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International chicken trade and increased risk for introducing or reintroducing highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) to uninfected countries

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Infectious Disease Modelling 2017年第4期2卷 412-418页

作者： Jennifer M.Radin richard a.shaffer Suzanne P.Lindsay Maria Rosario GAraneta Rema Raman James H.Fowler Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health(Epidemiology) San Diego State University/University of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA 92093USA Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCA 92182USA Department of Family and Preventive Medicine University of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA 92093USA Department of Political Sciences University of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA 92093USA Division of Medical Genetics University of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA 92093USA

Every year billions of chickens are shipped thousands of miles around the globe in order to meet the ever increasing demands for this cheap and nutritious protein ***,transporting chickens internationally can also increase the chance for introducing zoonotic viruses,such as highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1)to new *** study used a retrospective analysis of poultry trading data from 2003 through 2011 to assess the risk of H5N1 poultry infection in an importing *** found that the risk of infection in an importing country increased by a factor of 1.3(95%CI:1.1e1.5)for every 10-fold increase in live chickens imported from countries experiencing at least one H5N1 poultry case during that *** results suggest that the risk in a particular country can be significantly reduced if imports from countries experiencing an outbreak are decreased during the year of infection or if biosecurity measures such as screening,vaccination,and infection control practices are *** findings show that limiting trade of live chickens or increasing infection control practices during contagious periods may be an important step in reducing the spread of H5N1 and other emerging avian influenza viruses.

关键词： Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) Poultry trade Transmission model Zoonotic disease

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Exploration of unpredictable environments by networked groups

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Current Zoology 2016年第3期62卷 207-214页

作者： Takao SASAKI Marco A. JANSSEN Zachary shaffer Stephen C. PRATT School of Life Sciences and Center for Social Dynamics and Complexity Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287-4501 USA Department of Zoology University of Oxford OX1 3PS UK School of Sustainability and Center for Behavior Institutions and the Environment Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287-5502 USA

Information sharing is a critical task for group-living animals. The pattern of sharing can be modeled as a network whose structure can affect the decision-making performance of individual members as well as that of the group as a whole. A fully connected network, in which each member can directly transfer information to all other members, ensures rapid sharing of important information, such as a promising foraging location. However, it can also impose costs by amplifying the spread of inaccur- ate information （if, for example the foraging location is actually not profitable）. Thus, an optimal net- work structure should balance effective sharing of current knowledge with opportunities to discover new information. We used a computer simulation to measure how well groups characterized by dif- ferent network structures （fully connected, small world, lattice, and random） find and exploit resource peaks in a variable environment. We found that a fully connected network outperformed other struc- tures when resource quality was predictable. When resource quality showed random variation, however, the small world network was better than the fully connected one at avoiding extremely poor outcomes. These results suggest that animal groups may benefit by adjusting their informa- tion-sharing network structures depending on the noisiness of their environment.

关键词： agent-based model collective cognition conformity small world networks speed-accuracy trade-off.

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Association of Race and Change in Ankle-Brachial Index: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort

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Advances in Aging Research 2020年第5期9卷 77-93页

作者： Ericha Franey Donna Kritz-Silverstein Erin richard John Alcaraz Caroline Nievergelt richard shaffer Vibha Bhatnagar Graduate School of Public Health San Diego State University San Diego CA USA Department of Family Medicine and Public Health University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA

Objective: This study evaluates the association of self-reported race with change in ankle-brachial index (ABI) over time and modification of this association by paraoxonase gene (PON1, PON2 and PON3) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Methods: This longitudinal study included 11,992 (N = 2952 Black, N = 9040 White) participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort with PON genotyping. Mixed-effects models examined whether race was associated with change in ABI over time after adjustment for known peripheral artery disease (PAD) risk factors.

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Eosinophilic esophagitis: A newly established cause of dysphagia

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第15期12卷 2328-2334页

作者： Brian M Yan Eldon a.shaffer Division of Gastroenterology Department of Medicine University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada

Eosinophilic esophagitis has rapidly become a recognized entity causing dysphagia in young adults. This review summarizes the current knowledge of eosinophilic esophagitis including the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis. An extensive search of PubMed/Medline （1966-December 2005） for available English literature in humans for eosinophilic esophagitis was completed. Appropriate articles listed in the bibliographies were also attained. The estimated incidence is 43/10s in children and 2.5/10s in adults. Clinically, patients have a long history of intermittent solid food dysphagia or food impaction. Some have a history of atopy. Subtle endoscopic features may be easily overlooked, including a ＂feline＂ or corrugated esophagus with fine rings, a diffusely narrowed esophagus that may have proximal strictures, the presence of linear furrows, adherent white plaques, or a friable （crepe paper） mucosa, prone to tearing with minimal contact. Although no pathologic consensus has been established, a histologic diagnosis is critical. The accepted criteria are a dense eosinophilic infiltrate （〉20/high power field） within the superficial esophageal mucosa. In contrast, the esophagitis associated with acid reflux disease can also possess eosinophils but they are fewer in number. Once the diagnosis is established, treatment options may include specific food avoidance, topical corticosteroids, systemic corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, or biologic treatment. The long-term prognosis of EE is uncertain; however available data suggests a benign, albeit inconvenient, course. With increasing recognition, this entity is taking its place as an established cause of solid food dysphagia.

关键词： Eosinophilic esophagitis Allergy Dysphagia

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Dyslipidemia in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes in a Rural Community in Ganadougou, Mali: A Cross-Sectional Study

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Journal of Diabetes Mellitus 2024年第2期14卷 133-152页

作者： Abdoulaye Diawara Djibril Mamadou Coulibaly Drissa Kone Mama A. Traore Drissa Konaté Dicko S. Bazi Oumar Kassogue Djeneba Sylla Fatoumata Gniné Fofana Oudou Diabaté Mariam Traore Ibrahim Antoine Nieantao Kaly Keїta Mamadou Diarra Olivia Smith Jian Li Cheickna Cisse Talib Yusuf Abbas Crystal Zheng Segun Fatumo Kassim Traore Mamadou Wele Mahamadou Diakité Seydou O. Doumbia Jeffrey G. shaffer University of Sciences Techniques and Technologies of Bamako Bamako Mali National Federation of Community Health Associations Bamako Mali Department of Tropical Medicine Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology John A. Burns School of Medicine University of Hawaii Manoa Honolulu USA Department Biostatistics and Data Science School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine Tulane University New Orleans USA Department of Biotechnology and Computer Science Burhani College Mazgaon Mumbai India School of Medicine Tulane University New Orleans USA Medical Research Council Uganda Virus Research Institute Entebbe Uganda London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London UK Departement of Biochemistry and Genetics Duquesne University College of Medicine Pittsburgh USA

Dyslipidemia is a disorder where abnormally lipid concentrations circulate in the bloodstream. The disorder is common in type 2 diabetics (T2D) and is linked with T2D comorbidities, particularly cardiovascular disease. Dyslipidemia in T2D is typically characterized by elevated plasma triglyceride and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. There is a significant gap in the literature regarding dyslipidemia in rural parts of Africa, where lipid profiles may not be captured through routine surveillance. This study aimed to characterize the prevalence and demo-graphic profile of dyslipidemia in T2D in the rural community of Ganadougou, Mali. We performed a cross-sectional study of 104 subjects with T2D in Ganadougou between November 2021 and March 2022. Demographic and lipid profiles were collected through cross-sectional surveys and serological analyses. The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia in T2D patients was 87.5% (91/104), which did not differ by sex (P = .368). High low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was the most common lipid abnormality (78.9%, [82/104]). Dyslipidemia was associated with age and hypertension status (P = .013 and.036, respectively). High total and high LDL-C parameters were significantly associated with hypertension (P = .029 and .006, respectively). In low-resource settings such as rural Mali, there is a critical need to improve infrastructure for routine dyslipidemia screening to guide its prevention and intervention approaches. The high rates of dyslipidemia observed in Gandadougou, consistent with concomitant increases in cardiovascular diseases in Africa suggest that lipid profile assessments should be incorporated into routine medical care for T2D patients in African rural settings.

关键词： Cholesterol Cross-Sectional Study Dyslipidemia Lipids Mali Type 2 Diabetes

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绿色天使投资者

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商学院 2008年第9期 76-77页

作者： richard shaffer 邓小莉

生产水泥的同时并不产生二氧化碳——这看似是一个不可能的任务，因为水泥制造最基本的化学反应就要释放二氧化碳。这也许很难成功，但是斯坦福大学的科学家Brent Contstantz开始研究这个课题。他告诉自己：这从理论上也是有可能的。水... 详细信息

生产水泥的同时并不产生二氧化碳——这看似是一个不可能的任务，因为水泥制造最基本的化学反应就要释放二氧化碳。这也许很难成功，但是斯坦福大学的科学家Brent Contstantz开始研究这个课题。他告诉自己：这从理论上也是有可能的。水泥的市场非常巨大，仅就美国而言每年就有130亿美元的规模，因此，减少水泥对环境的影响是非常大的。于是，他给风险投资家Vinod Khosla发了12封电子邮件。

关键词：天使投资者二氧化碳斯坦福大学风险投资家化学反应电子邮件水泥科学家

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