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A Novel Apprehension of the Primary Lung Meridian, Sinew Channel, Divergent Channel, Luo-Connecting Channel Acting as a Single Unit System to Serve Respiration Function Based on Modern Neurophysiology and Kinesiology

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Chinese Medicine 2020年第2期11卷 31-95页

作者： Peter Chin Wan Fung regina kit chee kong Division of Medical Physics Department of Medicine University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China School of Chinese Medicine Southern Medical University Guangzhou China

The TCM philosophy of a meridian and associated channels pertains to the specific function of one or more organs. We define the Lung Primary Meridian (LUM) together with the Lung Sinew (LUSC), Divergent (LUDC), Luo-connecting (LULCC) Channels as a system of routes plus some parts of the body (such as muscles) to fulfil respiration, as a main function under different situations. There is very limited information about the Lung associated channels in classical literature of TCM. With a clear focus on the function of respiration, we have carried out a detailed analysis of the biomedical consequence of stimulating the LUM, analysed the roles played by LUSC, LUDC, and LULCC. The updated LUM and LUDC include acupoints of other meridians, serving the same purpose of performing satisfactory respiration starting from checking the quality of the inflow through the nose. The LUSC includes the respiratory muscles (plus the associated connective tissues) extending to various parts of the body. The muscles of the limb (as part of the LUSC) embrace the nerves that provide routes for somatosensory reflexes and play the role of locomotion, providing voluntary respiration via the pectoralis muscles. The muscles of LUSC are bounded by stiff connective tissue layers, forming compartments, and are part of the pulley system for various body locomotions. Within a compartment, the interstitial fluid, blood, lymph flows must be potent to protect the associated nerves related to LUM;the healthy state of the LUSC also provides freedom of various types of locomotion. The LULCC exists because the vagus nerve has a part of it passing through the spinal cords all the way down to the sacrum domain, with exiting nerve innervating two-third of the large intestine. The crucial steps of our deductions are supported by experimental evidence based on modern neurophysiology and kinesiolo

关键词： Lung Meridian Sinew Divergent Luo-Connecting Channels Mechanical Advantage of Muscles Sympathetic Nerves Parasympathetic Nerves Muscles of the Tongue Pharynx Larynx Intercostal Muscles Inspiration and Expiration Muscles Swallowing Somatosensory and Segmental Reflexes Acupoints of the Lung Urinary Bladder Kidney Governing (DU) Conception (REN) Me-ridians Pulmonary Diseases Lung → Large-Intestine Connection Acupuncture Bian Stone Therapy

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The Integrative Five-Fluid Circulation System in the Human Body

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Open Journal of Molecular and Integrative Physiology 2016年第4期6卷 45-97页

作者： Peter Chin Wan Fung regina kit chee kong Division of Medical Physics Department of Medicine University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Southern Medical University Guangzhou China

Water is the key medium to transport numerous constituents and to provide a platform for physiological processes to take place in the living organisms in general;it also participates actively in many of these processes. In humans, there are different vehicles to contain water and its constituents. Our objective is to find out whether there is an overall water-base circulation system in the human body by analyzing the updated findings of different research groups on the physiological functions of various seemingly isolated fluid systems. By 1963, there were five separate fluid systems discovered in mammalians: (i) The Primo Vasculature Fluid (PVF) with protein precursors and micro cells held in the Primo Vasculature System (PVS). (ii) Blood with its constituents held in the cardio vasculature. (iii) Extracranial interstitial fluid (ISF) whose vehicle had a very irregular structure—the interstitium all over the body. (iv) The cerebrospinal fluid had been considered to be within the brain ventricles and spinal canal. (v) The extra-cranial lymphatic system which drained ISF, and had been known to join the subclavian vein. Fluid (i) was first reported in 1963 and fluids (ii) to (v) have been known for many decades, but the failure to detect a lymphatic system inside the skull has also been a mystery for many decades. The intra-cranial ISF (which we name as BISF) has drawn little attention, apart from discussing the mechanism of the blood-brain-barrier. During the past decade, there has been direct evidence indicating that CSF and BISF are actually mixed. After that, the intracranial lymphatic system was discovered and confirmed in animal models only slightly over one year back, and we called such fluid as glymphatic-fluid. After reviewing the stated “classical” five fluid systems together with the new findings in Sections 2 - 7, we propose, for the first time, that the PVF, the blood, ISF, a mixture of CSF-BISF, and a mixture of glymphatic-fluid and lymph form an integra

关键词： Glymphatic System Primo Vasculature System Cerebrospinal Fluid Intra-Cranial and Extra-Cranial Interstitial Fluids Lymph Cardiovascular System Integrative Five-Fluid Circulation System Neuro Degenerative Diseases

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Manifestation of Pathological States of Numerous Diseases in the Largest Organ of the Human Body: (II) From Pancreatitis to Pancreatic Cancer Invasion, Formation of Stroma around the Primary Tumor in the Fascia, to Early Detection of Non-Coding microRNAs in Body Fluids and Development of Drugs to Treat Different Stages of Pancreatic Cancer

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International Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020年第10期11卷 618-718页

Patients suffering from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have an average survival time of 4 - 6 months after confirmed diagnosis. The primary tumor is surrounded by a thick interstitial fluid with high pressure and dense distribution of collagen, forming a huge stroma, rendering the tumor resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy. From the genetic point of view, pancreatic carcinogenesis is driven by mutations, resulting in common activation of the oncogene KRAS, and/or inactivation of one or more of the tumor suppressor genes CDKN2A, TP53, SMAD4 [1]. The pancreas is a mixed exocrine and autocrine organ, with different cell types building up the organ. The pathogenesis involves more than 13 signaling pathways at different stages. Off-balance of the function of the proteins in these pathways due to the stated 4 plus other mutations could readily lead to carcinogenesis. We first present the basic mechanism of these 13 relevant pathways. We then provide a detailed analysis of the progression of this disease, from pancreatitis to tumor formation and metastasis, with special attention on the roles played by the newly discover calcium channel Piezo, stellate cells, stem-cell-like cells, and the concept invadopodium. Thirty potential drugs, based on in vitro and xenograft experiments from different groups, are discussed, including vitamins A, Tocotrienols-E, and D, chemical compounds, non-coding micro RNAs, circular RNA, piwi-interacting RNAs. The recent detection of exosomes enclosing many of these RNAs in body fluids gives us hope of developing early detection methodology because these RNAs carry messages for cell-cell communication at a distance. Delivery of potent drugs by nanoparticles gives us chance to send drugs through the stroma to target the tumor. Since body fluids form a circulating system, together with the connective tissues (where the tumor is associated) form the largest organ—the fascia, we conclude that manifestation of successive p

关键词： Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Signaling Pathways in Carcinogenesis Piezo 1 2 Exosomes Containing Micro RNA in Body Fluids Stellate Cell Cancer Stem Cell Potential Agents to Treat Pancreatic Cancers Fascia

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New Insights on Stimulating the Lung Meridian Based on Modern Neurophysiology

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Chinese Medicine 2018年第3期9卷 75-117页

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) caused 3.2 million deaths worldwide in 2015 [1]. Therapeutic treatments, including acupuncture & herbal medicine have been applied to handle this disease with certain efficacies in the domain of traditional Chinese Medicine. However, very few analyses on the mechanisms behind the efficacies can be found in literature. Without understanding the basic mechanisms behind any medical treatment is the bottle-neck to advancement of possibly effective therapy of any kind. Based on this argument, we start off a series of studies on the neurophysiological consequence of acupuncture/acupressure applied to the Lung Meridian. We explain how the sensory signals (by sympathetic nerves) follow the spinothalamic tracts to the thalamus and then to the primary sensory cortex. The neurons of these ascending tracts synapse the motor neurons which activate some of the different organs of the respiratory system—diaphragm, nose, larynx, scalene muscles, trachea, lungs, intercostal and supporting abdominal muscles. The sensory signals at the neo-cortex are then passed on to the motor neurons in the primary motor cortex. The activated neurons project mainly along two descending tracts: anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts. Neurons of these tracts project to activate again some of the respiratory organs, plus the motors neurons related to the digestive system, including the large intestine. On the other hand, an intrinsic, automatic breathing system in the brainstem sends rhythmic signals through the bulbospinal tract system, which contains a special type of neurons—the pre-sympathetic neurons. These neurons, via interneuron relay, synapse motor neurons which mobilize the organs of the respiratory organs to function. Since the “Lung Meridian induced” signals and the intrinsic signals are sent by different types of neurons, we propose that stimulating the Lung Meridian might activate/supplement the action of the intrinsic system during some pa

关键词： Traditional Chinese Medicine Lung Meridian Acupuncture Acupressure Moxibustion Spinothalamic Anterior Corticospinal Lateral Corticospinal and Bulbospinal Tracts Respiratory Centers Pre-Sympathetic Neurons Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases Sleep Apnea

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The Heat Shock Protein Story—From Taking mTORC1,2 and Heat Shock Protein Inhibitors as Therapeutic Measures for Treating Cancers to Development of Cancer Vaccines

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Journal of Cancer Therapy 2017年第11期8卷 962-1029页

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) serve to correct proteins’ conformation, send the damaged proteins for degradation (quality control function). Heat shock factors (HSFs) are their transcription factors. The protein complexes mTOR1 and 2 (with the same core mTOR), the phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1), the seine/threonine-specific protein kinase (Akt), HSF1, plus their associated proteins form a network participating in protein synthesis, bio-energy generation, signaling for apoptosis with the help of HSPs. A cancer cell synthesizes proteins at fast rate and needs more HSPs to work on quality control. Shutting down this network would lead to cell death. Thus inhibitors of mTOR (mTORI) and inhibitors of HSPs (HSPI) could drive cancer cell to apoptosis—a “passive approach”. On the other hand, HSPs form complexes with polypeptides characteristic of the cancer cells;on excretion from the cell, they becomes antigens for the immunity cells, eventually leading to maturation of the cytotoxic T cells, forming the basic principle of preparing cancer-specific, person-specific vaccine. Recent finding shows that HSP70 can penetrate cancer cell and expel its analog to extracellular region, giving the hope to prepare a non-person-specific vaccine covering a variety of cancers. Activation of anti-cancer immunity is the “active approach”. On the other hand, mild hyperthermia, with increase of intracellular HSPs, has been found to activate the immunity response, and demonstrate anti-cancer effects. There are certain “mysteries” behind the mechanisms of the active and passive approaches. We analyze the mechanisms involved and provide explanations to some mysteries. We also suggest future research to improve our understanding of these two approaches, in which HSPs play many roles.

关键词： Heat Shock Proteins and Heat Shock Factors mTORC1 2 Complexes Mild Hyperthermia Anti-Cancer Drugs and HSP-Based Anti-Cancer Vaccine Immunity Cells Trafficking through High Endothelial Venules of Cancer Site Intrinsic Extrinsic FOXO Translocation and the PERK-CHOP Apoptotic Pathways Tyrosine Kinase Receptors

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Manifestation of Pathological States of Numerous Diseases in the Largest Organ of the Human Body: (I) Basics and the Diseases of Tendon

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International Journal of Clinical Medicine 2019年第3期10卷 183-249页

We analyze the crucial biochemical and biophysical properties of the basic constituents—connective tissues (CT), and interstitial fluid (IF) constituting the non-cellular part of the fascia. We provide ample evidence that the resident cells and cells in transit in the fascia are continuously interacting with the non-cellular constituents to form an active organ with well-defined functions. We show evidence that pathological states of diseases of internal organs, as well as that of the constituents of the fascia itself, manifest in certain CTIF domains of the fascia. Numerous diseases originate from imbalance of the digestion and synthesis of the native collagen triple helices. Review on the scanning electron microscopy examination of cross-section of tendons indicates that micro-fibrils of collagen I form regular geometrical structures, supporting the hypothesis that the collagen fibrils assemble like liquid crystals. Information on the age of Achilles tendons has been reported, based on dating of the 14C atoms generated from the nuclear bomb tests in 1955-1963. The causes of spontaneous tendon rupture and tendinopathy are analyzed. Plausible clinical measures to treat tendinopathy are briefly discussed, including the application of synthetic mechano-growth factor, glyceryl trinitrate patch (to supply nitric oxide), platelet rich plasma, proteomic profile analysis and microRNA 29a therapy.

关键词： Fascia Mechanotransduction Collagen Degradation and Synthesis Durotaxis of Cells Self-Assembly of Tropocollagen Thermal Stability of Collagen Fibroblasts Stem Cells Proteoglycans Glycoproteins Interstitial Fluid Achilles Tendon Tendinopathy

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Risk assessment for the daily intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the ingestion of cockle (Anadara granosa) and exposure to contaminated water and sediments along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2011年第2期23卷 336-345页

作者： Seiedeh Aghileh Mirsadeghi Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria chee kong Yap Azadeh Shahbazi Centre of Excellence for Environmental Forensics Faculty of Environmental StudiesUniversity Putra Malaysia43400 UPMSerdangSelangorMalaysia Faculty of Science Department of BiologyUniversity Putra Malaysia43400 UPMSerdangSelangorMalaysia

The concentration of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （c-PAHs） present in the sediment and water of Peninsular Malaysia as well as in the cockle Anadara granosa was investigated. Samples were extracted and analysed with gas chromatographymass spectrometry. The concentrations of total carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （t-PAHs） were measured between 0.80±0.04 to 162.96 ±14.74 ng/g wet weight （ww） in sediment, between 21.85± 2.18 to 76.2± 10.82 ng/L in water samples and between 3.34 ±0.77 to 46.85 ± 5.50 ng/g ww in the cockle tissue. The risk assessment of probable human carcinogens in the Group B2 PAHs was calculated and assessed in accordance with the standards of the United States Environmental Protection Agency （US EPA）. Case I in the toxicity assessment analysed the cancer risk to consumers of Malaysian blood cockle. Case II assessed the risk of cancer from exposure to PAHs from multiple pathways. The average cancer risk of case I and case II were found to be classifiable as unsafe according to the US EPA standard. The cancer risk due to c-PAHs acquired by the ingestion of blood cockle was （8.82 ± 0.54） × 10^ 6 to （2.67 ± 0.06） × 10^-2, higher than the US EPA risk management criterion. The non-cancer risks associated with multiple pathways in Kuala Gula, Kuala Juru and Kuala Perlis were higher than the US EPA safe level, but the non-cancer risk for eating blood cockle was below the level of US EPA concern.

关键词： toxicity assessment carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons group B2 of US EPA Anadara granosa

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Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sediment and Intertidal Gastropod Nerita lineata from Two Opposing Sites in the Straits of Malacca

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湿地科学 2008年第3期6卷 411-421页

作者： Bintal Amin Ahmad Ismail chee kong Yap Department of Biology Faculty of Science University Putra Malaysia UPM43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia Department of Marine Science Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science University of Riau Pekanbaru 28293 Indonesia

The concentrations of Cd,Cu,Pb,Zn,Ni and Fe were determined in the surface sediment and marine gastropod Nerita lineata collected in May 2005 from the intertidal zone of Dumai,Sumatera,Indonesia and Johor,Peninsular *** results showed that metal concentrations in sediment and the soft tissue of *** varied at different sampling *** heavy metal concentrations were 0.92 μg/g(Cd);6.40 μg/g(Cu);32.77 μg/g(Pb);54.41 μg/g(Zn);11.56 μg/g(Ni) and 2.97%(Fe) in sediment from Dumai and 1.15 μg/g(Cd);26.73 μg/g(Cu);53.45 μg/g(Pb);130.77 μg/g(Zn);20.79 μg/g(Ni) and 2.72%(Fe) in sediment from *** of metals in gastropod *** were 0.71 μg/g(Cd);15.16 μg/g(Cu);9.35 μg/g(Pb);94.69 μg/g(Zn);5.08 μg/g(Ni) and 397.97 μg/g(Fe) in samples from Dumai and 1.24 μg/g(Cd);18.02 μg/g(Cu);19.75 μg/g(Pb);95.09 μg/g(Zn);5.57 μg/g(Ni) and 473.56 μg/g(Fe) in samples from *** they were not statistically significant(p>0.05),heavy metal concentrations in *** were correlated with the concentrations of respective metals in sediment in both samples from Dumai and *** general,samples of sediment and gastropod from Johor accumulated significantly higher heavy metal concentrations when compared to samples from Dumai(p<0.05).Higher concentrations of metals were recorded in samples collected from the stations close to the industrial and anthropogenic activities in both Dumai and Johor ***,most of the concentrations were still comparable to the previous reported studies from other geographical areas.

关键词：重金属腹足动物马六甲海峡沉积物

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Optimization and evaluation of reduced graphene oxide hydrogel composite as a demulsifier for heavy crude oil-in-water emulsion

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2021年第5期34卷 297-305页

作者： Kin kit Fong Inn Shi Tan Henry chee Yew Foo Man Kee Lam Adrian Chiong Yuh Tiong Steven Lim Department of Petroleum Engineering Faculty of Engineering and ScienceCurtin UniversityCDT 25098009 MiriSarawakMalaysia Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and ScienceCurtin UniversityMiri 98009Malaysia Chemical Engineering Department Universiti Teknologi PETRONASSeri Iskandar 32610Malaysia HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research Institute of Self-Sustainable BuildingUniversiti Teknologi PETRONASSeri Iskandar 32610Malaysia Department of Chemical Engineering Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and ScienceUniversiti Tunku Abdul RahmanKajang 43000Malaysia Centre for Photonics and Advanced Materials Research Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanKajang 43000Malaysia

The rising production of produced water from oilfields had been proven to bring detrimental environmental *** this study,an efficient,recyclable,and environmental-friendly reduced graphene oxide immobilizedκ-Carrageenan hydrogel composite(κCaGO)was fabricated as an alternative sorbent for crude oil-in-water ***(PEI)was employed to form a stable hydrogel *** conditions for the immobilization of graphene oxide(GO)on PEI-modifiedκ-Carrageenan(κC)beads were optimized *** immobilization yield of 77%was attained at 2%PEI,2 h immobilization activation time,and pH ***,the synthesizedκCaGO is capable of demulsification with an average demulsification efficiency of 70%.It was found that the demulsification efficiency increases with salinity andκCaGO dosage,and it deteriorates under alkaline *** phenomena can be attributed to the interfacial interactions betweenκCaGO and the ***,theκCaGO can be recycled to use for up to six cycles without significant leaching and *** such,the synthesizedκCaGO could be further developed as a potential sorbent substitute for the separation of crude oil from produced water.

关键词： Graphene oxide κ-Carrageenan Adsorbents Demulsification Composites Waste water

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A Comparative Study of Distribution of Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Pomacea insularum Collected from Polluted and Unpolluted Sites of the Freshwater Ecosystem in Malaysia

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湿地科学 2009年第1期7卷 75-82页

作者： chee kong Yap Franklin Berandah Edward Bin Huan Pang Department of Biology Faculty of Science University Putra Malaysia UPM 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia

The snails(Pomacea insularum) were collected from polluted and unpolluted sites at Juru River and the Universiti Putra Malaysia Lake,*** the shells,the soft tissues of snails were dissected into 6 different parts: intestine,operculum,foot,pennial sac,lung sac and the *** were analyzed for the concentrations of Cu,Cd,Zn,Pb,Ni and *** present study found 6 interesting ***,all the metal levels found in the different parts of *** collected from Juru River were significantly(p0.05) between the different sizes(small sizes: 30.5-33.2 mm;large sizes: 37.7-40.4 mm) of *** first 5 points supported the use of different soft tissues of *** as biomonitoring organs of heavy metal pollution in the freshwater ecosystem in Malaysia although further validation is required.

关键词：钉螺生物监测环境污染环境保护

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