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Change profile analysis of open-source software systems to understand their evolutionary behavior

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Frontiers of Computer Science 2018年第6期12卷 1105-1124页

作者： Munish saini Kuljit Kaur CHAHAL Department of Computer Science Guru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsar 143005India

Source code management systems (such as git) record changes to code repositories of Open-Source Software (OSS) projects. The metadata about a change includes a change message to record the intention of the change. Classification of changes, based on change messages, into different change types has been explored in the past to understand the evolution of software systems from the perspective of change size and change density only. However, software evolution analysis based on change classification with a focus on change evolution patterns is still an open research problem. This study examines change messages of 106 OSS projects, as recorded in the git repository, to explore their evolutionary patterns with respect to the types of changes performed over time. An automated keyword-based classifier technique is applied to the change messages to categorize the changes into various types (corrective, adaptive, perfective, preventive, and enhancement). Cluster analysis helps to uncover distinct change patterns that each change type follows. We identify three categories of 106 projects for each change type: high activity, moderate activity, and low activity. Evolutionary behavior is different for projects of different categories. The projects with high and moderate activity receive maximum changes during 76-81 months of the project lifetime. The project attributes such as the number of committers, number of files changed, and total number of commits seem to contribute the most to the change activity of the projects. The statistical findings show that the change activity of a project is related to the number of contributors, amount of work done, and total commits of the projects irrespective of the change type. Further, we explored languages and domains of projects to correlate change types with domains and languages of the projects. The statistical analysis indicates that there is no significant and strong relation of change types with domains and languages of the 106 proje

关键词： software evolution open-source software (OSS) cluster analysis change classification

SSA-HIAST: A Novel Framework for Code Clone Detection

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第5期71卷 2999-3017页

作者： Neha saini Sukhdip Singh Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology Murthal131001India

In the recent era of software development,reusing software is one of the major activities that is widely used to save *** reuse software,the copy and paste method is used and this whole process is known as code *** activity leads to problems like difficulty in debugging,increase in time to debug and manage software *** the literature,various algorithms have been developed to find out the clones but it takes too much time as well as more space to figure out the ***,most of them are not *** problem has been targeted upon in this *** the proposed framework,authors have proposed a new method of identifying clones that takes lesser time to find out clones as compared with many popular code clone detection *** proposed framework has also addressed one of the key issues in code clone detection i.e.,detection of near-miss(Type-3)and semantic clones(Type-4)with significant accuracy of 95.52%and 92.80%*** present study is divided into two phases,the first method converts any code into an intermediate representation form i.e.,Hashinspired abstract syntax *** the second phase,these abstract syntax trees are passed to a novel approach“Similarity-based self-adjusting hash inspired abstract syntax tree”algorithm that helps in knowing the similarity level of *** proposed method has shown a lot of improvement over the existing code clones identification methods.

关键词： Code cloning clone detection hash inspired abstract syntax tree rotations hybrid framework

Evaluation of CMIP6 for historical temperature and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau and its comparison with CMIP5

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2020年第3期11卷 239-251页

作者： ZHU Yu-Yao YANG saini State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster Ministry of EducationBeijing100875China Faculty of Geographical Science Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency ManagementBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China

A model-by-model analysis for historical simulations was necessary for identifying reasonably performing models in the updated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6)over the Tibetan *** determine whether the capacity of the CMIP6 models in simulating temperature and precipitation over the Plateau has been enhanced,we compared the outputs of 23 CMIP6 models with an observational dataset(CN05.1)for the period 1961–*** results suggest the systematic model biases(cold bias and wet bias)in the Tibetan Plateau still exist in *** models in CMIP6 realistically simulated the surface temperature and spatial distribution of precipitation,with a pattern correlation exceeding *** bias in the mean surface temperature of the multi-model ensemble(MME)simulation was 1.08℃ lower than the observational data,which had been decreased compared with the cold bias of CMIP5(1.52℃).At the seasonal scale,most models exhibited a warm temperature bias in summer and a cold bias in *** CMIP6 MME displayed a higher reproducibility of the precipitation amplitude over dry regions compared with CMIP5 and a lower ability over wet regions.

关键词： CMIP6 GCMs Temperature Precipitation Tibetan Plateau Climate change

Development of metal organic fromwork-199 immobilized zeolite foam for adsorption of common indoor VOCs

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2017年第5期29卷 321-330页

作者： Vipin K.saini Joao Pires School of Environment and Natural Resources Doon UniversityDehradun 248001India Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty of SciencesUniversity of LisbonLisbon 1749-016Portugal

Reticulated foam shaped adsorbents are more efficient for the removal of volatile organic compounds（VOCs）,particularly from low VOC-concentration indoor air streams. In this study composite structure of zeolite and metal organic frameworks（MOFs）,referred as ZMF,has been fabricated by immobilization of fine MOF-199 powder on foam shaped Zeolite Socony Mobil-5（ZSM-5）Zeolitic structure,referred as ZF. The ZMF possess a uniform and well-dispersed coating of MOF-199 on the porous framework of ZF. It shows higher surface area,pore volume,and VOCs adsorption capacity,as compared to ***-fabrication changes in selective adsorption properties of ZMF were studied with three common indoor VOCs（benzene,n-hexane,and cyclohexane）,using gravimetric adsorption technique. The adsorption capacity of ZMF with different VOCs follow the order of benzene 〉 n-hexane 〉 cyclohexane. In comparison with MOF-199 and ZF,the composite structure ZMF shows improvement in selectivity for benzene from other two VOCs. Further,improvement in efficiency and stability of prepared ZMF was found to be associated with its high MOF loading capacity and unique morphological and structural properties. The developed composite structure with improved VOCs removal and recyclability could be a promising material for small to limited scale air pollution treatment units.

关键词： VOCs Adsorption Composite materials Selectivity Zeolite foam MOFs HKUST-1

Mitigation of the impacts of electric vehicle charging on energy-star ratings for residential buildings in India

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Clean Energy 2023年第5期7卷 981-993页

作者： Rakesh Dalal Devender Kumar saini Electrical Cluster School of EngineeringUniversity of Petroleum and Energy Studies(UPES)DehradunIndia

The star-labelling programme for residential buildings was introduced by India in 2020 and applies to all residential buildings with no lower limit on the built-up area or electrical *** energy-star label for a residential building is awarded against the notified standard by the regulatory body and electric vehicles(EVs)have not been accommodated as a load for residential *** en-ergy consumption of an existing residential building is taken from a study already carried out and compared with the requirement of the Indian residential star-labelling programme with an EV as a plugged-in *** annual energy gap of 6060 kWh for the existing residential buildings considered in this study for five-star building energy labels increases to 7784 kWh if the EV load is added to the building *** residential building will lose two energy stars if it caters to the EV load and,to bridge this energy gap,the replace-ment of existing electrical appliances with five-star-rated energy appliances,employing grid-connected rooftop solar photovoltaics(PV)and retrofit of the building envelope are *** techno-economic potential of rooftop solar PV and building envelope retrofitting for existing residential buildings is explored using RETScreen®and eQUEST software,*** study establishes that the installation of rooftop solar PV can accommodate the additional load of EVs and can bridge half and three-quarters of the energy gap to achieve five energy stars for an existing building with and without EVs,*** is the most economical option among the options explored in this *** target Energy Performance Index is achievable by high-end energy consumers(12000 kWh/year)by additional measures,the replacement of inefficient electrical appliances and building envelope retrofitting in addition to the installation of rooftop solar PV.

关键词： energy conservation building code energy-star building envelope retrofit EV load

Quantization error in stereo imaging system with noise distributions

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International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 2020年第5期11卷 86-117页

作者： Deepika saini Sanjeev Kumar Department of Mathematics Graphic Era Deemed to be University Dehradun Uttarakhand 248002India Department of Mathematics Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee 247667India

The problem of estimating quantization error in 2D images is an inherent problem in computer *** outcome of this problem is directly related to the error in reconstructed 3D position coordinates of an *** estimation of quantization error has its own importance in stereo *** the quantization error cannot be controlled fully,still statistical error analysis helps us to measure the performance of stereo systems that relies on the imaging ***,it is assumed that the quantization error in 2D images is distributed uniformly that need not to be true from a practical *** this paper,we have incorporated noise distributions(Triangular and Trapezoidal)for the stochastic error analysis of the quantization error in stereo imaging *** the validation of the theoretical analysis,the detailed simulation study is carried out by considering different cases.

关键词： Quantization error stereo images noise distributions range estimation error range error magnitude relative range error

Stock values predictions using deep learning based hybrid models

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CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology 2022年第1期7卷 107-116页

作者： Konark Yadav Milind Yadav Sandeep saini Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering The LNM Institute of Information TechnologyJaipurIndia Department of Computer Science and Engineering Rajasthan Technical UniversityKotaRajasthanIndia

Predicting the correct values of stock prices in fast fluctuating high-frequency financial data is always a challenging task.A deep learning-based model for live predictions of stock values is aimed to be developed *** authors'have proposed two models for different *** first one is based on Fast Recurrent Neural Networks(Fast RNNs).This model is used for stock price predictions for the first time in this *** second model is a hybrid deep learning model developed by utilising the best features of FastRNNs,Convolutional Neural Networks,and Bi-Directional Long Short Term Memory models to predict abrupt changes in the stock prices of a *** 1-min time interval stock data of four companies for a period of one and three days is *** with the lower Root Mean Squared Error(RMSE),the proposed models have low computational complexity as well,so that they can also be used for live *** models'performance is measured by the RMSE along with computation *** model outperforms Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average,FBProphet,LSTM,and other proposed hybrid models on both RMSE and computation time for live predictions of stock values.

关键词： companies price stock

Reflection and refraction of attenuated waves at boundary of elastic solid and porous solid saturated with two immiscible viscous fluids

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2012年第6期33卷 797-816页

作者： M.KUMAR R.saini Department of Mathematics Kurukshetra University

The propagation of elastic waves is studied in a porous solid saturated with two immiscible viscous fluids. The propagation of three longitudinal waves is represented through three scalar potential functions. The lone transverse wave is presented by a vector potential function. The displacements of particles in different phases of the aggregate are defined in terms of these potential functions. It is shown that there exist three longitudinal waves and one transverse wave. The phenomena of reflection and refraction due to longitudinal and transverse waves at a plane interface between an elastic solid half-space and a porous solid half-space saturated with two immiscible viscous fluids are investigated. For the presence of viscosity in pore-fluids, the waves refracted to the porous medium attenuate in the direction normal to the interface. The ratios of the amplitudes of the reflected and refracted waves to that of the incident wave are calculated as a non- singular system of linear algebraic equations. These amplitude ratios are used to further calculate the shares of different scattered waves in the energy of the incident wave. The modulus of the amplitude and the energy ratios with the angle of incidence are computed for a particular numerical model. The conservation of the energy across the interface is verified. The effects of variations in non-wet saturation of pores and frequencies on the energy partition are depicted graphically and discussed,

关键词： dissipative porous solid immiscible viscous fluid elastic wave propagation,attenuation reflection and refraction coefficients

Nonplanar dust acoustic solitary and rogue waves in an ion beam plasma with superthermal electrons and ions

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Plasma Science and Technology 2018年第7期20卷 64-71页

作者： nimardeep kaur kuldeep singh yashika ghai n s saini Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar-143005India

The propagation characteristics of dust acoustic solitary and rogue waves are investigated in an unmagnetized ion beam plasma with electrons and ions following kappa-type distribution in nonplanar geometry. The reductive perturbation method （RPM） is employed to derive the cylindrical/spherical Korteweg-de Vries （KdV） equation, which is further transformed into standard KdV equation by neglecting the geometrical effects. Using new stretching coordinates, nonlinear Schrrdinger equation （NLSE） has been derived from the standard KdV equation to study the different order rational solutions of dust acoustic rogue waves （DARWs）. The impact of various physical parameters on the characteristics of dust acoustic solitary waves （DASWs） is elaborated specifically in nonplanar geometry. Further, the effects of ion beam and superthermality of electrons/ions on the characteristics of DARWs are studied. The results obtained in the present investigation may be useful in comprehending a variety of phenomena in Earth＇s magnetosphere polar cap region where the presence of positive ion beam has been detected and also in other regions of space/astrophysical environments where dust along with superthermal electrons and ions exists.

关键词： dust acoustic ion beam kappa distribution rogue waves