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Effects of urea and(NH_4)_2 SO_4 on nitrification and acidification of Ultisols from Southern China

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2012年第4期24卷 682-689页

作者： Dell Tong renkou xu State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

The mechanisms for the effects of ammonium-based fertilizers on soil acidification in subtropical regions are not well understood. Two Ultisols collected from cropland and a tea garden in Anhui and Jiangxi Provinces in subtropical southern China, respectively, were used to study the effects of urea and （NH4）aSO4 on the nitrification and acidification of soils with incubation experiments. Nitrification occurred at very low pH with no N fertilizer added and led to lowering of the soil pH by 0.53 and 0.30 units for the soils from Jiangxi and Anhui, respectively. Addition of urea accelerated nitrification and soil acidification in both Ultisols; while nitrification was inhibited by the addition of （NH4）2SO4, and greater input of （NH4）2SO4 led to greater inhibition of nitrification. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB） played an important role in nitrification in cropland soil under acidic conditions. Addition of urea increased the soil pH at the early stages of incubation due to hydrolysis and stimulated the increase in the AOB population, and thus accelerated nitrification and soil acidification. At the end of incubation, the pH of Ultisol from Jiangxi had decreased by 1.25, 1.54 and 1.84 units compared to maximum values for the treatments with 150, 300 and 400 mg/kg of urea-N added, respectively; the corresponding figures were 0.95, 1.25 and 1.69 for the Ultisol from Anhui. However, addition of （NH4）：SO4 inhibited the increase in the AOB population and thus inhibited nitrification and soil acidification. Soil pH for the treatments with 300 and 400 mg/kg of （NHn）2SOa-N remained almost constant during the incubation. AOB played an important role in nitrification of the cropland soil under acidic conditions. Addition of urea stimulated the increase in the AOB population and thus accelerated nitrification and soil acidification; while addition of （NH4）2SO4 inhibited the increase in the AOB population and thus inhibited nitrification.

关键词： ammonium-based fertilizer nitrification soil acidification ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes

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Removal of Cu(Ⅱ) from acidic electroplating effluent by biochars generated from crop straws

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2013年第4期25卷 652-658页

作者： xuejiao Tong renkou xu State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences College of Resource and Environment Nanjing Agricultural University

The removal efficiency of copper （Cu（Ⅱ）） from an actual acidic electroplating effluent by biochars generated from canola, rice, soybean and peanut straws was investigated. The biochars simultaneously removed Cu（Ⅱ） from the effluent, mainly through the mechanisms of adsorption and precipitation, and neutralized its acidity. The removal efficiency of Cu（Ⅱ） by the biochars followed the order： peanut straw char 〉 soybean straw char 〉 canola straw char 〉 rice straw char 〉〉 a commercial activated carbonaceous material, which is consistent with the alkalinity of the biochars. The pH of the effluent was a key factor determining the removal efficiency of Cu（Ⅱ） by biochars. Raising the initial pH of the effluent enhanced the removal of Cu（Ⅱ） from it. The optimum pyrolysis temperature was 400℃ for producing biochar from crop straws for acidic wastewater treatment, and the optimum reaction time was 8 hr.

关键词： adsorption biochar Cu（Ⅱ） removal electroplating effluent precipitation

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Adsorption of Cr(Ⅲ) from acidic solutions by crop straw derived biochars

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2013年第10期25卷 1957-1965页

作者： Jingjian Pan Jun Jiang renkou xu State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences College of Resource and Environment Nanjing Agricultural University

Cr（Ⅲ） adsorption by biochars generated from peanut, soybean, canola and rice straws is investigated with batch methods. Adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） increased as pH rose from 2.5 to 5.0. Adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） led to peak position shifts in the FFIR-PAS spectra of the biochars and made zeta potential values less negative, suggesting the formation of surface complexes between Cr^3＋ and functional groups on the biochars. The adsorption capacity of Cr（Ⅲ） followed the order： peanut straw char 〉 soybean straw char 〉 canola straw char 〉 rice straw char, which was consistent with the content of acidic functional groups on the biochars. The increase in Cr^3＋ hydrolysis as the pH rose was one of the main reasons for the increased adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） by the biochars at higher pH values. Cr（llI） can be adsorbed by the biochars through electrostatic attraction between negative surfaces and Cr^3＋, but the relative contribution of electrostatic adsorption was less than 5%. Therefore, Cr（Ⅲ） was mainly adsorbed by the biochars through specific adsorption. The Langumir and Freundlich equations fitted the adsorption isotherms well and can therefore be used to describe the adsorption behavior of Cr（Ⅲ） by the crop straw biochars. The crop straw biochars have great adsorption capacities for Cr（Ⅲ） under acidic conditions and can be used as adsorbents to remove Cr（Ⅲ） from acidic wastewaters.

关键词： biochar crop straw Cr（Ⅲ） adsorption functional groups zeta potential

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Adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) in paddy soils cultivated for various years in the subtropical China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2010年第5期22卷 689-695页

作者： Liang Ma renkou xu Jun Jiang State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beifing 100049 China

The adsorption and desorption of Cu（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ） on upland red soil,and paddy soils which were originated from the upland soil and cultivated for 8,15,35 and 85 years,were investigated using the batch method.The study showed that the organic matter content and cation exchange capacity （CEC） of the soils are important factors controlling the adsorption and desorption of Cu（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ）.The 15-Year paddy soil had the highest adsorption capacity for Pb（Ⅱ）,followed by the 35-Year paddy soil.Both the 35-Year paddy soil and 15-Year paddy soil adsorbed more Cu（Ⅱ） than the upland soil and other paddy soils.The 15-Year paddy soils exhibited the highest desorption percentage for both Cu（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ）.These results are consistent with the trend for the CEC of the soils tested.The high soil CEC contributes not only to the adsorption of Cu（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ） but also to the electrostatic adsorption of the two heavy metals by the soils.Lower desorption percentages for Cu（Ⅱ）（36.7% to 42.2%） and Pb（Ⅱ）（50.4% to 57.9%） were observed for the 85-Year paddy soil.The highest content of organic matter in the soil was responsible for the low desorption percentages for the two metals because the formation of the complexes between the organic matter and the metals could increase the stability of the heavy metals in the soils.

关键词： adsorption and desorption Cu（Ⅱ） Pb（Ⅱ） cultivation chronosequence paddy soil

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Insights on mechanisms of aluminum phytotoxicity mitigation by canola straw biochars from different regions

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Biochar 2022年第1期4卷 228-239页

作者： Ying Dong Yuanchun Yu Ruhai Wang EChang Zhineng Hong Hui Hua Hui Liu Jun Jiang renkou xu State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesP.O.Box 821Nanjing 210008China Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China College of Biology and the EnvironmentNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037China Institute of Information Science and Technology Southeast UniversityNanjing 210096China

To better understand the amendment effects and mechanisms of aluminum(Al(Ⅲ))phytotoxicity mitigation by differ-ent regional crop straw biochars,wheat seedling root elongation trials were conducted.The contributions of liming effect,oxygen-containing surface functional group adsorption,and oxyanions precipitation to Al(Ⅲ)phytotoxicity mitigation by Ca(OH)_(2),pristine and ash-free canola straw biochar were evaluated.The results indicated that biochars derived from canola straw collected from four different regions(Yingtan,xuancheng,Nanjing,and Huaiyin)caused 22-70%wheat seedling root elongation,which might be linked to liming effect.Incorporation of the corresponding ash-free biochars caused 15-30%elongation,which could be attributed to the surface functional group adsorption.About 0-60%of changes could be explained by Al(Ⅲ)precipitation with inorganic oxyanions.These findings provide new insights into the physicochemical properties,potential applications,efficiencies,and underlying mechanisms of crop straw biochar in alleviating Al(Ⅲ)phytotoxicity,which is dependent on the cultivation soil,and indicate similar application of crop straw biochar for acidic soil amelioration,contaminated soil remediation,and arable soil improvement.

关键词： Adsorption Al(III)phytotoxicity Canola straw biochar Liming effect Precipitation

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Riverine sulfate sources and behaviors in arid environment,Northwest China:Constraints from sulfur and oxygen isotopes

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第3期137卷 716-731页

作者： Yifu xu Wenjing Liu Bing xu Zhifang xu Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Innovation Academy for Earth Science Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

The fate of riverine sulfate ion (SO_(4)^(2-)) and its environmental effects in arid environment are difficult to evaluate due to its complicated sources and strongly coupled behaviors with water cycle which is significantly modified by humans.To understand the sulfur cycle in aquatic systems in arid environment,the chemical and sulfur and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ^(34)S_(SO4)and δ^(18)O_(SO4)) of major rivers around the Badain Jaran Desert,northwestern China,were investigated.These rivers had averaged SO_(4)^(2-)content at 1336μmol/L,over 10times higher than the global average.The δ^(34)S_(SO4)and δ^(18)O_(SO4)values ranged from-5.3‰to+11.8‰and+1.6‰to+12.8‰,respectively.The end-member analysis and the inverse model showed that riverine sulfate was mainly derived from evaporites dissolution (0-87%),sulfide oxidation (13%-100%) and precipitation (0-33%),indicating heterogeneity in sulfur sources and behaviors along the river drainage with the lithology variations and climate gradients.Multiple isotopic tools combining with hydro-chemistry compositions could be applied to reveal sulfur cycle in arid environment.Based on the calculation,sulfide oxidation plays the primary role in the headwater and upstream in the Qilian-Mountains area,where sulfide is widely exposed.While the proportion of evaporites dissolution contributing to riverine sulfate is much higher in downstream in a drier environment.Besides,less precipitation and higher temperature can lead to more intensive evaporation,affecting the process of sulfide oxidation and enhancing the rates of evaporites dissolution and sulfate precipitation in the basin.

关键词： Sulfur and oxygen isotopes Source apportionment Inverse model Arid environment Inland rivers Northwestern China

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Heavy metal pollution characteristics and health evaluation of farmland soil in a gold mine slag area of Luoyang in China

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2021年第5期14卷 213-221页

作者： Hui Wang Hao Zhang renkou xu College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Henan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyang 471023China Analysis and Testing Center of Liming Research&Design Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.Luoyang 471001China State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China

The characteristics of eight heavy metals(lead,zinc,copper,nickel,chromium,cadmium,mercury and arsenic)in the surface soil of the historical slag area of the Au ore dressing plant in the South-West of Luoyang City were investigated and evaluated in terms of a pollution index,potential ecological hazards and health risks.The results showed that the average amounts of the heavy metals Pb,Zn and As in the soils of plots S3,S5,S7,S12 and S18 exceeded the soil pollution risk screening values.The Mero comprehensive pollution index in plots S7,S12 and S18 was greater than 3,indicating severe pollution.The severe pollution plot integrated the potential ecological risk index(RI)of each sampling point,which was in the order of RI_(S12)>RI_(S18)>RI_(S7)>RI_(S5)>RI_(S3).Among the heavy metals,Cd poses the greatest threat to ecological and human health.The effects of heavy metals in soil on the single non-carcinogenic health risk index(HQ)and the non-carcinogenic total risk index through three exposure pathways were in the order of HQ_(Hg)

关键词： historical slag area heavy metals pollution assessment health assessment farmland soil ecological hazard

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Characteristics of biomass ashes from different materials and their ameliorative effects on acid soils

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2017年第5期29卷 294-302页

作者： Renyong Shi Jiuyu Li Jun Jiang Khalid Mehmood Yuan Liu renkou xu Wei Qian State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

The chemical characteristics,element contents,mineral compositions,and the ameliorative effects on acid soils of five biomass ashes from different materials were analyzed. The chemical properties of the ashes varied depending on the source biomass material. An increase in the concrete shuttering contents in the biomass materials led to higher alkalinity,and higher Ca and Mg levels in biomass ashes,which made them particularly good at ameliorating effects on soil acidity. However,heavy metal contents,such as Cr,Cu,and Zn in the ashes,were relatively high. The incorporation of all ashes increased soil p H,exchangeable base cations,and available phosphorus,but decreased soil exchangeable acidity. The application of the ashes from biomass materials with a high concrete shuttering content increased the soil available heavy metal contents. Therefore,the biomass ashes from wood and crop residues with low concrete contents were the better acid soil amendments.

关键词： Biomass ashes Raw materials Element composition Chemical properties Amelioration of acidic soils Available heavy metals

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Biohythane production from two-stage anaerobic digestion of food waste:A review

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第5期139卷 334-349页

作者： Xiaona An Ying xu Xiaohu Dai State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of Environmental Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai 200092China

The biotransformation of food waste(FW)to bioenergy has attracted considerable research attention as a means to address the energy crisis and waste disposal problems.To this end,a promising technique is two-stage anaerobic digestion(TSAD),in which the FW is transformed to biohythane,a gaseous mixture of biomethane and biohydrogen.This review summarises the main characteristics of FW and describes the basic principle of TSAD.Moreover,the factors influencing the TSAD performance are identified,and an overview of the research status;economic aspects;and strategies such as pre-treatment,co-digestion,and regulation of microbial consortia to increase the biohythane yield from TSAD is provided.Additionally,the challenges and future considerations associated with the treatment of FW by TSAD are highlighted.This paper can provide valuable reference for the improvement and widespread implementation of TSAD-based FW treatment.

关键词： Two-stage anaerobic digestion(TSAD) Food waste(FW) Methane production Hydrogen production

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Identification of high oxygen-consuming substances in stormwater drainage systems illicitly connected with sewage system

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第4期138卷 132-140页

作者： Chen xu Zuxin xu Wenhai Chu Shanshan Wu Rong Xiao Lei Su State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse College of Environmental Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Guangzhou Resource Environmental Protection Technology Co. Ltd.Guangzhou 510030China

The dissolved oxygen content in water is an important indicator for assessing the quality of the water environment,and maintaining a certain amount of dissolved oxygen is essential for the healthy development of the ecological environment.When a water body is anoxic,the activity of anaerobic microorganisms increases and organic matter is decomposed to produce a large number of blackening and odorizing substances,resulting in black and odorous water bodies,which is a very common and typical phenomenon in China.Presently,there is still a relatively universal occurrence of illicitly connected stormwater and sewage pipes in the urban drainage pipe network in China,which makes oxygen-consuming substances be directly discharged into rivers through stormwater pipes and consume the dissolved oxygen in the water bodies,resulting in an oxygen deficiency of the water.This induces seasonal or year-round black and stink phenomena in urban rivers.Hence,identifying high oxygen-consuming substances,which lays the foundation for the subsequent removal of oxygen-consuming substances,is essential.Through a series of comparisons of water quality indicators and analysis of organic characteristics,it was found that the oxygen consumption capacity of domestic sewage was higher than that of industrial wastewater in the selected area of this study,and the oxygen-consuming substances of domestic sewage were small molecular amino acids.By comparing 20 conventional free amino acids,it was found that seven of them consumed oxygen easily,and compared with chemical oxygen consumption,biological oxygen consumption was in a leading position.

关键词： Urban drainage system Oxygen-consuming substances Domestic sewage Amino acid

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