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New measurement of melting and thermal conductivity of iron close to outer core conditions

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Geoscience Frontiers 2020年第2期11卷 565-568页

作者： Abhisek Basu Matthew RField Dougal GMcCulloch reinhard Boehler Geophysical Laboratory Carnegie Institution of WashingtonWashingtonDC20015USA RMIT Microscopy&Microanalysis Facility RMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia Physics School of ScienceRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia Earth Ocean and Atmospheric ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFlorida32306USA Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak RidgeTennessee37831USA

The amount of literature on both melting and thermal conductivity of iron at Earth’s core conditions is overwhelming and the discrepancies are very *** is a broad range of experimental techniques each of which is flawed to a certain degree,which may explain the *** this report,we present new data using a different method for determining the phase behavior and resistivity of iron in the laser-heated diamond cell by measuring the electrical resistance of both solid and liquid iron *** experiment avoids some of the major flaws of previous experiments,the most important of which is the detection of the onset of *** measurements confirm a shallow melting curve found earlier and the resistivity data imply a trend towards low thermal conductivity in the liquid outer core.

关键词： Outer core Thermal conductivity Iron phase diagram Diamond anvil cell High pressure

Wave propagation speeds and source term influences in single and integral porosity shallow water equations

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Water Science and Engineering 2017年第4期10卷 275-286页

作者： Ilhan Ozgen Jia-heng Zhao Dong-fang Liang reinhard Hinkelmann Department of Civil Engineering Technische Universitat BerlinBerlin 13355Germany Department of Engineering University of CambridgeCambridge CB2 1PZUK

In urban flood modeling,so-called porosity shallow water equations(PSWEs),which conceptually account for unresolved structures, e.g.,buildings, are a promising approach to addressing high CPU times associated with state-of-the-art explicit numerical methods. The PSWE can be formulated with a single porosity term, referred to as the single porosity shallow water model(SP model), which accounts for both the reduced storage in the cell and the reduced conveyance, or with two porosity terms: one accounting for the reduced storage in the cell and another accounting for the reduced conveyance. The latter form is referred to as an integral or anisotropic porosity shallow water model(AP model). The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in wave propagation speeds of the SP model and the AP model and the implications of numerical model results. First, augmented Roe-type solutions were used to assess the influence of the source terms appearing in both models. It is shown that different source terms have different influences on the stability of the models. Second, four computational test cases were presented and the numerical models were compared. It is observed in the eigenvalue-based analysis as well as in the computational test cases that the models converge if the conveyance porosity in the AP model is close to the storage porosity. If the porosity values differ significantly, the AP model yields different wave propagation speeds and numerical fluxes from those of the BP model. In this study, the ratio between the conveyance and storage porosities was determined to be the most significant parameter.

关键词： Porosity Macroscopic modeling of urban flooding Wave propagation speed Godunov flux Single porosity shallow water model Anisotropic porosity

Influence of short chain ceramides and lipophilic penetration enhancers on the nano-structure of stratum corneum model membranes studied using neutron diffraction

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2013年第1期7卷 29-36页

作者： Annett SCHROETER Tanja ENGELBRECHT reinhard H. H. NEUBERT Institute of Pharmacy Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg D-06120 Halle/Saale Germany

Oriented stratum corneum model lipid membranes were used to study the influence of the short chain ceramides （CER）[NP] and [AP] as well as the impact of the lipophilic penetration enhancer molecules oleic acid （OA） and isopropyl myristate （IPM） on the lipid nanostrueture. The influence of the enhancer molecules were studied using specifically deuterated OA and IPM and neutron diffraction. 2H NMR spectroscopy was used to study the impact of the ceramides＇ degree of order within the stratum corneum model lipid membranes. It was found that CER[NP] forms two very stable phases with high resistance against temperature increase. Phase B showed unusual hydration behavior as no water uptake of this phase was observed. The 2H NMR spectroscopic measurements showed that CER[NP] based ternary model system had a higher state of lamellar order in comparison to CER[AP] based lipid matrix. The studies confirmed that the short chain ceramides, particularly CER[NP], have a very high impact on the integrity of the Stratum comeum lipid bilayers. The penetration enhancer OA has not influenced the repeat distance of the model membrane based on CER[AP], and was not able to induce a phase separation in the investigated lipid matrix. However, a disorder and a fluidisation of the model membranes were observed when OA was incorporated. IPM showed the same effect but two phases （assigned as phase A and B） appeared, when IPM was used as penetration enhancer and incorporated into the model membrane. Furthermore, two arrangements of IPM were identified in phase A using deuterated IPM. A model of the nanostructure of the Stratum corneum lipid membranes is presented.

关键词： nano-structure of the stratum corneum cer-amide penetration enhancer model membrane neutron diffraction 2H NMR spectroscopy

Opening the box of PANTHORA in Alzheimer’s disease

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2022年第11期7卷 3976-3977页

作者： Martin Korte reinhard W.Köster Technische Universität Braunschweig Zoological InstituteDiv.Cellular Neurobiology Spielmannstr.738106BraunschweigGermany Helmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchAG NINDInhoffenstraße 738124BraunschweigGermany Technische Universität Braunschweig Zoological Institute.Div.Cellular and Molecular NeurobiologySpielmannstr.738106BraunschweigGermany

A study published in Nature Neuroscience indicates that autophagy dysfunction in neurons precedes the formation of amyloid plaques.1 These findings ask for a reconsideration of the conventionally accepted sequence of ... 详细信息

关键词： Alzheimer amyloid plaques

Macroscopically-Zoned Grandite from the Garnetite Skarn of Meka Presedla(Kopaonik Mountain,Serbia)

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2012年第2期86卷 393-406页

作者： Pavle TANCIC Predrag VULIC reinhard KAINDL Bernhard SARTORY Radovan DIMITRIJEVIC Geological Institute of Serbia BelgradeSerbia Department of Crystallography Faculty of Mining and GeologyUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia 3 Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria

The macroscopically-zoned grandite from the garnetite skarn of Meka Presedla （Kopaonik Mountain, Serbia） was studied with optical microscopy, electron microprobe analysis （EMPA）, Fourier transform infra-red （FT-IR）, and Raman methods. The EMPA results indicate that the main core-rim compositional variations （Ca2.93-2.97Mn0.05-0.06Mg0.00-0.01AI1.14-L26 Fe0.72-0.83 Ti0.00-0.02Si2.97-3.02012） slightly differ along the zones, showing evidence for a quasi-cyclic alternation of the oscillatory zoning nature. Among this, considerable variation is observed only by the AI-Fe3＋ substitutions in the octahedral site. The EMPA also indicate that the grandite zones compositionally vary, mostly within ＋1 and ±2 mol% of the homogeneity level range, that is, Grs64±1Adra36±1SpS2 （A）, Grs62±1Adra38±1Sps2 （B）, Grs59±2Adr40±2Sps2 （C）, Grs58±2Adr41±2Sps2 （D）, and Grss±1Adr41±1Sps2 （E）. Therefore, the investigated garnet can be considered as relatively highly homogeneous. The majority of compositions lie within the narrow miscibility region of 0.58±2〈XGrs〈0.64±1, without gaps, and with only three outliers near the zone boundaries of approximately 0.38〈XGrs〈0.52. FT-IR and Raman bands are almost constant within the zones and adequate to the chemical compositions. All of the zones should be considered as anhydrous. From the results, formation temperatures between -600 and 720℃ and pressures 0f-2-3 kbars, are derived. Among five possible causes for the slightly optical anisotropy of grandite, three were reconsidered, and consequently rejected.

关键词： grandite anisotropy compositional variation zone homogeneities miscibility region

Comparison of depth-averaged concentration and bed load flux sediment transport models of dam-break flow

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Water Science and Engineering 2017年第4期10卷 287-294页

作者： Jia-heng Zhao Ilhan Ozgen Dong-fang Liang reinhard Hinkelmann Department of Civil Engineering Technische Universitat BerlinBerlin 13355Germany Department of Engineering University of CambridgeCambridge CB2 1PZUK

This paper presents numerical simulations of dam-break flow over a movable bed. Two different mathematical models were compared: a fully coupled formulation of shallow water equations with erosion and deposition terms(a depth-averaged concentration flux model), and shallow water equations with a fully coupled Exner equation(a bed load flux model). Both models were discretized using the cell-centered finite volume method, and a second-order Godunov-type scheme was used to solve the equations. The numerical flux was calculated using a Harten, Lax, and van Leer approximate Riemann solver with the contact wave restored(HLLC). A novel slope source term treatment that considers the density change was introduced to the depth-averaged concentration flux model to obtain higher-order accuracy. A source term that accounts for the sediment flux was added to the bed load flux model to reflect the influence of sediment movement on the momentum of the water. In a onedimensional test case, a sensitivity study on different model parameters was carried out. For the depth-averaged concentration flux model,Manning's coefficient and sediment porosity values showed an almost linear relationship with the bottom change, and for the bed load flux model, the sediment porosity was identified as the most sensitive parameter. The capabilities and limitations of both model concepts are demonstrated in a benchmark experimental test case dealing with dam-break flow over variable bed topography.

关键词： Shallow water Sediment transport Bed load flux model Depth-averaged concentration flux model Dam break

Antioxidant,nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of Garcinia kola and Chrysophyllum albidum from rainforest ecosystem of Ondo State,Nigeria

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Journal of Forestry Research 2015年第2期26卷 417-424页

作者： Jonathan C.Onyekwelu Olufunmilayo Oyewale Bernd Stimm reinhard Mosandl Department of Forestry and Wood Technology Federal University of Technology Institute of Silviculture Technische Universit?t Muenchen

Tropical forests contain many tree species that have supplied edible fruits for *** fruits have contributed to human diets due to their richness in nutrients,vitamins,minerals,antioxidants and their low antinutrients *** investigated the antioxidant,nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of Garcinia kola and Chrysophyllum albidum fruit *** nutritional,anti-nutritional and antioxidant compositions differed depending on the fruit *** of fruit part,moisture content was high（72–93 %）.While the edible part（fruit pulp） of *** proved a better source of protein（4）,fibre（17 %） and fat（2 %）,the seed kernel was a better source of ash（2 %） and carbohydrate（15 %）.Carbohydrate（22 %）,protein（2 %）,fat（1 %） and fibre（3 %） were higher in *** seed kernel（edible part） than in the pulp and ***-nutrient content in *** and *** fruits was low,indicating that their consumption would not pose nutritional or health *** antioxidant compositions（especially phenolic content（10–21 mg g-1） and DPPH（1,1-diphenyl–2 picrylhydrazyl）（26–55 %）） of *** fruit pulp and *** seed kernel were high,implying that they could be good sources of natural antioxidants and could be used as supplements in food manufacturing.

关键词： Forest food trees Livelihood Antioxidant Nutritional supplement Tropical forests Garcinia kola Chrysophyllum albidum Nigeria

Magnitude,Scale,and Dynamics of the 2020 Mei-yu Rains and Floods over China

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2021年第12期38卷 2082-2096页

作者： Ambrogio VOLONTÉ Mark MUETZELFELDT reinhard SCHIEMANN Andrew GTURNER Nicholas KLINGAMAN Department of Meteorology University of ReadingReadingRG66ESUK National Centre for Atmospheric Science University of ReadingReadingRG66ESUK

Large parts of East and South Asia were affected by heavy precipitation and flooding during early summer *** study provides both a statistical and dynamical characterization of rains and floods affecting the Yangtze River Basin(YRB).By aggregating daily and monthly precipitation over river basins across Asia,it is shown that the YRB is one of the areas that was particularly *** and July 2020 rainfall was higher than in the previous 20 years,and the YRB experienced anomalously high rainfall across most of its *** discharge also attained levels not seen since 1998/*** automated method detecting the daily position of the East Asian Summer Monsoon Front(EASMF)is applied to show that the anomalously high YRB precipitation was associated with a halted northward progression of the EASMF and prolonged mei-yu conditions over the YRB lasting more than one *** 5-day heavy-precipitation episodes(12−16 June and 4−8 July 2020)are selected from this period for dynamical characterization,including Lagrangian trajectory *** attention is devoted to the dynamics of the airstreams converging at the *** episodes display heavy precipitation and convergence of monsoonal and subtropical air ***,clear differences are identified in the upper-level flow pattern,substantially affecting the balance of airmass advection towards the *** study contextualizes heavy precipitation in Asia in summer 2020 and showcases several analysis tools developed by the authors for the study of such events.

关键词： East Asian summer monsoon 2020 China floods Yangtze River basin mei-yu front extreme precipitation

Genomic alterations and molecular subtypes of gastric cancers in Asians

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Chinese Journal of Cancer 2016年第8期35卷 403-409页

作者： Xiang S.Ye Chunping Yu Amit Aggarwal Christoph reinhard Lilly(China) R&D Center Lilly Research Laboratories Lilly Corporate CenterEli Lilly and Company

Gastric cancer(GC) is a highly heterogenic disease,and it is the second leading cause of cancer death in the *** chemotherapies are not very effective for GC,which often presents as an advanced or metastatic disease at *** options are limited,and the prognosis for advanced GCs is *** landscape of genomic alterations in GCs has recently been characterized by several international cancer genome programs,including studies that focused exclusively on GCs in *** studies identified major recurrent driver mutations and provided new insights into the mutational heterogeneity and genetic profiles of *** analysis of gene expression data by the Asian Cancer Research Group(ACRG) further uncovered four distinct molecular subtypes with well-defined clinical features and their intersections with actionable genetic alterations to which targeted therapeutic agents are either already available or under clinical *** this article,we review the ACRG GC *** also discuss the implications of the genetic and molecular findings from various GC genomic studies with respect to developing more precise diagnoses and treatment approaches for GCs.

关键词： Gastric cancer Cancer genome Molecular subtyping Heterogeneity Oncogenic drivers Targeted therapy