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Evaluation of extraction protocols for anti-diabetic phytochemical substances from medicinal plants

World Journal of Diabetes 2016年第20期7卷 605-614页

作者： Stanley Irobekhian reuben Okoduwa Ismaila A Umar Dorcas B James Hajara M Inuwa James D Habila Directorate of Research and Development Nigerian Institute of Leather and Science Technology Department of Biochemistry Ahmadu Bello University Department of Chemistry Ahmadu Bello University

AIM To examine the efficacy of three extraction techniques: Soxhlet-extraction(SE), cold-maceration(CM) and microwave-assisted-extraction(MAE) using 80% methanol as solvent. METHODS The study was performed on each of 50 g of Vernonia amygdalina(VA) and Occimum gratissimum(OG) leaves respectively. The percentage yield, duration of extraction, volume of solvent used, qualitative and quantitative phytoconstituents present was compared. The biological activities(hypoglycemic effect) were investigated using albino wistar rat model of diabetes mellitus(n = 36) with a combined dose(1:1) of the two plants leaf extracts(250 mg/kg b.w.) from the three methods. Theextracts were administered orally, once daily for 21 *** In this report, the percentage VA extract yield from MAE was highest(20.9% ± 1.05%) within 39 min using 250 m L of solvent, when compared to the CM(14.35% ± 0.28%) within 4320 min using 900 m L of solvent and SE(15.75% ± 0.71%) within 265 min using 500 m L of solvent. The percentage differences in OG extract yield between: MAE vs SE was 41.05%; MAE vs CM was 46.81% and SE vs CM was 9.77%. The qualitative chemical analysis of the two plants showed no difference in the various phytoconstituents tested, but differs quantitatively in the amount of the individual phytoconstituents, as MAE had significantly high yield(P > 0.05) on phenolics, saponins and tannins. SE technique gave significantly high yield(P > 0.05) on alkaloid, while CM gave significant high yield on flavonoids. The extracts from CM exhibited a significantly(P > 0.05) better hypoglycemic activity within the first 14-d of treatment(43.3% ± 3.62%) when compared to MAE(36.5% ± 0.08%) and SE methods(33.3% ± 1.60%). However, the percentage hypoglycemic activity, 21 d post-treatment with 250 mg/kg b.w. extract from MAE was 72.6% ± 1.03% and it was more comparable to 10 mg/kg b.w. glibenclamide treated group(75.0% ± 0.73%), unlike the SE(69.5% ± 0.71%) and CM(69.1% ± 1.03%). CONCLUSION CM technique pr

关键词： Extraction techniques Microwave-assistedextraction Maceration Phytoconstituents Medicinal plants Soxhlet Anti-diabetes

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Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infections in Katavi Rukwa Ecosystems

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(B) 2014年第3期4卷 215-223页

作者： Zachariah Ephraim Makondo Rudovick reuben Kazwala Richard Simon Mwakapuja Joseph Malakalinga Irmgard Moser Manfred Tanner Department of Microbiology Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency Dar Es Salaam 15102 Tanzania Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Sokoine University of AgricultureMorogoro 67101 Tanzania Friedrich-Loeffler-lnstitute Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis Jena 07743 Germany

A study on nontuberculous mycobacteria （NTM） was carried out in wildlife-livestock interface of Katavi Rukwa ecosystem （KRE）. 328 livestock tissues and 178 wild animals were cultured, wild animals were sampled opportunistically during professional hunting and game cropping operations in the KRE protected areas. The objective of the study was to generate data on epidemiology of NTM in the wildlife-livestock interface of the KRE. Methods used to identify the NTM were： culture and isolation, polymerase chain reaction, protein heat shock 65 kilodalton （hsp65） and sequencing. Mycobacteria were detected on 25.9% and 11.9% of livestock and wildlife tissue cultures, respectively. The most NTM isolated were M. kansasii （30%）, M. gastri （30%）, M. fortuitum （1%）, M. intracellulare （4%）, M. indicuspranii （4%）, M. nonchromogenicum （6%） and M. lentiflavum （6%）. Other NTM in smaller percentages were M. hibernae, M. engbaekii, M. septicum, M. arupense and 34.. godii. Due to rise of NTM infection in both human and animals, it is recommended that awareness and laboratory facilities be improved to curb the underreporting especially in TB-endemic countries. For species specific identification, a network of national and regional laboratories is promoted.

关键词： Mycobacteria polymcrase chain reaction protein heat shock and sequencing.

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改进马匹育种的原则

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草食家畜 1981年第3期 30-33页

作者： reuben Albaugh ,崔泰保

动物是由它的遗传和环境所决定的。遗传是指有传代关系的生物有机体从其祖先传留下来的遗传特性的全部内容;另一定义也可以说是能使双亲将其体格上和心理学上的特性传给它们后代的生物学力量。环境则包括所有其他的因素,如动物的饲料、... 详细信息

动物是由它的遗传和环境所决定的。遗传是指有传代关系的生物有机体从其祖先传留下来的遗传特性的全部内容;另一定义也可以说是能使双亲将其体格上和心理学上的特性传给它们后代的生物学力量。环境则包括所有其他的因素,如动物的饲料、护理、管理以及调教等,环境能够影响动物个体的行为和能力。没有一个动物能超越它的遗传而出现,如果一匹马没有跑得快的基因,不管环境如何理想,它也决不会是一匹杰出的快马。马在速度上虽有高的遗传力,但如果得不到适当的环境和调教,也决不能显示出它们的遗传潜力。

关键词：远亲交配遗传力遗传率系群繁育品系繁育动物育种种公马马匹

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SRAM在新一代IoT和可穿戴嵌入式设计中的作用

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中国电子商情 2015年第9期 28-31页

作者： Anirban Sengupta reuben George 赛普拉斯半导体公司

上世纪90年代中期,英特尔决定把SRAM整合到自己的处理器中,这给世界各地的独立式SRAM供应商带来＂灭顶之灾＂。最大的SRAM市场（PC高速缓存）一夜之间销声匿迹,只留下少数细分市场应用。SRAM的＂高性能存储器（访问时间短、待机功耗小... 详细信息

上世纪90年代中期,英特尔决定把SRAM整合到自己的处理器中,这给世界各地的独立式SRAM供应商带来＂灭顶之灾＂。最大的SRAM市场（PC高速缓存）一夜之间销声匿迹,只留下少数细分市场应用。SRAM的＂高性能存储器（访问时间短、待机功耗小）＂价值主张因其较高的价格和容量限制（目前的最高容量是288Mb）而高度受限。由于SRAM每个单元有四到六个晶体管,几乎无法与DRAM和闪存竞争（这两种存储器每个单元只有1个晶体管）,每个单元的晶体管数越少就意味着板容量和成本越低。因此,对构成98%的市场总额的传统存储应用而言,SRAM是一种不切现实的解决方案。

关键词： SRAM 嵌入式设计细分市场存储器晶体管 90年代价值主张

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串行和并行接口SRAM对比

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中国集成电路 2015年第11期24卷 33-35页

作者： Anirban Sengupta reuben George 赛普拉斯半导体有限公司

外置SRAM通常配有一个并行接口。考虑到大多数基于SRAM的应用的存储器要求，选择并行接口并不令人惊讶。对于已经（和仍在）使用SRAM的高性能（主要是缓存）应用而言，与串行接口相比，并行接口拥有明显优势。但这种情况似乎即将改变。

关键词： SRAM 并行接口串行接口存储器应用外置缓存

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Active immune microenvironment in tumor-adjacent tissues is associated with the favorable prognosis in stage Ⅰ lung squamous cell carcinoma patientsls

Active immune microenvironment in tumor-adjacent tissues is ...

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浙江省免疫学会第十三次学术大会

作者： Lisha Ying Alexandre reuben Yiping Tian Xinyuan Liu Jianjun Zhang Dan Su Zhejiang Cancer Hospital Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM)Chinese Academy of Sciences Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

Background:The immunogenomic features of tumor-adjacent lungs(TALs) in stage Ⅰ lung squamous cell carcinoma(LUSC) have not been systematically ***:This study aims to characterize the immune microenvironment in TALs and the association with survival of stage Ⅰ LUSC *** and methods:59 patients with stage Ⅰ LUSC were *** tumor tissues and paired TALs were subjected to multiomics analyses including targeted-panel sequencing,RNA sequencing and digital spatial profiling(DSP).Results:57 non-silent mutations were detected in 15 of 54 TALs with 36 mutations detected in paired tumor samples and the remaining 21 mutations exclusively detected in the *** to tumors,TALs demonstrated better preserved immune contexture indicated by upregulation of immune pathways,increased immune infiltration inferred by ssGSEA and higher expression of immune effector molecules such as granzyme A and perforin ***,TALs were absent of mutations in PTEN and KEAP1,had lower incidence of human leukocyte antigen(HLA) loss and higher expression of HLA class Ⅰ genes,MHC Ⅰ chaperones and IFN-y-associated *** validated generally higher immune infiltration in TALs and revealed higher level of immune heterogeneity in LUSC tumors compared to ***,patients with higher immune infiltration in TALs had significantly longer survival,while high immune heterogeneity was associated with inferior patient ***:Our work highlights the role of the immune microenvironment in TALs and its impact on prognosis of stage Ⅰ LUSC,which may be taken into account when selecting patients for adjuvant therapy,particularly immunotherapy.

关键词： Lung squamous cell carcinoma(LUSC) Tumor-adjacent lung tissues(TALs) Digital spatial profiling(DSP) Immune microenvironment Prognosis

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能源是个大问题

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小哥白尼（趣味科学） 2011年第1期 38-39页

作者： ids reuben H.Fleet

化石燃料、核能、水力、地热、风力、太阳能是6种最为常见的发电方式。可你是否关注过以下问题:核电站周围的辐射量比一般的火电厂还要小得多;想使用免费的太阳能,要先应付昂贵的太阳能光伏系统的造价;风力涡轮发电机使用干净清洁的风,... 详细信息

化石燃料、核能、水力、地热、风力、太阳能是6种最为常见的发电方式。可你是否关注过以下问题:核电站周围的辐射量比一般的火电厂还要小得多;想使用免费的太阳能,要先应付昂贵的太阳能光伏系统的造价;风力涡轮发电机使用干净清洁的风,却让蝙蝠和鸟类的飞行危机四伏……

关键词：太阳能电池能源问题风力火电厂光伏系统化石燃料核电站苏珊发电方式风电机

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Anti-Angiogenic and Anti-Metastatic Effects of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Azadirachta indica

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2022年第4期13卷 188-206页

作者： Shedrack reuben Kitimu Peter Kirira Ahmed A. Abdille Judith Sokei Dominic Ochwang’i Peter Mwitari Andrew Makanya Naomi Maina Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Pan-African University Nairobi Kenya Department of Veterinary Physiology Biochemistry and Pharmacology Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania Department of Physical Sciences Mount Kenya University Kiambu Kenya Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya Department of Biochemistry Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya

Background: Nanotechnology symbolizes a broad discipline with enormous potential in cancer treatment bridging one of the bottlenecks of traditional approaches in cancer therapy which is an inability to deliver adequate quantities of anti-cancer drugs to the tumor area. Studies on nanoparticles indicate their importance in cancer angiogenesis and metastasis. Aim: The present study assessed anti-angiogenesis and anti-metastatic effects of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from neem plant (Azadirachta indica). Methods: Chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and two-dimensional (2D) wound healing assays were used to study anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic effects of the AgNPs respectively. Twenty-four fertilized eggs were divided into four groups: two biogenic AgNPs treatments at 100 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml;negative control (1% DMSO) and positive control (cyclophosphamide). On day 8 of incubation, filter discs impregnated with different concentration levels of the treatments were placed on the CAM. On day 12 of incubation, the CAMs were imaged using a stereomicroscope, scaled using ImageJ, and different morphometric and spatial parameters computed using AngioTool software. Vessel area, vessel percent area, total number of junctions, total vessel length, average vessel length, mean lacunarity, and junction density were measured. The crown-rump length (CRL) and fetal weight were also recorded on day 16 of incubation. In order to determine relative gene expression profiles of iNOS and VEGF, total RNA was extracted from the CAM, and qRT-PCR was performed with β-Actin as a reference gene. For the 2D wound healing assay, DU145 human prostate cells were grown in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum. Results: Biogenic AgNPs demonstrated anti-angiogenic effects in a dose-dependent manner in the parameters generated from the CAM images. Also, qRT-PCR revealed down-regulation of iNOS and VEGF genes. The 2-dimensional wound heali

关键词： Biogenic AgNPs Cancer Angiogenesis Metastasis CAM

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Economic Valuation of Auctioned Tourist Hunting Blocks in Tanzania

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Open Journal of Ecology 2023年第4期13卷 199-228页

作者： reuben M. J. Kadigi Imani R. Nkuwi Fredrick A. Ligate Hamza Kija Emmanuel B. Musamba Department of Trade and Investment College of Economics and Business Studies Sokoine University of Agriculture CHUO KIKUU Morogoro Tanzania Research and Training Unit Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism Dodoma Tanzania Wildlife Division Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism Dodoma Tanzania Conservation Information and Monitoring Unit Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Arusha Tanzania Tourism and Business Services Directorate Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority Morogoro Tanzania

Economic valuation of ecosystems is increasingly being recognized as an important exercise to inform sustainable utilization and conservation of natural assets. It helps in planning and establishing fair profit margins that accrue either directly or indirectly from the consumptive and non-consumptive uses of ecosystem goods and services. This paper is based on a study which estimated the economic values of tourist hunting blocks (HBs) in Tanzania using the Analytic Multicriteria Valuation Method (AMUVAM). The study used a sample size of 12 out of 24 vacant hunting blocks which were to be auctioned to potential hunting companies in December 2022. The economic values of HBs were estimated using the time horizon of 10 years (the mean tenure for winning company). The results show that the economic values ranged from USD 6,215,588 to USD 653,470,695 per hunting block and the Existence Value (EV) constituted about 19% of the Total Economic Value (TEV). EV ranged from USD 632,210 to USD 125,147,285. The study underscores the need for decisions to allocate ecosystems, such as HBs, to both direct and indirect uses, to be guided by a though understanding of their values. We further recommend building the capacity of staff charged with the role of managing and allocating uses of these ecosystems to enable them undertake economic valuation of ecosystems using both simple and more robust analytical tools, such as the GIS, relational databases, and worldwide websites based tools, like InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs), ARIES (Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services), and Co$ting Nature.

关键词： Ecosystems Total Economic Value Biodiversity Conservation Analytic Multicriteria Valuation Method Hunting Blocks

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The Impact of Joint Replacement on Driver Function and Safety

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Open Journal of Orthopedics 2012年第3期2卷 121-125页

作者： Stephanie J. Muh Yousef Shishani Jonathan Streit Carissa Ann Lucas Vinod Sahgal Matthew Kraay reuben Gobezie Case Shoulder and Elbow Service Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine University Hospitals of Cleveland Cleve- land USA Cleveland Shoulder Institute University Hospitals of Cleveland Cleveland USA Department of Hematology/Oncology—Solid Tumor Department The Cleveland Clinic Cleveland USA Department of Orthopaedics Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine University Hospitals of Cleveland Cleveland USA

Background: The timing of return-to-driving following total joint replacement has not been well-defined. The primary aim is to study the impact of joint replacement on driver safety. A secondary aim is to investigate the possible predictors for increased car accidents in patients undergoing total joint replacement surgery. This data will provide the background to support further prospective studies on the relationship of driver safety to joint replacement surgery. Methods: A retrospective analysis of driver safety in the postoperative period was performed by analyzing the self-reporting of 485 patients who had undergone a Total Hip Arthroplasty (n = 196), Total Knee Arthroplasty (n = 258) or Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (n = 31). The mean age was 70 (28 - 88) with 164 male (34%) and 319 female (66%). Patients were mailed a questionnaire and the responses were analyzed to determine what factors affect driving after joint replacement. Results: Overall, increased patient age and gender were associated with increased accidents following surgery. Our subgroup analysis demonstrated that in patients undergoing TSA, increased patient age was associated with increased accidents. TKA patients showed that older patient age predicted increased accidents following surgery. Conclusions: While age and gender are correlated with increased accidents after joint replacement in general, no factors specific to joint replacement surgery are related to increased incidence of accidents.

关键词： Total Hip Arthroplasty Total Knee Arthroplasty Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Driving Driver Safety Traffic Accidents

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