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A Meta-Learning Approach for Aircraft Trajectory Prediction

Communications and Network 2023年第2期15卷 43-64页

作者： Syed Ibtehaj Raza Rizvi Jamal Habibi Markani rené jr. landry É cole de technologies supérieure (&#201TS) Montréal Canada

The aviation industry has seen significant advancements in safety procedures over the past few decades, resulting in a steady decline in aviation deaths worldwide. However, the safety standards in General Aviation (GA) are still lower compared to those in commercial aviation. With the anticipated growth in air travel, there is an imminent need to improve operational safety in GA. One way to improve aircraft and operational safety is through trajectory prediction. Trajectory prediction plays a key role in optimizing air traffic control and improving overall flight safety. This paper proposes a meta-learning approach to predict short- to mid-term trajectories of aircraft using historical real flight data collected from multiple GA aircraft. The proposed solution brings together multiple models to improve prediction accuracy. In this paper, we are combining two models, Random Forest Regression (RFR) and Long Short-term Memory (LSTM), using k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN), to output the final prediction based on the combined output of the individual models. This approach gives our model an edge over single-model predictions. We present the results of our meta-learner and evaluate its performance against individual models using the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Absolute Altitude Error (AAE), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) evaluation metrics. The proposed methodology for aircraft trajectory forecasting is discussed in detail, accompanied by a literature review and an overview of the data preprocessing techniques used. The results demonstrate that the proposed meta-learner outperforms individual models in terms of accuracy, providing a more robust and proactive approach to improve operational safety in GA.

关键词： Trajectory Prediction General Aviation Safety Meta-Learning Random Forest Regression Long Short-Term Memory Short to Mid-Term Trajectory Prediction Operational Safety

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ADS-B Reception Error Correction Based on the LSTM Neural-Network Model

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Communications and Network 2023年第2期15卷 25-42页

作者： Jamal Habibi Markani Syed Ibtehaj Raza Rizvi Abdessamad Amrhar Jean-Marc Gagné rené jr. landry Lassena Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering école de Technologie Supérieure (éTS) Montreal Canada

Standard automatic dependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) reception algorithms offer considerable performance at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). However, the performance of ADS-B algorithms in applications can be problematic at low SNRs and in high interference situations, as detecting and decoding techniques may not perform correctly in such circumstances. In addition, conventional error correction algorithms have limitations in their ability to correct errors in ADS-B messages, as the bit and confidence values may be declared inaccurately in the event of low SNRs and high interference. The principal goal of this paper is to deploy a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network model for error correction in conjunction with a conventional algorithm. The data of various flights are collected and cleaned in an initial stage. The clean data is divided randomly into training and test sets. Next, the LSTM model is trained based on the training dataset, and then the model is evaluated based on the test dataset. The proposed model not only improves the ADS-B In packet error correction rate (PECR), but it also enhances the ADS-B In terms of sensitivity. The performance evaluation results reveal that the proposed scheme is achievable and efficient for the avionics industry. It is worth noting that the proposed algorithm is not dependent on conventional algorithms’ prerequisites.

关键词： ADS-B Long Short-Term Memory Packet Error Correction Rate Error Correction Bit Error Rate

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Analysis of GNSS Interference Impact on Society and Evaluation of Spectrum Protection Strategies

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Positioning 2013年第2期4卷 169-182页

作者： Do Alexis Sanou rené jr. landry Department of Electrical Engineering école de Technologie Supérieure (éTS) Université du Quebec Montreal Canada Department of Electrical Engineering école de Technologie Supérieure (éTS) Université du Quebec Montreal Canada

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology is growing fast in our society and new applications are being introduced at an unprecedented pace. The GNSS products provide worldwide and real-time services using precise timing information, positioning and synchronization technologies. Within years, GNSS applications are becoming more accurate and their precision opens doors to a wide range of applications. Nevertheless, these applications are susceptible to disruption in the operation of GNSS receivers when malfunctions, failures or interference occur. This paper’s objective is to make an overall analysis of GNSS failure impact on society and therefore make a review of GNSS spectrum protection strategies. In the first three sections of this analysis, we survey GNSS applications, their importance and their criticality. While questioning the criticality of GNSS applications, we evaluate their impact on main critical infrastructures and particularly the risks of critical dependencies in case of failure or interference. In the last two sections, we investigate GNSS spectrum interference in relation to its effects on crucial infrastructures. We review the principal Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) sources leading to GNSS and satellite communications (SATCOM) spectrum issues. Alongside, we study various ways to mitigate RFI. This process is essential to further develop and standardize mitigation techniques and to ensure GNSS spectrum immunity against RFI.

关键词： Critical Applications Critical Infrastructures GNSS Mitigation Strategies RFI SATCOM

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New Strategy of Collaborative Acquisition for Connected GNSS Receivers in Deep Urban Environments

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Positioning 2018年第3期9卷 23-46页

作者： Maherizo Andrianarison Mohamed Sahmoudi rené jr. landry LASSENA Laboratory Ecole de Technologie Supérieure Montreal Canada ISAE-SUPAERO & TESA University of Toulouse Toulouse France

Collaborative Positioning (CP) is a better localization technique used to locate a user in challenged environments, which is driven by the increasing presence of cellular phones and mobile devices in urban areas. The basic idea is that the mobile devices can cooperate with each other to improve their ability to determine their position. In this concept, a network of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receivers can collectively receive available satellite signals, and each receiver can receive signal measurements from other receivers via a communication link. This work shows how to use the Collective Detection (CD) approach to deal with the concept of collaborative or cooperative positioning. Specifically, this paper develops a new strategy allowing a receiver in deep urban environment to locate using the CD approach, while overcoming the implementation complexity problem. The idea consists in applying the CD approach in the case of multiple GNSS receivers to assist a receiver in a difficult situation. A typical case of two connected receivers assisting a receiver in difficulty in a deep urban area shows the effectiveness of this strategy. This strategy is tested with real GNSS signals to analyze its feasibility. The overall gain in complexity can reach up to 46% of what has been achieved in previous works.

关键词： Collective Detection Collaborative Positioning Connected GNSS Receivers Deep Urban Environments

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Acquisition of Weak Signals in Multi-Constellation Frequency Domain Receivers

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Positioning 2013年第2期4卷 144-152页

作者： Kaveh Mollaiyan Rock Santerre rené jr. landry Department of Electrical Engineering école de Technologie Supérieure Montreal Canada Department of Geomatics Sciences Université Laval Quebec Canada Department of Electrical Engineering école de Technologie Supérieure Montreal Canada

New positioning applications’ availability requirements demand receivers with higher sensitivities and ability to process multiple GNSS signals. Possible applications include acquiring one signal per GNSS constellation in the same frequency band and combining them for increased sensitivity or predicting acquisition of other signals. Frequency domain processing can be used for this purpose, since it benefits from parallel processing capabilities of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), which can be efficiently implemented in software receivers. On the other hand, long coherent integration times are mainly limited due to large FFT size in receivers using frequency domain techniques. A new method is proposed to address the problems in frequency domain receivers without compromising the resources and execution time. A pre-correlation accumulation (PCA) is proposed to partition the received samples into one-code-period blocks, and to sum them together. As a result, the noise is averaged out and the correlation results will gain more power, provided that the relative phase between the data segments is compensated for. In addition to simplicity, the proposed PCA method enables the use of one-size FFT for all integration times. A post-correlation peak combination is also proposed to remove the need for double buffering. The proposed methods are implemented in a configurable Simulink model, developed for acquiring recorded GNSS signals. For weak signal scenarios, a Spirent GPS simulator is used as a source. Acquisition results for GPS L1 C/A and GLONASS L1OF are shown and the performance of the proposed technique is discussed. The proposed techniques target GNSS receivers using frequency domain processing aiming at accommodating all the GNSS signals, while minimizing resource usage. They also apply to weak signal acquisition in frequency domain to answer the availability demand of today’s GNSS positioning applications.

关键词： FFT Acquisition Frequency Domain Receiver Weak Signal Multi-Constellation

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Direct RF Sampling GNSS Receiver Design and Jitter Analysis

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Positioning 2012年第4期3卷 46-61页

作者： Guillaume Lamontagne rené jr. landry Ammar B. Kouki école de technologie supérieure LACIME Laboratory Montréal Canada MDA Corporation Satellite Systems Division Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Canada école de technologie supérieure LACIME Laboratory Montréal Canada

This paper describes the design of a flexible Direct RF Sampling based GNSS receiver as well as its use for the verification of jitter effects on various performance metrics. The proposed architecture allows the sampling and the real-time digital signal processing of real GNSS signals. The analysis of the measurements obtained from this system validates theoretical formulations from which the sampling jitter limit is established in order not to impact the GNSS signal’s detection.

关键词： Direct RF Sampling GNSS Receiver Jitter

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Single Frequency WAAS Augmentation Observations (L1 vs. L5) on a Ground Based GPS L1 C/A Solution

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Positioning 2014年第3期5卷 70-83页

作者： Marc-Antoine Fortin Jean-Christophe Guay rené jr. landry école de Technologie Supérieure (éTS) Montréal Canada école de Technologie Supérieure (éTS) Montréal Canada

This paper presents observations on the WAAS L1 and L5 signals quality and their impact on the robustness of the navigation solution by quantifying the contributions of each broadcasted differential correction. This work is undertaken with the intent of defining performance benefits of L5 by dual frequency WAAS users and is to provide useful material for Minimum Operational Performance Standard (MOPS) development. In this perspective, a study of the WAAS signal characteristics is first carried out. The information gathered is then used to compare various GPS solutions in terms of frequency diversity, satellite diversity, pseudorange noise and different signal corrections and their impacts. These solutions are compared against a reference standalone GPS solution. All statistics are computed with respect to a post-processed Novatel Waypoint Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) GPS L1/L2 semi-codeless static solution, considered as the reference. A discussion on some simplifications with respect to specifications (i.e. MOPS) that could be considered by receiver manufacturers closes the paper. It is confirmed that the current WAAS navigation message definition is the same on both the L1 and L5 frequencies, the latter further being Manchester coded, thus avoiding data ambiguity. The +5 dB SNR on L5 has minor impacts in terms of reliability and continuous availability in the presented scenarios, but would become especially beneficial in hostile environments, despite a greater number of pulsed interferers. Another demonstration is that the WAAS message varies slightly from one WAAS satellite to another, even if corrections are generated centrally. Finally, it is observed that WAAS and GPS signals pseudorange noise are comparable on a “per frequency” basis.

关键词： GPS L1 WAAS L1 WAAS L5 MOPS Pseudorange Noise

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Comparing the Performances between Adaptive Notch Filter Direct and Lattice Forms Structures for Mitigation Jamming Signals

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Communications and Network 2022年第3期14卷 91-107页

作者： Abdelrahman El Gebali rené jr.landry Lassena Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering &#201cole de Technologie Supérieure (&#201TS) Montreal Canada

A jamming signal such as single and multiple Continuous-Wave (CW and MCW) interferences have been shown to have severe effects on the quality of the received signal in wireless communication. This paper presents an approach of a low-complexity algorithm that compares the performances of using Adaptive Notch Filter (ANF) direct and lattice forms structures based on second-order Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Notch Filter (NF) for the detection and mitigation of CW and MCW interferences in QPSK communication systems. The approach method consists of two ANFs, adaptive IIR NF and adaptive IIR NF . The present algorithm can estimate and mitigate each CWI and computer their power in Time-Domain (TD). In results for performance comparison, the lattice IIR NF structure outperforms the direct IIR NF structure for detection and removal jamming and has a better Bit Error Ratio (BER). Furthermore, compared with the case of full suppression (), both cases (direct and lattice form) work better for low and high-power jammers. Also, compared to the case without an IIR NF, the presented algorithm can detect and mitigate, track hopping frequency interference, and improve BER performance.

关键词： CWI MCWI ANF BER IIR QPSK Direct and Lattice Form and JSR

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Multi-Frequency Interference Detection and Mitigation Using Multiple Adaptive IIR Notch Filter with Lattice Structure

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Journal of Computer and Communications 2021年第5期9卷 58-77页

作者： Abdelrahman El Gebali rené jr.landry Lassena Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering école de Technologie Supérieure (éTS) Montreal Canada

Radio Frequency Interferences (RFI), such as strong Continuous Wave Interferences (CWI), can influence the Quality of Service (QoS) of communications, increasing the Bit Error Rate (BER) and decreasing the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in any wireless transmission, including in a Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB-S2) receiver. Therefore, this paper presents an algorithm for detecting and mitigating a Multi-tone Continuous Wave Interference (MCWI) using a Multiple Adaptive Notch Filter (MANF), based on the lattice form structure. The Adaptive Notch Filter (ANF) is constructed using the second-order IIR NF. The approach consists in developing a robust low-complexity algorithm for removing unknown MCWI. The MANF model is a multistage model, with each stage consisting of two ANFs: the adaptive IIR notch filter Hl(z) and the adaptive IIR notch filter HN(z), which can detect and mitigate CWI. In this model, the ANF is used for estimating the Jamming-to-Signal Ratio (JSR) and the frequency of the interference (w(0)) by using an LMS-based algorithm. The depth of the notch is then adjusted based on the estimation of the JSR. In contrast, the ANF HN(z) is used to mitigate the CW interference. Simulation results show that the proposed ANF is an effective method for eliminating/reducing the effects of MCWI, and yields better system performance than full suppression (kN=1) for low JSR values, and mostly the same performance for high JSR values. Moreover, the proposed can detect low and high JSR and track hopping frequency interference and provides better Bit error ratio (BER) performance compared to the case without an IIR notch filter.

关键词： Component Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) Multiple Adaptive Notch Filter (MANF) Jamming-to-Signal Ratio (JSR) Quality of Service (QoS) BER

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Collision Vehicle Detection System Based on GPS/INS Integration

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Journal of Computer and Communications 2017年第2期5卷 48-70页

作者： Neda Navidi rene jr. landry LASSENA Laboratory Ecole de Technologie Superieure Montreal Canada

Continuous vehicle tracking as well as detecting accidents, are significant services that are needed by many industries including insurance and vehicle rental companies. The main goal of this paper is to provide methods to detect the position of car accident. The models consider GPS/INS-based navigation algorithm, calibration of navigational sensors, a de-nosing method as long as vehicle accident, expressed by a set of raw measurements which are obtained from various environmental sensors. In addition, the location-based accident detection model is tested in different scenarios. The results illustrate that under harsh environments with no GPS signal, location of accident can be detected. Also results confirm that calibration of sensors has an important role in position correction algorithm. Finally, the results present that the proposed accident detection algorithm can recognize accidents and related its positions.

关键词： Accident Detection GPS INS EKF GPS/INS Integration Calibration De-Noising

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