposes a new method for service restoration of distribution network with the support of transportable power sources(TPSs)and repair crews(RCs).Firstly,a coupling model of distribution networks and vehicle routing of TPSs and RCs is proposed,where the TPSs serve as emergency power supply sources,and the RCs are used to repair the faulted *** the uncertainty of traffic congestion,the probability distribution of the travel time spent on each road is derived based on the Nesterov user equilibrium model,and a two-stage stochastic program is formulated to determine the optimal routings of TPSs and *** efficiently solve the proposed stochastic mixed-integer linear program(MILP),a two-phase scenario reduction method is then developed to scale down the problem size,and an adaptive progressive hedging algorithm is used for an efficient *** effectiveness of the proposed methods and algorithms has been illustrated in a modified IEEE 33-bus system.

关键词： Service restoration distribution network traffic uncertainty transportable power source repair crew stochastic program

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On the use of deep learning for phase recovery

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第2期13卷 190-235页

作者： Kaiqiang Wang Li Song Chutian Wang Zhenbo Ren Guangyuan zhao Jiazhen Dou Jianglei Di George Barbastathis Renjie Zhou Jianlin zhao Edmund y.Lam Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina School of Physical Science and Technology Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’anChina Department of Biomedical Engineering The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina School of Information Engineering Guangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA

Phase recovery(PR)refers to calculating the phase of the light field from its intensity *** exemplified from quantitative phase imaging and coherent diffraction imaging to adaptive optics,PR is essential for reconstructing the refractive index distribution or topography of an object and correcting the aberration of an imaging *** recent years,deep learning(DL),often implemented through deep neural networks,has provided unprecedented support for computational imaging,leading to more efficient solutions for various PR *** this review,we first briefly introduce conventional methods for ***,we review how DL provides support for PR from the following three stages,namely,pre-processing,in-processing,and *** also review how DL is used in phase image ***,we summarize the work in DL for PR and provide an outlook on how to better use DL to improve the reliability and efficiency of ***,we present a live-updating resource(https://***/kqwang/phase-recovery)for readers to learn more about PR.

关键词： networks phase optics