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Phenotypic Plasticity in Embryonic Development of Reptiles:Recent Research and Research Opportunities in China

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Asian Herpetological Research 2013年第1期4卷 1-8页

作者： Weiguo DU Xiang JI richard shine Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal University Biological Sciences University of Sydney

Adaptive developmental plasticity can enable an organism to modify its phenotype rapidly, in response to local （and perhaps, unpredictable） conditions, by altering reaction norms during development. Previous studies on this topic have been dominated by western scientists, employing western study systems and approaches. Recently, the expansion of Chinese ecological research has seen a broadening of studies taxonomically （phylogenetically）. Here, we briefly summarize research that has been conducted on developmental plasticity in Chinese reptiles over the past two decades, and suggest productive directions for future studies in this field. There are exciting research opportunities in this field in China, and we call for increased collaboration between western and eastern scientists to elucidate the role of developmental plasticity in evolutionary responses of organisms to environmental changes. As human activities increase the intensity and frequency of such changes, the need to understand responses of biological systems becomes an increasingly urgent priority.

关键词： developmental plasticity embryonic reptile ecological adaptation environmental change China

Sexual selection in cane toads Rhinella marina： A male＇s body size affects his success and his tactics

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Current Zoology 2013年第6期59卷 747-753页

作者： Haley BOWCOCK Gregory P. BROWN richard shine School of Biological Sciences A08 University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia

Abstract Male body size can play an important role in the mating systems of anuran amphibians. We conducted labora- tory-based trials with cane toads Rhinella （Bufo） marina from an invasive population in the wet-dry tropics of northern Australia, to clarify the effects of a male＇s body size on his reproductive success and behavior （mate choice）. Males were stimulated with a synthetic hormone to induce reproductive readiness. Larger body size enhanced a male toad＇s ability to displace a smaller rival from amplexus, apparently because of physical strength： more force was required to dislodge a larger than a smaller amplectant male. A male＇s body size also affected his mate-choice criteria. Males of all body sizes were as likely to attempt amplexus with another male as with a female of the same size, and preferred larger rather than smaller sexual targets. However, this size prefe- rence was stronger in larger males and hence, amplexus was size-assortative. This pattern broke down when males were given access to already-amplectant male-female pairs： males of all body sizes readily attempted amplexus with the pair, with no size discrimination. An amplectant pair provides a larger visual stimulus, and prolonged amplexus provides a strong cue for sex iden- tification （one of the individuals involved is almost certainly a female）. Thus, a male cane toad＇s body size affects both his ability to defeat rivals in physical struggles over females, and the criteria he uses when selecting potential mates, but the impacts of that selectivity depend upon the context in which mating occurs

关键词： Mating systems Size-assortative mating Large-male advantage Anurans Invasive species

Does foraging mode affect metabolic responses to feeding？ A study of pygopodid lizards

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Current Zoology 2013年第5期59卷 618-625页

作者： Michael WALL Michael B. THOMPSON richard shine School of Biological Sciences A08 University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Current address: 4940 Anza St. #4 San Francisco CA 94121 USA

Foraging mode （ambush vs. active） profoundly affects many aspects of organismal biology, including metabolic rates and their relationship with food intake. Previous studies on snakes suggest that ambushers tend to have lower standard metabolic rates （SMR） and higher energetic costs of digestion and assimilation of prey （specific dynamic action, or SDA） than do active foragers. However, phylogenetic considerations may be at least partly responsible for such patterns, as foraging mode is strongly conserved evolutionarily and most SDA studies have focused on species from only two lineages of ambush foragers （pythonid and viperid snakes） and one lineage of active foragers （colubrid snakes）. We sought to deconfound the effects of phylogeny and foraging mode, investigating SMR and SDA in two closely related pygopodid lizards, the common scaly-foot Pygopus lepidopo- dus （active forager） and Burton＇s legless lizard Lialis burtonis （ambush forager）. Consistent with the pattern seen in snakes, L. burtonis exhibits a significantly lower SMR and a higher SDA than does P lepidopodus. The magnitude of SDA in L. burtonis is comparable to that of some pythons and vipers, providing yet more evidence for the remarkable convergence between this species and ambush-foraging snakes [Current Zoology 59 （5）： 618-625, 2013].

关键词： Ecology Metabolic rates Reptile Specific dynamic action

Generalization of predator recognition:Velvet geckos display anti-predator behaviours in response to chemicals from non-dangerous elapid snakes

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Current Zoology 2010年第3期56卷 337-342页

作者： Jonathan K. WEBB Weiguo DU David PIKE richard shine School of Biological Sciences University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Department of Environmental Sciences School of Life Sciences Hangzhou Normal College 310036 Hangzhou Zhejiang China

Many prey species detect chemical cues from predators and modify their behaviours in ways that reduce their risk ofpredation. Theory predicts that prey should modify their anti-predator responses according to the degree of threat posed by thepredator. That is, prey should show the strongest responses to chemicals of highly dangerous prey, but should ignore or respondweakly to chemicals from non-dangerous predators. However, if anti-predator behaviours are not costly, and predators are rarelyencountered, prey may exhibit generalised antipredator behaviours to dangerous and non-dangerous predators. In Australia, mostelapid snakes eat lizards, and are therefore potentially dangerous to lizard prey. Recently, we found that the nocturnal velvetgecko Oedura lesueurii responds to chemicals from dangerous and non-dangerous elapid snakes, suggesting that it displays generalisedanti-predator behaviours to chemicals from elapid snakes. To explore the generality of this result, we videotaped the behaviourof velvet geckos in the presence of chemical cues from two small elapid snakes that rarely consume geckos: the nocturnalgolden-crowned snake Cacophis squamulosus and the diurnal marsh snake Hemiaspis signata. We also videotaped geckos in trialsinvolving unscented cards (controls) and cologne-scented cards (pungency controls). In trials involving Cacophis and Hemiaspischemicals, 50% and 63% of geckos spent long time periods (> 3 min) freezing whilst pressed flat against the substrate, *** half the geckos tested exhibited anti-predator behaviours (tail waving, tail vibration, running) in response to Cacophis(67%) or Hemiaspis (63%) chemicals. These behaviours were not observed in control or pungency control trials. Our resultssupport the idea that the velvet gecko displays generalised anti-predator responses to chemical cues from elapid *** responses to predator chemicals may be common in prey species that co-occur with multiple, ecologically similar,

关键词： Predation risk Chemical cues Lizard Elapidae Gekkonidae Olfaction Multipredator

Familiarity with a female does not affect a male＇s courtship intensity in garter snakes Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis

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Current Zoology 2012年第6期58卷 805-811页

作者： richard shine Jonathan K. WEBB Amanda LANE Robert T. MASON School of Biological Sciences A08 University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Department of Zoology Oregon State University Cordley Hall 3029 Corvallis Oregon 97331-2914 USA

Abstract In many animal species, males direct more intense courtship towards females they have not previously encountered, than towards females with which they have previously mated. To test the factors responsible for this ＂Coolidge Effect＂, we need studies on a wide range of taxa - including those with mating systems in which we would not expect （based on current theory） that such an effect would be evident. The Coolidge Effect has been documented in several lizard species, but has not been looked for （and would not be expected） in snakes. We conducted experimental trials with red-sided garter snakes Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis at a communal den in Manitoba, to see whether previous exposure to a female （either courting, or courting plus mating） modified male mate choice or courtship intensity. In keeping with prediction from theory （but contrary to an early anecdotal report）, male garter snakes did not modify their courtship behaviour based upon their familiarity （or lack thereof） with a specific female. At least in large courting aggregations, male snakes may maximize their fitness by basing mate-choice upon immediate attributes of the female （body size, condition, mated status） and the intensity of competition （numbers and sizes of rival males） rather than information derived from previous sexual encounters .

关键词： Coolidge Effect Courtship Mate choice Mating system Reptile

Heat,sight and scent:multiple cues influence foraging site selection by an ambush-foraging snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides(Elapidae)

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Current Zoology 2009年第4期55卷 266-271页

作者： Weiguo DU Jonathan K. WEBB richard shine Department of Biological Sciences University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology College of Life and Environmental Sciences Hangzhou NormalUniversity Hangzhou 310036 China

Most mobile organisms respond to multiple cues when selecting habitat types,and laboratory experiments that manipulate only single cues may fail to reveal the true complexity of habitat-selection *** south-eastern Australia,broad-headed snakes Hoplocephalus bungaroides(Elapidae)lie in wait under sun-warmed rocks to ambush velvet geckos Oedura leseuerii(Gekkonidae).Previous laboratory work has shown that both the geckos and the snakes actively select hotter rather than colder rocks,and that the snakes actively select rocks scented by *** manipulated rock temperature and the presence of two types of cues from geckos(chemical and visual information)to clarify the causal basis for foraging site selection by the juveniles of this *** given a choice between cold lizard-scented rocks and hot unscented rocks,our captive snakes gave a higher priority to lizard scent than to *** snakes also selected shelter-sites that provided visual as well as scent cues from lizards,rather than shelter-sites with scent cues ***,although broad-headed snakes show a direct preference for hotter rather than colder rocks in the laboratory,their choice of foraging site in the field may also be influenced by the presence of scent cues from *** laboratory results suggest that habitat selection by broad-headed snakes may be more complex than has been suggested by previous single-factor laboratory trials.

关键词： Chemoreception Predator-prey Reptile Vision Vomeronasal

Latitudinal and seasonal variation in reproductive effort of the eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus)

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Integrative Zoology 2014年第3期9卷 360-371页

作者： Weiguo DU Travis R.ROBBINS Daniel A.WARNER Tracy LANGKILDE richard shine Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina Department of Biology Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA Department of Ecology Evolution and Organismal BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA School of Biological Sciences University of SydneyNew South WalesAustralia

Geographic variation in life-history traits among populations of wide-ranging species is influenced by both spatial and temporal aspects of the environment. Rarely, however, are the effects of both aspects examined concurrently. We collected gravid female lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) from northern (Indiana), central (Mississippi) and southern (Florida) populations, spanning nearly the full latitudinal range of the species, to examine among-population differences in strategies of reproductive energy allocation. Adult females from the southern population were smaller, and produced fewer and smaller eggs in their first clutches than did females from the more northern populations. Southern females were more likely to produce a second clutch, and second clutches were smaller than first clutches for females from the 2 northern populations. Together these trends eliminated population differences in overall reproductive output after accounting for body size. The trend for greater reproductive energy to be allocated to first clutches at higher latitudes, and to later clutches at lower latitudes is corroborated by published data from field studies on multiple populations. Distributing reproductive effort by producing more clutches of smaller eggs may be an adaptive response to the long season available for egg incubation and lizard activity in sub-tropical southern environments. In contrast, allocating greater resources to early reproduction may enhance maternal fitness in the relatively short activity seasons that characterize more northern sites.

关键词： clutch size geographic variation local adaptation offspring size reproductive investment

Eliciting conditioned taste aversion in lizards:Live toxic prey are more effective than scent and taste cues alone

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Integrative Zoology 2017年第2期12卷 112-120页

作者： Georgia WARD-FEAR Jai THOMAS Jonathan K.WEBB David J.PEARSON richard shine School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch UniversityWestern AustraliaAustralia School of Life Sciences University of Technology SydneyBroadwayNew South WalesAustralia Western Australian Department of Parks and Wildlife WanerooWestern AustraliaAustralia

Conditioned taste aversion(CTA)is an adaptive learning mechanism whereby a consumer associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic substance,and thereafter avoids eating that type of ***,wildlife researchers have employed CTA to discourage native fauna from ingesting toxic cane toads(Rhinella marina),a species that is invading tropical *** this paper,we compare the results of 2 sets of CTA trials on large varanid lizards(“goannas,”Varanus panoptes).One set of trials(described in this paper)exposed recently-captured lizards to sausages made from cane toad flesh,laced with a nausea-inducing chemical(lithium chloride)to reinforce the aversion *** other trials(in a recently-published paper,reviewed herein)exposed free-ranging lizards to live juvenile cane *** effectiveness of the training was judged by how long a lizard survived in the wild before it was killed(fatally poisoned)by a cane *** stimuli elicited rapid aversion to live toads,but the CTA response did not enhance survival rates of the sausage-trained goannas after they were released into the *** contrast,the goannas exposed to live juvenile toads exhibited higher long-term survival rates than did untrained *** results suggest that although it is relatively easy to elicit short-term aversion to toad cues in goannas,a biologically realistic stimulus(live toads,encountered by free-ranging predators)is most effective at buffering these reptiles from the impact of invasive toxic prey.

关键词： conditioned taste aversion invasive species Rhinella marina Varanus conservation tropical Australia

Foraging Responses of the Larvae of Invasive Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus)： Possible Implications for Bullfrog Control and Ecological Impact in China

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Asian Herpetological Research 2017年第4期18卷 253-261页

作者： Chunxia XU Xu GAO Michael R. CROSSLAND Zetian LIU Supen WANG Wei ZHU richard shine Yiming LI Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beichen West Road Chaoyang District Beijing 100101 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW2006 Australia

The predatory behavior of invasive species can affect their ecological impact, and offer opportunities for targeted control. In Australia, tadpoles of invasive cane toads （Rhinella marina） do not consume eggs of native anurans, but are strongly attracted to （and consume） newly-laid eggs of conspecifics; chemical cues from such eggs （or adult secretions） thus can be used to attract toad tadpoles to traps. Do other invasive anurans show similar selectivity？ Our laboratory trials on a Chinese population of invasive American bullfrogs （Lithobates catesbeianus） revealed similar behaviors as exhibited by Australian cane toads. Bullfrog tadpoles rarely consumed the eggs of native anurarts, but were attracted to both bullfrog eggs and bullfrog skin secretions. Although the attraction response was less intense in bullfrogs than in cane toads, it might nonetheless enable selective removal of bullfrog tadpoles from invaded sites.

关键词： alien species biocontrol Bufo marinus pheromone Rhinella marina Lithobates catesbeianus tadpole ecology