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Direct molecular-level near-field plasmon and temperature assessment in a single plasmonic hotspot

Light(Science & Applications) 2020年第1期9卷 1673-1685页

作者： Marie richard-Lacroix Volker Deckert Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology(IPHT) Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9D-07745 JenaGermany Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics University of JenaHelmholtzweg 4D-07743 JenaGermany

Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(TERS)is currently widely recognized as an essential but still emergent technique for exploring the ***,our lack of comprehension of crucial parameters still limits its potential as a user-friendly analytical *** tip’s surface plasmon resonance,heating due to near-field temperature rise,and spatial resolution are undoubtedly three challenging experimental parameters to ***,they are also the most fundamentally relevant parameters to explore,because they ultimately influence the state of the investigated molecule and consequently the probed *** we propose a straightforward and purely experimental method to access quantitative information of the plasmon resonance and near-field temperature experienced exclusively by the molecules directly contributing to the TERS *** detailed near-field optical response,both at the molecular level and as a function of time,is evaluated using standard TERS experimental equipment by simultaneously probing the Stokes and anti-Stokes spectral ***-assembled 16-mercaptohexadodecanoic acid monolayers covalently bond to an ultra-flat gold surface were used as a *** of blinking lines in the spectra also provides crucial information on the lateral resolution and indication of atomic-scale thermally induced morphological changes of the tip during the *** study provides access to unprecedented molecular-level information on physical parameters that crucially affect experiments under TERS *** study thereby improves the usability of TERS in day-to-day *** obtained information is of central importance for any experimental plasmonic investigation and for the application of TERS in the field of nanoscale thermometry.

关键词： straight purely thereby

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Biomarker and animal models for assessment of retinoid efficacy in cancer chemoprevention

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Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2007年第9期28卷 1383-1391页

作者： richard M NILES Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Joan C Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWV 25701USA

Vitamin A is essential for normal growth and *** andlaboratory studies suggest that decreased vitamin A levels and defective metabo-lism/action may contribute to the genesis of certain *** on thisinformation,natural and synthetic derivatives of vitamin A (retinoids) have beenused for chemoprevention of *** have had some success in thechemoprevention of leukoplakia and in the decreased incidence of second prima-ries in head and neck *** is little information on biomarkers that can beused to assess the efficacy of the chemopreventive activity of *** of retinoids to induce RARb has been consistently shown to correlate withthe response of cells and tissues to retinoic acid,but few other biomarkers havebeen certified as indicators of retinoid *** light of the failure of the ATBCand CARET clinical intervention trials for chemoprevention of lung cancer,greateruse of animal models for chemoprevention studies is *** potentialcombination of phytochemicals that inhibit DNA methyltransferase activity withretinoids holds promise for more effective chemoprevention of retinoid-unrespon-sive premalignant lesions.

关键词： vitamin A retinoic acid chemoprevention biomarkers animal models transgenic animals

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InN/InGaN quantum dot electrochemical devices:new solutions for energy and health

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National Science Review 2017年第2期4卷 184-195页

作者： richard Ntzel South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics South China Normal University L-NESS and Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali Università di Milano-Bicocca

A review is given of the exceptional electrochemical performance of epitaxial InN/InGaN quantum dots(QDs) as photoelectrodes for solar hydrogen generation by water spliting, as biosensor transducers and as anion-selective electrodes, and they are also evaluated as supercapacitor electrodes. he performance is benchmarked against the best performances of other reported materials and nanostructures. A model based on the unique interplay of surface and quantum properties is put forward to understand the boost of catalytic activity and anion selectivity interlinking quantum nanostructure physics with electrochemistry and catalysis. Of equal impact is the direct growth on cheap Si substrates without any bufer layers, allowing novel device designs and integration with Si technology. his makes the InN/InGaN QDs viable, opening up new application ields for Ⅲ-nitride semiconductors.

关键词： quantum dot solar hydrogen biosensor ion-selective electrode supercapacitor InN InGaN

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Recent progress in the genetics of generalized vitiligo

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Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2011年第7期38卷 271-278页

作者： richard A.Spritz Human Medical Genetics Program University of Colorado School of Medicine AuroraCO 80045USA Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCO 80045USA

Vitiligo is an acquired disease characterized principally by patchy depigmentation of skin and overlying hair. Generalized vitiligo （GV）, the predominant form of the disorder, results from autoimmune loss of melanocytes from affected regions. GV is a ＂complex trait＂, inherited in a non-Mendelian polygenic, multifactorial manner. GV is epidemiologically associated with other autoimmune diseases, both in GV patients and in their close relatives, suggesting that shared genes underlie susceptibility to this group of diseases. Early candidate gene association studies yielded a few successes, such as PTPN22, but most such reports now appear to be false-positives. Subsequent genomewide linkage studies identified NLRP1 and XBP1, apparent true GV susceptibility genes involved in immune regulation, and recent genome-wide association studies （GWAS） of GV in Caucasian and Chinese populations have yielded a large number of additional validated GV susceptibility genes. Together, these genes highlight biological systems and pathways that reach from the immune cells to the melanocyte, and provide insights into both disease pathogenesis and potential new targets for both treatment and even prevention of GV and other autoimmune diseases in genetically susceptible individuals.

关键词： Vitiligo Autoimmune disease Gene Association Linkage

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The low_n and low_m r. e. degrees are not elementarily equivalent

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Science China Mathematics 2004年第6期47卷 950-956页

作者： richard A.Shore Department of Mathemalics Cornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USAockusch Li and Yang showed that the Lown and Low1 r.e. degrees are not elementarily equivalent for n > 1. We answer a question they raise by using the results of Nies Shore and Slaman to show that the Lown and Lowm r.e. degrees are not elementarily equivalent for n > m > 1.

Jockusch, Li and Yang showed that the Lown and Low1 r.e. degrees are not elementarily equivalent for n>1. We answer a question they raise by using the results of Nies, Shore and Slaman to show that the Lown and Lowm r... 详细信息

关键词： recursively enumerable computably enumerable Turing degrees jump classes

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Distribution of Panama’s narrow-range trees:are there hot-spots?

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Forest Ecosystems 2021年第4期8卷 801-809页

作者： Elizabeth Tokarz richard Condit Morton Arboretum 4100 Illinois Rte.53LisleIL 60532USA

Background:Tree species with narrow ranges are a conservation concern because heightened extinction risk accompanies their small *** risks for these species is challenging,however,especially in tropical flora where their sparse populations seldom appear in traditional plots and ***,we utilize instead large scale databases that combine tree records from many sources to test whether the narrow-range tree species of Panama are concentrated at certain elevations or in certain *** investigations have suggested that the Choco region of eastern Panama and the high mountains of western Panama may be potential hotspots of narrow-range tree ***:All individual records were collected from public databases,and the range size of each tree species found in Panama was estimated as a polygon enclosing all its *** with ranges<20,000 km^(2) were defined as narrow *** divided Panama into geographic regions and elevation zones and counted the number of individual records and the species richness in each,separating narrow-range species from all other ***:The proportion of narrow endemics peaked at elevations above 2000 m,reaching 17.2% of the species *** elevation<1500 m across the country,the proportion was 6-11%,except in the dry Pacific region,where it was 1.5%.Wet forests of the Caribbean coast had 8.4% narrow-range species,slightly higher than other *** total number of narrow endemics,however,peaked at mid-elevation,not high elevation,because total species richness was highest at ***:High elevation forests of west Panama had higher proportions of narrow endemic trees than low-elevation regions,supporting their hot-spot status,while dry lowland forests had the lowest *** supports the notion that montane forests of Central America should be a conservation ***,given generally higher diversity at low-to mid-elevation,lowlands are also import

关键词： Narrow endemic trees Biodiversity hot-spots Panama Rarefaction High elevations BIEN database Narrow-range

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Safeguarding our future by protecting biodiversity

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Plant Diversity 2020年第4期42卷 221-228页

作者： richard T.Corlett Center for Integrative Conservation Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaYunnan666303China Center of Conservation Biology Core Botanical GardensChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaYunnan666303China

The Anthropocene is marked by twin crises:climate change and biodiversity *** change has tended to dominate the headlines,reflecting,in part,the greater complexity of the biodiversity *** itself is a difficult *** plants dominate the global biomass and terrestrial arthropods probably dominate in terms of numbers of species,but most of the Tree of Life consists of single-celled eukaryotes,bacteria,and *** plants provide a huge variety of products and services to people,ranging from those that are species-specific,such as food,medicine,and genetic resources,to many which are partly interchangeable,such as timber and forage for domestic animals,and others which depend on the whole community,but not on individual species,such as regulation of water supply and carbon *** use of information from remote sensing has encouraged a simplified view of the values of nature's contributions to people,but this does not match the way most people value *** can currently estimate the proportion of species threatened by human impacts only for a few well-assessed groups,for which it ranges from 14%(birds)to 63%(cycads).Less than 8%of land plants have been assessed,but it has been estimated that 30e44%are threatened,although there are still few(0.2%)well-documented *** for improving protection of biodiversity include:improving the inventory,with surveys focused on geographical areas and taxonomic groups which are under-collected;expanding the protected area system and its representativeness;controlling overexploitation;managing invasive species;conserving threatened species ex situ;restoring degraded ecosystems;and controlling climate *** Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)COP15 and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)COP26 meetings,both postponed to 2021,will provide an opportunity to address both crises,but success will require high ambition from all participants.

关键词： Anthropocene Climate change Conservation Ecosystem services Values

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Neurogenic bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury, myelomeningocele, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2011年第46期17卷 5035-5048页

作者： richard A Awad Experimental Medicine and Motility Unit Gastroenterology Service U-107Mexico City General Hospital

Exciting new features have been described concerning neurogenic bowel dysfunction,including interactions between the central nervous system,the enteric nervous system,axonal injury,neuronal loss,neurotransmission of noxious and non-noxious stimuli,and the fields of gastroenterology and *** with spinal cord injury,myelomeningocele,multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease present with serious upper and lower bowel dysfunctions characterized by constipation,incontinence,gastrointestinal motor dysfunction and altered visceral *** cord injury is associated with severe autonomic dysfunction,and bowel dysfunction is a major physical and psychological burden for these *** adult myelomeningocele patient commonly has multiple problems reflecting the multisystemic nature of the *** sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disorder in which axonal injury,neuronal loss,and atrophy of the central nervous system can lead to permanent neurological damage and clinical ***'s disease is a multisystem disorder involving dopaminergic,noradrenergic,serotoninergic and cholinergic systems,characterizedby motor and non-motor ***'s disease affects several neuronal structures outside the substantia nigra,among which is the enteric nervous *** reports have shown that the lesions in the enteric nervous system occur in very early stages of the disease,even before the involvement of the central nervous *** has led to the postulation that the enteric nervous system could be critical in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease,as it could represent the point of entry for a putative environmental factor to initiate the pathological *** review covers the data related to the etiology,epidemiology,clinical expression,pathophysiology,genetic aspects,gastrointestinal motor dysfunction,visceral sensitivity,management,prevention and prognosis of neurogenic bowel dysfunction patients with these neurolog

关键词： Neurogenic bowel dysfunction Spinal cordinjury Myelomeningocele Multiple sclerosis Parkin-son's disease Central nervous system Enteric nervoussystem

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Rough Sets,Their Extensions and Applications

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International Journal of Automation and computing 2007年第3期4卷 217-228页

作者： richard Jensen Department of Computer Science The University of Wales AberystwythCeredigion SY23 3DBUK

Rough set theory provides a useful mathematical foundation for developing automated computational systems that can help understand and make use of imperfect knowledge. Despite its recency, the theory and its extensions have been widely applied to many problems, including decision analysis, data mining, intelligent control and pattern recognition. This paper presents an outline of the basic concepts of rough sets and their major extensions, covering variable precision, tolerance and fuzzy rough sets. It also shows the diversity of successful applications these theories have entailed, ranging from financial and business, through biological and medicine, to physical, art, and meteorological.

关键词： Rough sets data processing fuzzy sets

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Test-Particle Simulation of Space Plasmas

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Communications in Computational Physics 2010年第8期8卷 471-483页

作者： richard Marchand Department of Physics University of Alberta1132289 AvenueEdmontonAlbertaT6G 2G7Canada

Test-particle simulations provide a useful complement to the kinetic simulations of many-body systems and their approximate treatment with multiple *** a kinetic approach,systems are described at a microscopic level in terms of a large number of degrees of *** or multiple moment approaches,however,provide a description at the macroscopic level,in terms of relatively few physical parameters involving averages or moments of particle distribution ***,fully kinetic descriptions should be done whenever *** to their complexity,the use of these approaches is often not practical in many cases of *** comparison,the fluid approximation is much simpler to implement and *** can be used to describe complex phenomena in multi-dimensional geometry with realistic boundary *** main drawback is its inability to account for many phenomena taking place on fine space or time scales,or phenomena involving nonlocal *** approaches are also not adapted to describe large deviations from local equilibrium,such as the occurrence of particle beams or otherwise strong *** the test-particle method,particle trajectories are calculated using approximated fields obtained from a low level approach,such as multiple *** fields can also be obtained from experiments or *** that these fields are representative of actual systems,various kinetic and statistical properties of the system can then be calculated,such as particle distribution functions and moments *** this paper,the test-particle method is discussed in the context of classical statistical physics of many-body interacting point *** different formulations of the method are presented,which correspond to four broad categories of the application encountered in the field of plasma physics and astronomy.

关键词： Test-particle method first order kinetic modelling space plasmas

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