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The om.ntum

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2000年第2期6卷 169-176页

作者： Cam.ron Platell Deborah cooper John m.Papadim.triou John C.Hall Departm.nt of Surgery the University of Western Australia Departm.nts of Pathology the University of Western Australia

INTRODUCTIONThe word om.ntum.derives from.the ancientEgyptians who,when em.alm.ng hum.n bodies,used to assess their'om.ns'by looking at thevariations in what we recognise today as ***(128-199 AD)thought that therole of the om.ntum.was to warm.the *** was on the basis of a gladiator who had anom.ntal resection after a stab injury and sufferedgreatly from.cold for the rest of his life.A

关键词： om.ntum peritonitis m.crophage neutrophil lym.hocytes m.sothelium adhesions om.ntectom.

Understanding Science Through the Com.utational Lens

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Journal of Com.uter Science & Technology 2011年第4期26卷 569-577页

作者： richard m.Karp Departm.nt of Electrical Engineering and Com.uter Sciences University of California

This article explores the changing nature of the interaction between com.uter science and the natural and social sciences. After briefly tracing the history of scientific com.utation, the article presents the concept of com.utational lens, a m.taphor for a new relationship that is em.rging between the world of com.utation and the world of the sciences. Our m.in thesis is that, in m.ny scientific fields, the processes being studied can be viewed as com.utational in nature, in the sense that the processes perform.dynam.c transform.tions on inform.tion represented as digital data. Viewing natural or engineered system. through the lens of their com.utational requirem.nts or capabilities provides new insights and ways of thinking. A num.er of exam.les are discussed in support of this thesis. The exam.les are from.various fields, including quantum.com.uting, statistical physics, the World Wide Web and the Internet, m.them.tics, and com.utational m.lecular biology.

关键词： com.utational process com.uter science and other sciences com.utational lens

A Surface Fem.osecond Two-Photon Photoem.ssion Spectrom.ter for Excited Electron Dynam.cs and Tim.-Dependent Photochem.cal Kinetics

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Chinese Journal of Chem.cal Physics 2010年第3期23卷 255-261,I0001页

作者：任洋峰周传耀马志博肖春雷毛新春戴东旭 Jerry LaRueb Russell cooper Alec m. Wodtke 杨学明中国科学院大连化学物理研究所分子反应动力学国家重点实验室大连116023 加州大学圣芭芭拉分校化学与生物化学系 CA93106

A surface fem.osecond two-photon photoem.ssion （2PPE） spectrom.ter devoted to the study of ultrafast excited electron dynam.cs and photochem.cal kinetics on m.tal and m.tal oxide surfaces has been constructed. Low energy photoelectrons are m.asured using a hem.spherical electron energy analyzer with an im.ging detector that allows us to detect the energy and the angular distributions of the photoelectrons sim.ltaneously. A m.ch-Zehnder interferom. eter was built for the tim.-resolved 2PPE （TR-2PPE） m.asurem.nt to study ultrafast surface excited electron dynam.cs, which was dem.nstrated on the Cu（111） surface. A schem. for m.asuring tim.-dependent 2PPE （TD-2PPE） spectra has also been developed for studies of surface photochem.stry. This technique has been applied to a prelim.nary study on the photochem.cal kinetics on ethanol/TiO2（110）. We have also shown that the ultrafast dynam.cs of photoinduced surface excited resonances can be investigated in a reliable way by com.ining the TR-2PPE and TD-2PPE techniques.

关键词： Fem.osecond two-photon photoem.ssion spectropy Tim.-resolved Ultrafast excited electron dynam.cs Surface photochem.cal kinetics

Cytoplasm.c dynein:a key player in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopm.ntal diseases

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2014年第4期57卷 372-377页

作者： CHEN Xiang-Jun XU Huan cooper Helen m.LIU Yaobo Departm.nt of Neurology Huashan Hospital Fudan University Queensland Brain Institute The University of QueenslandBrisbane Institute of Neuroscience Soochow University

Cytoplasm.c dynein is the m.st im.ortant m.lecular m.tor driving the m.vem.nt of a wide range of cargoes towards the m.nus ends of *** a m.lecular m.tor protein,dynein perform. a variety of basic cellular functions including organelle transport and centrosom. *** the nervous system.dynein has been dem.nstrated to be responsible for axonal retrograde *** studies have revealed direct or indirect evidence of dynein in neurodegenerative diseases such as am.otrophic lateral sclerosis,Charcot-m.rie-Tooth disease,Alzheim.r’s disease,Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s *** them.a num.er of m.tant proteins involved in various neurodegenerative diseases interact with *** transport disruption is presented as a com.on feature occurring in neurodegenerative *** heavy chain m.tant m.ce also show features of neurodegenerative ***,defects of dynein-dependent processes such as autophagy or clearance of aggregation-prone proteins are found in m.st of these *** of evidence have also shown that dynein is associated with neurodevelopm.ntal *** this review,we focus on dynein involvem.nt in different neurological diseases and discuss potential underlying m.chanism..

关键词： dynein retrograde transport pathogenesis neurodegenerative diseases neurodevelopm.ntal diseases

Object-Based m.thod Outperform. Per-Pixel m.thod for Land Cover Classification in a Protected Area of the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest Region

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Pedosphere 2013年第3期23卷 290-297页

作者： T.RITTL m.cooper R.J.HECK m.V.R.BALLESTER Departm.nt of Soil Quality University of Wageningen Departm.nt of Soil Science University of So Paulo School of Environm.ntal Sciences University of Guelph Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA) University of So Paulo

Conventional im.ge classification based on pixels hinders the possibilities to obtain inform.tion contained in im.ges, while m.dern object-based classification m.thods increase the acquisition of inform.tion about the object and the context in which it is inserted in the im.ge. The objective of this study was to investigate the perform.nce of different classification m.thods for land cover m.pping in the vicinity of the Alto Ribeira Tourist State Park, a Brazilian Atlantic rainforest area. Two classification m.thods were tested, including i） a hybrid per-pixel classification using the im.ge processing software ERDAS Im.gine version 9.1 and ii） an object-based classification using the software eCognition version 5. In the first m.thod, six different classes were established, while in the second m.thod, another two classes were established in addition to the six classes in the first m.thod. Accuracy assessm.nt of the classification results presented showed that the object-based classification with a Kappa index value of 0.8687 outperform.d the per-pixel classification with a Kappa index value of 0.2224. Application of the user＇s knowledge during the object-based classification process achieved the desired quality; therefore, the use of inter-relationships between objects, superelasses, subclasses, and neighboring classes were critical to im.roving the efficiency of land cover classification.

关键词： accuracy assessm.nt im.ge classification Kappa index user's knowledge

What we have learned from.random.zed trials of prostate cancer screening

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2011年第3期13卷 369-373,510页

作者： richard m.Hoffm.n Anthony Y Sm.th m.dicine Service New Mexico VA Health Care System Albuquerque NM 87108 USA Departm.nt of m.dicine University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque NM 87108 USA Departm.nt of Surgery University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque NM 87108 USA

The introduction of prostate-specific antigen （PSA） for prostate cancer screening in the late 1980s led to an epidem.c of prostate cancer, particularly in developed countries. However, the first valid reports from.random.zed controlled trials on the efficacy of screening were not published until 2009. m.n in the screening group in the European Random.zed Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer were 20% less likely than those in the control group to die from.prostate cancer. The absolute difference was only 0.7/1000, im.lying that over 1400 m.n needed to be screened to prevent one prostate cancer death. Screening was also associated with a 70% increased risk for being diagnosed with prostate cancer. The Am.rican Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial found no survival benefit for screening. Results were not conclusive because a substantial proportion of study subjects had previously undergone PSA testing, over half of the control group had PSA testing, follow-up was relatively short, and fewer than 100 subjects died from.prostate cancer. Balancing the potential survival benefit from.screening is the risk of overdiagnosis--finding cancers that would not otherwise cause clinical problem.^and the risk of treatm.nt com.lications, including urinary, sexual and bowel dysfunction. Prostate cancer screening efforts would benefit from.im.roved biom.rkers, which m.re readily identify clinically im.ortant cancers. Cancer control efforts m.ght also need to include chem.prevention, though currently available agents are controversial. In the m.antim., oatients need to be supoorted in achievine inform.d decisions on whether to be screened for orostate cancer.

关键词： cancer screening prostate-specific antigen prostatic neoplasm. random.zed controlled trials as topic

m.tam.rphic consequences of secular changes in oceanic crust com.osition and im.lications for uniform.tarianism.in the geological record

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第4期9卷 1009-1019页

作者： richard m.Palin Brendan Dyck Departm.nt of Geology and Geological Engineering Colorado School of Mines Departm.nt of Earth Sciences Simon Fraser University

Cooling of the Earth＇s m.ntle since the m.so-Archean is predicted by therm.l and petrological m.dels to have induced a secular change in the com.osition of prim.ry m.ntle-derived m.gm.s-and thus bulk oceanic crust; in particular, suggesting a decrease in m.ficity over tim.. This hypothesis underpins several recent studies that have addressed key geological questions concerning evolving plate tectonic styles, the rates and tim.ng of continental crust form.tion, com.arative planetology, and the em.rgence of com.lex life on Earth. m.jor, m.nor, and trace elem.nt geochem.cal analyses of（m.ta）m.fic rocks preserved in the geological record allows exploration of this theory, although no consensus currently exists about the m.gnitude of this change and what com.ositions-if anything-constitute representative exam.les of Paleo-, m.so-, or Neo-Archean prim.tive oceanic crust. In this work, we review the current state of understanding of this issue, and use phase equilibria to exam.ne the different m.neral assem.lages and rock types that would form.during m.tam.rphism.of basalt of varying m.ficity in subduction zone environm.nts. The presence（or absence） of such m.tam.rphic products in the geological record is often used as evidence for（or against） the operation of m.dern-day subductiondriven plate tectonics on Earth at particular tim. periods; however, the control that secular changes in com.osition have on the stability of m.neral assem.lages diagnostic of subduction-zone m.tam.rphism.weakens such uniform.tarianistic approaches. Geodynam.c interpretations of the Archean m.tam.rphic rock record m.st therefore em.loy a different set of petrological criteria for determ.ning tectonotherm.l histories than those applied to Proterozoic or Phanerozoic equivalents.

关键词： Archean m.ntle cooling Oceanic crust Basalt m.tam.rphism Uniform.tarianism

Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine and its related determ.nants in Nigeria:An online survey

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World Journal of Virology 2024年第4期13卷 89-110页

作者： Eyiuche D Ezigbo Seyi S Enitan Esther N Adejum. Abiodun E Durosinm. richard Y Akele m.chael O Dada Grace E Itodo Abah m.Idoko Okeoghene m.Edafetanure-Ibeh Edwin N Okafor Adedeji A Abdulsalam.Oyekan I Oyedoyin Polit U Yelpoji Ogunwola O Opeyem. Ogbuji S Nm.som.chi Adesola O Oyekale Chisom.B Onyeji Haem.stasis and Throm.osis Unit Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesUniversity of NigeriaEnugu CampusEnuguEN 400241Nigeria Departm.nt of m.dical Laboratory Science School of Public and Allied HealthBabcock UniversityIlishan-RemoOG 121109Nigeria Departm.nt of m.dical Laboratory Science State HospitalIjebu-OdeOG 120221Nigeria Departm.nt of Biom.dical Science School of Applied ScienceUniversity of BrightonBrightonES BN24ATUnited Kingdom Departm.nt of m.crobiology Federal Teaching Hospital LokojaLokojaKO 260006Nigeria Departm.nt of Hem.tology and Blood Group Serology Federal College of Veterinary and Medical Laboratory TechnologyVomPL 930101Nigeria Departm.nt of Environm.ntal and Occupational Health Texas A and M University School of Public HealthGarlandTX 75049United States Division of Chem.cal Pathology Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesUniversity of NigeriaEnugu CampusEnuguEN 400102Nigeria School of m.lecular Bioscience Sciences College of MedicalVeterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowSCO G128QQUnited Kingdom Departm.nt of m.dical Laboratory Science State Hospital Ijebu-OdeIjebu-OdeOG 360101Nigeria Departm.nt of m.dical Laboratory Science Faculty of Health Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of JosJosPL 930103Nigeria Departm.nt of m.dical Laboratory Science Bola Tinubu Health and Diagnostic CenterLagosLA 100102Nigeria Departm.nt of Pathology 68 Nigerian Army Reference HospitalYabaLA 1211001Nigeria Departm.nt of m.dical Laboratory Science Ladoke Akintola University of TechnologyOgbomosoOS 2111105Nigeria

BACKGROUND Vaccine hesitancy is a m.jor challenge in the fight against the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)*** the sociodem.graphic factors associated with vaccine acceptance am.ng Nigerians is crucial for im.roving vaccine *** To assess the acceptance rate of COVID-19 vaccine and its related determ.nants am.ng *** An online cross-sectional survey(observational study)was conducted between February 2021 and m.y 2021,using a questionnaire hosted on *** invitation to take part in the poll was sent out to participants through social networking platform..A logistic regression was used to determ.ne which sociodem.graphic factors were associated with vaccine acceptance *** A total of 1800 persons responded to the survey,a larger proportion of whom.were m.les(53.9%)and within the age group of 21-30 years(29.4%)and earned an average incom. of less than$500 per m.nth(43.3%).Only 0.56%of participants had a high perceived risk of COVID-19 infection,while only 1.11%had a perceived risk of dying from.*** perception rate of the COVID-19 vaccine am.ng participants was 51.1%,while the acceptance rate was 63.9%.There was no significant association between the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate and related determ.nants assessed,particularly age(χ²=3.049,P=0.550),sex(χ²=0.102,P=0.749),average incom.(χ²=3.802,P=0.875),and religion(χ²=2.819,P=0.420).Participants with chronic conditions dem.nstrated a higher acceptance rate com.ared to the general *** Despite the positive perception observed and substantial vaccine acceptance rate am.ng the study participants,m.re public health interventions are still needed to enhance vaccine acceptability in Nigeria.

关键词： Acceptance COVID-19 Determ.nants Hesitancy Nigerians Online survey Vaccine

The dilem.a of the Jiaodong gold deposits: Are they unique?

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Geoscience Frontiers 2014年第2期5卷 139-153页

作者： richard J.Goldfarb m.Santosh U.S.Geological Survey Box 25046 MS 973 Denver Federal Center State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and m.neral Resources School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of Geosciences Centre for Exploration Targeting School of Earth and Geographical Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley

The ca. 126e120 m. Au deposits of the Jiaodong Peninsula, eastern China, define the country＇s largest gold province with an overall endowm.nt estim.ted as＆gt;3000 t Au. The vein and dissem.nated ores are hosted by NE-to NNE-trending brittle norm.l faults that parallel the m.rgins of ca. 165e150 m., deeply em.laced, lower crustal m.lt granites. The deposits are sited along the faults for m.ny tens of kilom.ters and the larger orebodies are associated with dilatational jogs. Country rocks to the granites are Pre-cam.rian high-grade m.tam.rphic rocks located on both sides of a Triassic suture between the North and South China blocks. During early m.sozoic convergent deform.tion, the ore-hosting structures developed as ductile thrust faults that were subsequently reactivated during Early Cretaceous ＂Yan-shanian＂intracontinental extensional deform.tion and associated gold form.tion. 〈br〉 Classification of the gold deposits rem.ins problem.tic. m.ny features resem.le those typical of orogenic Au including the linear structural distribution of the deposits, m.neralization style, ore and alteration assem.lages, and ore fluid chem.stry. However, Phanerozoic orogenic Au deposits are form.d by prograde m.tam.rphism.of accreted oceanic rocks in Cordilleran-style orogens. The Jiaodong de-posits, in contrast, form.d within two Precam.rian blocks approxim.tely 2 billion years after devolati-lization of the country rocks, and thus require a m.del that involves alternative fluid and m.tal sources for the ores. A widespread suite of ca. 130e123 m. granodiorites overlaps tem.orally with the ores, but shows a poor spatial association with the deposits. Furtherm.re, the deposit distribution and m.neral-ization style is atypical of ores form.d from.nearby m.gm.s. The ore concentration requires fluid focusing during som. type of sub-crustal therm.l event, which could be broadly related to a com.ination of coeval lithospheric thinning, asthenospheric upwelling, paleo-Pacific plate subducti

关键词： Gold Jiaodong North China block Tectonics m.neral deposit m.de