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Identification and Characterization of Hepatitis B Virus Immune Escape Mutants in Kenya

American Journal of Molecular Biology 2023年第1期13卷 1-17页

作者： rhoda elizabeth king James Kimotho Rosaline Macharia Faith Njoki Ndung’u Samson Muuo Nzou Robinson Mugasiali Irekwa Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Institute for Basic Sciences Technology and Innovation Pan African University Nairobi Kenya Department of Innovation Technology and Transfer Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya Department of Biochemistry University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department for Microbiology Research Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infections affect about 400 million people globally and cause about 1.4 million deaths annually. The virus displays high levels of genetic variations/mutations, some of which are immune escape mutants. The prevalence of HBV infection in Kenya is high at about 8%. This study aimed at identifying and characterizing HBV immune escape mutants in Kenya. From 547 HBV sequences available in Kenya in NCBI, and HBVdb databases in July 2021, 120 full sequences were retrieved. The S gene sequences at position 1-225, which included the “a” determinant region of the gene were analyzed using various bioinformatics tools such as Bioedit software, and Emboss Cons. The clinical significance was flagged from the search of peer-reviewed journals. Forty-six HBV-positive blood donor samples were obtained from the Kenya National Blood Transfusion Services without personal identifiers, DNA extracted, and sequenced targeting positions 1 to 520 of S genes. Mutations were similarly identified from seventeen sequences after cleaning and analysis. Out of 120 sequences that were extracted from databases and analyzed, 79 different mutations were identified. Fifteen of them were of clinical importance with an occurrence frequency of at least 5% were obtained. The majority (64.6%, n = 51), with S207N and A194V being most dominant, could result in immune escape and reduced HBsAg detection signals while 24.1% (n = 19) could result in immune escape/reduced HBsAg detection signals and high probability of hepatocellular carcinoma. Most likely to occur on the amino acids Alanine, Lysine, Serine, Asparagine, and Valine in decreasing order. The most dominant genotype was found to be Genotype A (N = 10), while four sequences were Genotype D. In contrast to the in-silico studies, the sequences from HBV samples from blood donors did not demonstrate the presence of S207N and A194V mutations and all the genotypes were type A1. Only two (13.3%) samples showed the same mutations of sK122R

关键词： Hepatitis B Virus Mutations Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Gene Genotype

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Tumor invasion and metastasis in Drosophila:A bold past,a bright future

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Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2011年第10期38卷 431-438页

作者： rhoda K.A.Stefanatos Marcos Vidal Beatson Institute for Cancer Research Garscube EstateSwitchback RdBearsdenGlasgow G61 IBDUK

Invasion and metastasis are the most deadly hallmarks of cancer. Once a cancer has acquired the ability to colonize new sites in the body it becomes dramatically more difficult to treat. This has made it a focus of much of cancer research. The humble fruit fly, Drosophila mela- nogaster, has despite its relative simplicity, made significant contributions to the understanding of tumor progression. In this review we outline and highlight those with an emphasis on modeling the genetic and epigenetic changes required for invasion and metastasis. We will revisit the early years of cancer modeling in Drosophila where the first parallels were drawn between Drosophila and vertebrate neoplasms and highlight recent advances using genetic screens and interactions with the epithelial microenvironment and innate immune system. We focus on the power and limitations of current fly models of metastasis.

关键词： Cancer Drosophila Metastasis

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Cognitive changes associated with ADT： a review of the literature

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2012年第2期14卷 232-238页

作者： rhoda J Jamadar Mary J Winters Pauline M Maki Center for Cognitive Medicine Department of Psychiatry university of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60612 USA Department of Psychology University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60612 USA

The use of androgen deprivation therapy （ADT） has increased since the early 1990s after early detection efforts and greater use of the prostate-specific antigen （PSA） test. Although ADT is associated with favorable clinical outcomes, ADT has been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, increased serum cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin resistance, body mass index and fat body mass. Here we review findings from 11 clinical studies examining the effects of ADT on cognition as measured by standardized tests in cognitive domains such as verbal and spatial memory. Most of these studies have important limitations, including small sample sizes, suboptimal control groups and baseline group differences in confounding factors. Despite these limitations, the best designed studies, those comparing patients on ADT to healthy controls, generally suggest that spatial memory might be especially sensitive to the effects of ADT. Critically, to date there is only one study involving random assignment of ADT versus close clinical observation. That study revealed a decrease in verbal memory with ADT, but was limited in sample size and did not include a measure of spatial memory. A recent observational study revealed no substantial evidence of cognitive impairment with ADT, even in the domain of verbal memory. Like the randomizedstudy, however, this large observational study lacked a measure of spatial memory. Overall, the studies with the best controls suggest a potential negative impact of ADT on spatial memory, and perhaps verbal memory, and a need for continued investigation of the impact of ADT on cognition, particularly in these two cognitive domains.

关键词： androgen deprivation therapy cognition prostate cancer

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Evaluation of antioxidant enzymes performances and DNA damage induced by bisphenol A and diisobutylphthalate in Hyperiodrilus africanus-earthworms

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Emerging Contaminants 2020年第1期6卷 1-9页

作者： Olanrewaju Olujimi rhoda Ayoola Oluwafunmilayo Olayinka Oluwatosin Dosumu Solomon Rotimi Adeyinka Aladesida Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology Federal University of AgriculturePMB 2240AbeokutaOgun StateNigeria Department of Biochemistry Federal University of AgriculturePMB 2240AbeokutaOgun StateNigeria Department of Biochemistry Covenant UniversityOtaOgun StateNigeria Department of Pure and Applied Zoology Federal University of AgriculturePMB 2240AbeokutaOgun StateNigeria

Background:Bisphenol A(BPA)and diisobuthylphthalate(DIBP)have found wide applications as plasticizers;however,they are covalently bonded to materials and are subsequently leached into the ***:This study evaluated the effects of BPA,DIBP and mixtures of BPA and DIBP on the antioxidant enzymes[superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD)]activities using standard methods and DNA profile of earthworm(Hyperiodrilus africanus)using randomly amplified polymerase chain reaction(RAPD-PCR)method.A total of 2 kg soil samples collected from FADAMA Farm,Federal University of Agriculture,Abeokuta were spiked to obtain 1,2.5,5 and 10 ppm of BPA,DIBP and mixtures of BPA and *** were exposed to the unpolluted and spiked soil samples and were collected on the 7th and 14th day for SOD,POD and DNA ***:SOD activity was more pronounced at 5 and 10 ppm *** activity was increased in all concentrations,including the control,meanwhile POD activity induced by BPA and DIBP was significantly higher(p<0.05)at 10 ppm compared to other ***-PCR analysis revealed varying DNA fragment lengths due to excessive oxidative stress generated by the treatments,resulting in DNA *** and DIBP mixtures generated more fragments of DNA on day 14 than other ***:This study established that antioxidant activity decreases with exposure time to BPA and DIBP,while DNA damage increases with exposure time.

关键词： BPA DIBP Antioxidants Enzymes Earthworms

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Production of Activated Carbon and Characterization from Snail Shell Waste (Helixpomatia)

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Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science 2015年第1期5卷 51-61页

作者： rhoda Habor Gumus Ideyonbe Okpeku Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island Nigeria

Snail shell waste (Helix pomatia) has been evaluated as raw material for the preparation of activated carbon using ZnCl2 and CaCl2 with the temperature ranging from 500°C to 800°C. The activated carbon prepared was characterized, showing effect of temperature on ash content, pore volume and porosity. The adsorption isotherm for methylene blue was carried out on the activated carbon in a batch study. The adsorbent exhibited excellent adsorption for methylene blue. The experimental data were used for both Langmuir and Freundlich models. The adsorption coefficients of Langmuir isotherm were found to be 0.996 and 0.957 for CaCl2 and ZnCl2 while 0.969 and 0.962 were obtained for the Freundlich isotherm respectively. The value of RL was found to be 0.75 and 0.38 for samples CC and ZZ respectively, which is an indication that activated carbon impregnated with CaCl2 and ZnCl2 is favourable for adsorption of methylene blue under the conditions used in this study.

关键词： Activated Carbon Snail Shell Waste Methylene Blue Adsorption

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Rheological Characterization of Yam and Potato Paste (Dioscorea rotundata) and (Ipomea batata) for Adhesive Purpose

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Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science 2014年第2期4卷 189-196页

作者： rhoda H. Gumus Iweikumo Wauton Department of Chemical/Petroleum Engineering Niger Delta University Yenagoa Nigeria

An experimental study has been carried out to determine the flow behavoir (rheological characterization) of potential adhesive of starch derived from sweet potato (Ipoemoa batatas) and yam (Dioscorea rotundata) at varying temperatures ranging from 40°C to 85°C with borax blend of 0.83%. The results obtained showed decreasing viscosity with an increasing temperature;potatoes had higher viscosity and density (27 × 103 cP), (0.813 g/m3) than yam (23 × 103 cP), (0.415 g/m3). The rheological data were evaluated by the power law and Casson models to describe the rheological behavoir. The Casson model gave a relatively poor fit to the experimental data with R values ranging from 0.899 to 0.967 from yam while a better fit was obtained for potato with r values ranging from 0.957 to 0.976. The predicted k and n values fit into experimental data (K = 26.36 and 0.388) and (K = 34.75 and 0.649) for yam and potato respectively;n < 1 showing Non-Newtonian behavoir. The relation between the temperature and K was described by an Arrhenius equation. Activation energies of 2.69 KJ/mol and 5.87 KJ/mol for yam and potato blends were obtained, indicating more sensitivity of yam blend to temperature compared to potato blend. With the experimental values obtained, a mathematical expression to relate shear stress and shear rate were proposed as:τ=26.36γ0.388 and τ=34.75γ0.649, for both the yam and potato blends respectively.

关键词： Rheological Properties Characterization Yam Potato Blends

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Avian and Habitat Diversity in the Semi-Arid Lands of Baringo South, Kenya

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Open Journal of Ecology 2020年第8期10卷 518-536页

作者： George Morara Ogendi rhoda N. Ondieki Department of Environmental Science Egerton University Egerton Kenya Dryland Research Training & Ecotourism Centre Chemeron Egerton Kenya

Semi-arid wooded-shrublands are important and critical habitats that provide breeding and feeding grounds for a variety of bird species, some of which are endangered, vulnerable or threatened with extinction. Habitat type and size influence abundance and diversity of birds globally and particularly in developing countries that are characterized by rapid human population growth and haphazard urban, agricultural and industrial development. The objective of this study was to assess avian and habitat diversity at Chemeron, a semi-arid land in the northern rangelands of Kenya. The study was guided by four questions: What kind of Habitat types are present at Chemeron study area? What kind of birds are found at Chemeron area? What is the conservation status of birds found at Chemeron area? What are the functional feeding guilds of birds that are found in the study area? How does the habitat type influence bird species abundance and diversity at Chemeron? Four 2-km long transects radiating from a central point within the study area were selected for a ground survey of birds that was conducted on foot. The surveys were conducted between 06:30 and 09:30 and 16:00 and 18:00 from October 2019 to April 2020. Bird species were observed and identified to the species level using high-resolution binoculars, field guidebooks and available taxonomic keys. Our surveys documented two main habitat types: Acacia-Balanites-Boscia woodlands dominated by Acacia senegal, Acacia mellifera, Acacia nilotica, Boscia angustifolia, and Balanites aegyptica. The second kind of habitat consisted of the invasive Acalypha fruticosa and Indigofera arrecta with Acacia reficiens-Acacia brevispica overstorey. A total of 53 bird species were sighted and identified the vulnerable Yellow necked spurfowl (Francolinus leucoscepus). Seventy-nine percent of the birds were sighted as singles or in pairs except for the gregario

关键词： Habitat Avian Diversity Extinction Acacia Woodlands Rangelands

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变相怪杰 Photoshop CS趣味数码照片创意与制作 4

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2005年

作者：（美）rhoda Grossman 唐冠群译

本书通过一系列实例，让您学会Photoshop趣味图像处理方法，共分12章，每章包括3-5个练习，每个练习就是一个完整的趣味图像处理实例。所讲内容涉及到Photoshop图像处理的各个重要方面。

ISBN: (纸本)711513507X

关键词：图象处理应用软件

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Multimodal Metabolic Imaging Reveals Pigment Reduction and Lipid Accumulation in Metastatic Melanoma

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Biomedical Engineering Frontiers 2021年第1期2卷 1-17页

作者： Hyeon Jeong Lee Zhicong Chen Marianne Collard Fukai Chen Jiaji G.Chen Muzhou Wu rhoda M.Alani Ji-Xin Cheng Photonics Center Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMA 02215USA Department of Dermatology Boston University School of MedicineBostonMA 02118USA

Objective and Impact *** signatures are needed for early diagnosis and improved treatment of metastatic *** high-resolution multimodal chemical imaging of human melanoma samples,we identify a metabolic reprogramming from pigmentation to lipid droplet(LD)accumulation in metastatic *** plasticity promotes cancer survival and metastasis,which promises to serve as a prognostic marker and/or therapeutic ***,identifying metabolic alterations has been challenged by difficulties in mapping localized metabolites with high spatial *** developed a multimodal stimulated Raman scattering and pump-probe imaging *** time-domain measurement and phasor analysis,our platform allows simultaneous mapping of lipids and pigments at a subcellular ***,we identify the sources of these metabolic signatures by tracking deuterium metabolites at a subcellular *** validation with mass spectrometry,a specific fatty acid desaturase pathway was *** identified metabolic reprogramming from a pigment-containing phenotype in low-grade melanoma to an LD-rich phenotype in metastatic *** LDs contain high levels of cholesteryl ester and unsaturated fatty *** fatty acid uptake,but not de novo lipogenesis,contributes to the LD-rich *** sapienate,mediated by FADS2,is identified as an essential fatty acid that promotes cancer *** such metabolic signatures effectively suppresses the migration capacity both in vitro and in *** multimodal spectroscopic imaging and lipidomic analysis,the current study reveals lipid accumulation,mediated by fatty acid uptake,as a metabolic signature that can be harnessed for early diagnosis and improved treatment of metastatic melanoma.

关键词： Lipid Metabolic diagnosis

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Lead and Mercury Contamination Assoc=atea with Artisanal Gold Mining in Anka, Zamfara State, North Western Nigeria： The Continued Unabated Zamfara Lead Poisoning

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Journal of Earth Science and Engineering 2013年第11期3卷 764-775页

作者： Lar Uriah Tsuwang Kenneth Gusikit rhoda Mangs Ayuba Department of Geology University of Jos Jos P.M.B. 2084 Nigeria

A total of 24 soil samples were collected from areas around Artisanal Gold and associated Pb-Zn-Cu sulfide mining and mineral processing sites in the Anka mining district of Zamfara State, NW Nigeria. The samples were geochemically analyzed with the main objective of assessing the degree of Pb and Hg pollution in the environment resulting from the mining and mineral ore processing activities in the mining district and to consider the effect on human health. The assessment of the degree of pollution or toxicity was based on the Igeo （index of geoaccummulation） and EF （enrichment factor） where the former gives a quantitative pollution class with respect to the quality of the medium analyzed, while the latter differentiates between metals originating from anthropogenic activities and those from natural processes. The geochemical results show that the concentrations of Pb and Hg especially at the mineral processing sites significantly exceed the established thresholds （4,152 ppm and 12.92 ppm respectively）. The calculated EF values for both Pb and Hg revealed that the soils from the entire mining district are extremely enriched in these elements, essentially originating from the anthropogenic activities （EF= 〉〉 40）. Lead and Mercury are toxic heavy metals with documented long-lasting adverse human health effects. These calls for efficient bioremediation measures for the removal of Pb and Hg from the contaminated soils that take into account the geochemical peculiarities of the mining district.

关键词： Lead mercury polluted soil environment human health gold artisanal mining.

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