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Near surface Carbon Dioxide and Methane in Urban Areas of Costa Rica

Open Journal of Air Pollution 2015年第4期4卷 208-223页

作者： Germain Esquivel-Hernández Mario Villalobos-Forbes ricardo sánchez-murillo Christian Birkel Juan Valdés-González Jan Boll Laboratorio de Química de la Atmosfera Escuela de Química Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica Grupo de Investigación en Isotopos Estables Escuela de Química Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica Escuela de Geografía Universidad de Costa Rica San José Costa Rica Northern Rivers Institute University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Washington State University Pullman USA

Little information is available for Central America regarding methane and carbon dioxide mixing ratios in urban areas. This work reports a representative spatial and seasonal study of near surface carbon dioxide and methane, carried out between July 2014 and January 2015 (27 weeks) in the Central Valley of Costa Rica, and other urban and rural sites across the country and covering three distinct seasons: Mid-summer drought (July-August), wet season (september-November) and transition period (December-January). The mixing ratios of both gases are clearly influenced by the metropolitan area, and by the prevailing atmospheric conditions during the wet season months. Average carbon dioxide concentration (629 ± 80 ppm) and average methane concentration (2192 ± 110 ppb) were up to 8% and up to 10%, respectively, higher during the wet season than the values recorded outside this period. HYsPLIT back air mass trajectories analysis, and weather data available for the Central Valley, suggest that these differences arise as result of a reduction in the mixing layer of depth (~425 m) and the wind speed (~1.5 m/s) across the valley, favoring the accumulation of polluted air masses in the metropolitan area. Other natural and anthropogenic sources, like the volcanic emissions of the Turrialba Volcano and the livestock activities at rural sites, apparently influence the mixing ratios of both gases across Costa Rica. Although the scope of this study is limited to representative seasonal conditions of the Central Valley in 2014 and 2015, it is possible considering the information presented in this work that the “dome” phenomenon can be assumed to exist.

关键词： Carbon Dioxide Methane Urban Areas Costa Rica HYsPLIT Atmospheric Conditions

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spatial and Temporal Variation of stable Isotopes in Precipitation across Costa Rica: An Analysis of Historic GNIP Records

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Open Journal of Modern Hydrology 2013年第4期3卷 226-240页

作者： ricardo sánchez-murillo Germain Esquivel-Hernández Kristen Welsh Erin s. Brooks Jan Boll Rosa Alfaro-solís Juan Valdés-González Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering University of Idaho Moscow USA. Escuela de Química Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica Laboratorio de Química de la Atmósfera Escuela de Química Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica Waters of the West-Water Resources Program University of Idaho Moscow USA

The location of Costa Rica on the Central American Isthmus creates unique microclimate systems that receive moisture inputs directly from the Caribbean sea and the Pacific Ocean. In Costa Rica, stable isotope monitoring was conducted by the International Atomic Energy Agency and the World Meteorological Association as part of the worldwide effort entitled Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation. sampling campaigns were mainly comprised of monthly-integrated samples during intermittent years from 1990 to 2005. The main goal of this study was to determine spatial and temporal isotopic variations of meteoric waters in Costa Rica using historic records. samples were grouped in four main regions: Nicoya Peninsula (d2H = 6.65d18O -0.13;r2 = 0.86);Pacific Coast (d2H = 7.60d18O + 7.95;r2 = 0.99);Caribbean slope (d2H = 6.97d18O + 4.97;r2 = 0.97);and Central Valley (d2H = 7.94d18O + 10.38;r2 = 0.98). The water meteoric line for Costa Rica can be defined as d2H = 7.61d18O + 7.40 (r2 = 0.98). The regression of precipitation amount and annual arithmetic means yields a slope of ﹣1.6‰ d18O per 100 mm of rain (r2 = 0.57) which corresponds with a temperature effect of ﹣0.37‰ d18O/°C. A strong correlation (r2 = 0.77) of ﹣2.0‰ d18O per km of elevation was found. samples within the Nicoya Peninsula and Caribbean lowlands appear to be dominated by evaporation enrichment as shown in d-excess interpolation, especially during the dry months, likely resulting from small precipitation amounts. In the inter-mountainous region of the Central Valley and Pacific slope, complex moisture recycling processes may dominate isotopic variations. Generally, isotopic values tend to be more depleted as the rainy season progresses over the year. Air parcel back trajectories indicate that enriched isotopic compositions both in Turrialba and Monteverde are related to central Caribbean parental moisture and low rainfall intensities. Depleted events appear to be related to high rainfall amounts despite the

关键词： stable Isotopes Costa Rica Precipitation GNIP HYsPLIT Model

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Acoustic contamination assessment during the transition between the COVID-19 restrictions and reactivation:A exploratory analysis in Guayaquil

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Geography and sustainability 2023年第2期4卷 138-149页

作者： Andrés Velastegui-Montoya Geancarlo Guerrero-Cabrera sandra Gonzalez-Camba Yadira Jaramillo-Lindao ricardo murillo-Portillo J.Hidalgo-Crespo Luis Encalada-Abarca Centro de Investigación y Proyectos Aplicados a las Ciencias de la Tierra(CIPAT) ESPOL Polytechnic UniversityP.O.Box 09-01-5863GuayaquilEcuador Facultad de Ingeniería en Ciencias de la Tierra(FICT) ESPOL Polytechnic UniversityP.O.Box 09-01-5863GuayaquilEcuador Geoscience Institute Federal University of Pará66075-110BelémBrazil Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas(FCNM) ESPOL Polytechnic UniversityP.O.Box 09-01-5863GuayaquilEcuador sciences pour la Conception l’Optimisation et la Production(G-SCOP)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique(CNRS)UniversitéGrenoble Alpes38000GrenobleFrance Facultad de Ingeniería Industrial Universidad de Guayaquil090150GuayaquilEcuador Centre of Geographical studies Institute of Geography and Spatial PlanningUniversity of Lisbon1600-276LisbonPortugal Universidad Espíritu santo SamborondónEcuador

Noise pollution is becoming a critical health risk for city *** 2020,the COVID-19 pandemic forced many cities to implement several mobility *** restrictions changed human activity patterns and decreased the noise levels and noise pollution that often affect urban *** the number of infections decreased,so did the outdoor activities,influencing the population’s perception of *** paper aims to evaluate the changes in noise levels associated with mobility restrictions between 2020 and 2021 in Guayaquil,*** study used crowdsourcing with the help of smartphones and mobile applications to collect geo-referenced environmental noise *** data was used to generate noise maps in different time ***,noise level maps were created using GIs-based tools to identify the urban areas that experienced the highest noise level variation during the study *** results show that the most significant noise increase occurred at ***,when analyzing noise level changes in different urban areas,the western area of Guayaquil was the one that experienced the most significant noise level *** inform the perception of noise pollution and could potentially serve as a reference for decision-makers during the proposal of public policies that ensure a better quality of life for its citizens.

关键词： Acoustic contamination Crowdsourcing Data scrubbing Kriging Noise map

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Distinguishing the Regional Atmospheric Controls on Precipitation Isotopic Variability in the Central-southeast Portion of Brazil

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Advances in Atmospheric sciences 2022年第10期39卷 1693-1708,I0018-I0020页

作者： Vinícius dos sANTOs Peter MARsHALL FLEMING Luís HENRIQUE MANCINI stela DALVA sANTOs COTA Graziele Beatriz de LIMA Rafaela RODRIGUEs GOMEs Roberto Eduardo KIRCHHEIM ricardo sANCHÉZ-murillo Didier GAsTMANs são Paulo state University(UNEsP) Environmental Studies Center.Av.24ABased1515-Bela Vista13.506-900Rio Claro(SP)Brazil Center for the Development of the Nuclear Technology(CDTN-CNEN) Av.Presidente Antônio Carlos6.627Campus da UFMG-Pampulha31270-90Belo Horizonte(MG)Brazil Universidade de Brasília-UnB Instituto de GeociênciasLaboratório de Isótopos Estáveis.Campus"Darcy Ribeiro"Asa Norte70.910-900Brasília(DF)Brasil Hydrology and Territorial Management Directory(DHT) The Geological Survey of Brazil(CPRM-SGB)São Paulo(SP)Brazil University of Texas at Arlington Earth and Environmental Sciences Department500 Yates StreetArlingtonTexas76019USA stable Isotopes Research Group and Water Resources Management Laboratory Universidad NacionalHerediaCosta Rica

Precipitation isotope ratios(O and H)record the history of water phase transitions and fractionation processes during moisture transport and rainfall ***,we evaluated the isotopic composition of precipitation over the central-southeastern region of Brazil at different *** isotopic compositions were associated with classical effects(rainfall amount,seasonality,and continentality),demonstrating the importance of vapor recirculation processes and different regional atmospheric systems(south American Convergence Zone-sACZ and Cold Fronts-CF).While moisture recycling and regional atmospheric processes may also be observed on a daily timescale,classical effects such as the amount effect were not strongly correlated(δ^(18)O-precipitation rate r≤-0.37).Daily variability revealed specific climatic features,such asδ^(18)O depleted values(~-6‰to-8‰)during the wet season were associated with strong convective activity and large moisture *** isotopic analysis revealed the role of different moisture sources and transport *** ratios combined with d-excess explain how atmospheric recirculation processes interact with convective activity during rainfall formation *** findings provide a new understanding of rainfall sampling timescales and highlight the importance of water isotopes to decipher key hydrometeorological processes in a complex spatial and temporal context in central-southeastern Brazil.

关键词： precipitation stable water isotopes d-excess moisture source and transport southern Atlantic Ocean and Amazon

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8-Hydroxyquinolylnitrones as multifunctional ligands for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases

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Acta Pharmaceutica sinica B 2023年第5期13卷 2152-2175页

作者： Damijan Knez Daniel Diez-Iriepa Mourad Chioua Andrea Gottinger Milica Denic Fabien Chantegreil Florian Nachon Xavier Brazzolotto Anna skrzypczak-Wiercioch Ane Meden Anja Pilar Janko Kos simon akelj Jure stojan Kinga saat Julia serrano Ana Patricia Fernández Aitana sánchez-García ricardo Martínez-murillo Claudia Binda Francisco López-Muoz stanislav Gobec JoséMarco-Contelles University of Ljubljana Faculty of PharmacyLjubljana 1000Slovenia Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry(Institute of Organic Chemistry CSIC)Madrid 28006Spain Departamento de Química Orgánicay Química Inorgánica Alcaláde HenaresMadrid 28871Spain Department of Biology and Biotechnology University of PaviaPavia 27100Italy Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des ArméesParis 91220France Department of Animal Anatomy and Preclinical sciences University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UAUniversity of Agriculture in KrakowKrakow 30-059Poland Institute of Biochemistry Faculty of MedicineUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljana 1000Slovenia Department of Pharmacodynamics Chair of PharmacodynamicsFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakow 30-688Poland Department of Translational Neurobiology Neurovascular Research GroupCajal Institute(CSIC)Madrid 28002Spain Biotechnology and Vegetal Biology Department Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaAlimentaria y de BiosistemasUniversidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid 28040Spain Faculty of Health Camilo JoséCela University of Madrid(UCJC)Neuropsychopharmacology Unit“Hospital 12 de Octubre”Research InstituteMadrid 28692Spain

We describe the development of quinolylnitrones(QNs)as multifunctional ligands inhibiting cholinesterases(ChEs:acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase—h BChE)and monoamine oxidases(hMAO-A/B)for the therapy of neurodegenerative *** identified QN 19,a simple,low molecular weight nitrone,that is readily synthesized from commercially available *** 19 has no typical pharmacophoric element to suggest ChE or MAO inhibition,yet unexpectedly showed potent inhibition of h BChE(IC50=1.06±0.31 nmol/L)and h MAO-B(IC_(50)=4.46±0.18μmol/L).The crystal structures of 19 with hBChE and hMAO-B provided the structural basis for potent binding,which was further studied by enzyme *** 19 acted as a free radical scavenger and biometal chelator,crossed the blood—brain barrier,was not cytotoxic,and showed neuroprotective properties in a 6-hydroxydopamine cell model of Parkinson's *** addition,in vivo studies showed the anti-amnesic effect of 19 in the scopolamine-induced mouse model of AD without adverse effects on motoric function and ***,chronic treatment of double transgenic APPswe-Ps1δE9 mice with 19 reduced amyloid plaque load in the hippocampus and cortex of female mice,underscoring the disease-modifying effect of QN 19.

关键词： Quinolylnitrone Butyrylcholinesterase Monoamine oxidase B Alzheimer's disease Multifunctional ligands 6-Hydroxydopamine model Passive avoidance task Novel object recognition

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Approach to Massive Bleeding in Obstetrics: Changing Management Paradigms Oriented by Early Goals [Early Goal Therapy in Postpartum Hemorrhage]

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2021年第4期11卷 369-380页

作者： sandra Ximena Olaya-Garay Juan David Hernandez David ricardo murillo-Garcia Manuel Andrés Garay-Fernández Obstetrics Gynecology and Critical Care Universidad de Manizales Manizales Colombia Critical Care E.S.E. Hospital Universitario San Jorge Pereira Colombia The Jewish Hospital Cincinnati OH USA Pulmonary and Critical Care Hospital Santa Clara Bogotá D.C. Colombia

Recent findings: Approximately 830 women die every day worldwide as a result of complications related to pregnancy or childbirth with obstetric hemorrhage that remains a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. A systematic analysis by the World Health Organization [WHO] on the global causes of maternal deaths from 2003 to 2009 found that bleeding was the leading direct cause of maternal mortality followed by hypertensive disorders and sepsis. Overall, bleeding accounted for 27.1% of all maternal deaths worldwide. The need to implement strategies that mitigate the impact of bleeding in this clinical scenario is increasingly growing. Purpose of review: The purpose of this review is to propose a management strategy based on goals established through dynamic coagulation assessment. summary: Effective management of obstetric hemorrhage requires rapid recognition, rapid response and mobilization of the multidisciplinary team. Volumetric resuscitation, hemodynamic stability, as well as the simultaneous identification and treatment of the source of bleeding and the resolution of coagulopathy in the shortest possible time remain the cornerstones of the management of Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH).

关键词： Bleeding Coagulopathy Postpartum Fibrinogen

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Diagnostic Approach of Thrombocytopenia in Pregnancy: A Review

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2022年第8期12卷 784-792页

作者： John Alexander Yela Cono sandra Ximena Olaya David ricardo murillo-Garcia Brahyan Osorio Juan David Hernández susana Lopez de Valencia Hospital Popayán Colombia Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas Pereira Colombia The Jewish Hospital Cincinnati USA Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira Pereira Colombia

Thrombocytopenia (defined as platelet count 9/L) is present in 7% - 12% of pregnant women at delivery. Although there are mild etiologies of this condition that are often diagnosed incidentally, there are more severe ... 详细信息

Thrombocytopenia (defined as platelet count sup>9sup>/L) is present in 7% - 12% of pregnant women at delivery. Although there are mild etiologies of this condition that are often diagnosed incidentally, there are more severe causes that can be life threating. Thrombocytopenia also has a great implication in surgical risk and regional anesthesia. A structured evaluation of thrombocytopenia is necessary to allow an adequate diagnostic approach. Here we summarized the current knowledge of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy.

关键词： Pregnancy Thrombocytopenia Gestational Thrombocytopenia Preeclampsia HELLP syndrome Immune Thrombocytopenia Thrombotic Microangiopathy Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

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Analysis of Benzene Exposure Levels on Commuters Traveling within the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica

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Open Journal of Air Pollution 2015年第1期4卷 38-46页

作者： Wendy Villalobos-Gonzalez Germain Esquivel-Hernandez ricardo sanchez-murillo José Leonardo Corrales-salazar Juan Valdes-Gonzalez Laboratorio de Química de la Atmosfera Universidad Nacional Escuela de Química Heredia Costa Rica Grupo de Investigación en Isotopos Estables Universidad Nacional Escuela de Química Heredia Costa Rica

This study reports the benzene exposure levels of commuters traveling within the metropolitan area of Costa Rica using personal cars, buses, and urban trains. 47 in-vehicle samples were collected in the 2014 wet season under three different driving conditions: rush hour traffic, normal traffic and weekends. samples were collected in Tedlar bags and analyzed using 75 μm carboxenpolydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMs) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Additionally, duplicate samples were collected on adsorption tubes filled with Tenax TA and analyzed by thermal desorption (TD) and GC-FID. Results indicate that travelling in cars and buses under rush hour conditions exposes commuters to statistically equal average benzene concentration of 48.7 and 51.6 μg/m3, respectively. Average benzene levels in urban trains (33.0 μg/m3) were measured only during morning rush hours. Greater benzene levels in buses than personal cars concentrations may be attributable to the immersion of traffic-related emission within the bus cabins. Factors, such as the driving pattern, the number of vehicles on the route, the road infrastructure, and the prevalence of gasoline-fueled vehicles in Costa Rica, may increase ambient benzene concentrations. Benzene levels inside car cabins reported in this study are in the range of those reported in other urban areas;however, the corresponding concentrations inside buses and urban trains (rush hour only) are higher than previously published exposure levels.

关键词： Costa Rica Benzene Exposure Levels solid Phase Microextraction (sPME) Traffic Hours Commuters Exposure

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Application of a sulfur Removal Hydrometallurgical Process in a Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Plant in Costa Rica

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Open Journal of Air Pollution 2017年第1期6卷 18-26页

作者： Marta Navarro-Monge Germain Esquivel-Hernandez Jose Pablo sibaja Brenes Jose Carlos Mora-Barrantes ricardo sanchez-murillo Juan Valdes-Gonzalez Pablo Bolanos-Ulloa Atmospheric Laboratory Chemistry DepartmentNational University of Costa RicaHerediaCosta Rica Chemistry Department National University of Costa RicaHerediaCosta Rica Pb Metals s.A. CartagoCosta Rica

This study presents the implementation of a desulphurization process for lead recycling under different chemical and physical conditions using pyro-metallurgical processes. Desulphurization was done using a hydrometallurgical process using sodium carbonate as a desulphurization agent and different lead-bearing loads compositions. Waste characterization included: sO2 concentrations in the stack emissions, total lead content in the furnace ash, the total lead content in the slag, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). A significant reduction in sO2 emissions was achieved (~55% reduction) where mean sO2 concentrations changed from 2193 ± 135 ppm to 1006 ± 62 ppm after the implementation of the modified processes. The desulfurized lead paste (i.e. the metallic fraction lead of the battery) of the modified process exhibited an improvement in the concentration of the lead in the TCLP test, with an average value of 1.5 ppm which is below Us EPA limit of 5 ppm. The traditional process TCLP mean value for the TCLP was 54.2 ppm. The total lead content in the bag house ashes shows not significant variations, when comparing the desulphurization (67.6% m/m) and non-desulphurization process (64.9% m/m). The total lead mean content in the slag was higher in the desulphurization process (2.49% m/m) than the traditional process (1.91% m/m). Overall, the implementation of a new desulphurization method would potentially increase the operation costs in 10.3%. At the light of these results, a combination of hydrometallurgical and pyro-metallurgical processes in the recycling of lead-acid batteries can be used to reduce the environmental impact of these industries but would increase the operational costs of small lead recyclers.

关键词： Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Hydrometallurgical and Pyro-Metallurgical Processes Hazardous Waste Management

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Diagnostic Approach of Thrombocytopenia in Pregnancy: A Review

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology（妇产科期刊） 2022年第8期

作者： john alexander yela cono sandra ximena olaya david ricardo murillo-garcia brahyan osorio juan david hernández

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