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Coal pillar design when considered a reinforcement problem rather than a suspension problem

International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2018年第1期28卷 11-19页

作者： Russell Frith Guy reed Mine Advice Pty Ltd New South Wales 2282Australia

Current coal pillar design is the epitome of suspension design.A defined weight of unstable overburden material is estimated, and the dimensions of the pillars left behind are based on holding up that material to a prescribed factor of *** principle, this is no different to early roadway roof support ***, for the most part, roadway roof stabilisation has progressed to reinforcement, whereby the roof strata is assisted in supporting *** is now the mainstay of efficient and effective underground coal *** and reinforcement are fundamentally different in roadway roof stabilisation and lead to substantially different requirements in terms of support hardware characteristics and their *** suspension, the primary focus is the total load-bearing capacity of the installed support and ensuring that it is securely anchored outside of the unstable roof *** contrast, reinforcement recognises that roof de-stabilisation is a gradational process with ever-increasing roof displacement magnitude leading to ever-reducing *** roof support characteristics relate to such issues as system stiffness, the location and pattern of support elements and mobilising a defined thickness of the immediate roof to create(or build) a stabilising strata *** objective is to ensure that horizontal stress is maintained at a level that prevents mass roof *** paper presents a prototype coal pillar and overburden system representation where reinforcement, rather than suspension, of the overburden is the stabilising mechanism via the action of in situ horizontal *** roadway roof reinforcement principles can potentially be applied to coal pillar design under this *** merit of this is evaluated according to failed pillar cases as found in a series of published *** on the findings, a series of coal pillar system design considerations for bord and pillar type mine workings are ***

关键词： Coal pillar design Overburden stability Rock reinforcement Bord and pillar mining

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Limitations and potential design risks when applying empirically derived coal pillar strength equations to real-life mine stability problems

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2019年第1期29卷 17-25页

作者： Russell Frith Guy reed Mine Advice Pty Ltd

The method of determining coal pillar strength equations from databases of stable and failed case histories is more than 50 years old and has been applied in different countries by different researchers in a range of mining situations. While common wisdom sensibly limits the use of the resultant pillar strength equations and methods to design scenarios that are consistent with the founding database, there are a number of examples where failures have occurred as a direct result of applying empirical design methods to coal pillar design problems that are inconsistent with the founding database. This paper explores the reasons why empirically derived coal pillar strength equations tend to be problem-specific and should be considered as providing no more than a pillar strength ‘‘index." These include the non-consideration of overburden horizontal stress within the mine stability problem, an inadequate definition of supercritical overburden behavior as it applies to standing coal pillars, and the non-consideration of overburden displacement and coal pillar strain limits. All of which combine to potentially complicate and confuse the back-analysis of coal pillar strength from failed cases. A modified coal pillar design representation and model are presented based on coal pillars acting to reinforce a horizontally stressed overburden, rather than suspend an otherwise unstable self-loaded overburden or section, the latter having been at the core of historical empirical studies into coal pillar strength and stability.

关键词： Coal pillar design Pillar strength Overburden mechanics Limitations of pillar design

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A causation mechanism for coal bursts during roadway development based on the major horizontal stress in coal:Very specific structural geology causing a localised loss of effective coal confinement and Newton’s second law

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2020年第1期30卷 39-47页

作者： Russell Frith Guy reed Aaron Jones Mine Advice Pty Ltd BeresfieldNew South Wales 2322Australia

In 2017,one of the international authorities on coal bursts,Mark Christopher,published a paper entitled"Coal bursts that occur during development:A rock mechanics enigma",in which several relevant technical issues were *** paper outlines what is considered to be a credible,first-principles,mechanistic explanation for these three current development coal burst conundrums by reference to early published coal testing work examining the significance of a lack of"constraint"to coal stability and an understanding of how very specific structural geology and other geological features can logically cause this to occur in situ,albeit on a statistically very rare *** basic model is examined by reference to published information pertaining to the development coal-burst that occurred at the Austar Coal Mine in New South Wales,Australia,in 2014 and from the Sunnyside District in Utah,the United ***"cause and effect"model for development of coal bursts presented also offers a meaningful explanation for the statistical improbability for what are nonetheless potentially highly-destructive events,being able to explain the statistical rarity being just as important to the credibility of the model as explaining the local conditions associated with burst *** model could also form the basis for a robust,riskbased approach utilising a"hierarchy of controls",to the operational management of the development coal burst ***,the use of pre-mining predictions for likely burst-prone and non-burstprone areas,the use of the mine layout to avoid or at least minimise mining within burst-prone areas if appropriate,and finally the development of an operational Trigger Action Response Plan(TARP)that reduces the likelihood of inadvertent roadway development into a burst-prone area without suitable safety controls already being in place.

关键词： Development coal burst Wing-cracks Austar Mine Sunnyside Mine Major horizontal stress in coal

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Fundamental principles of an effective reinforcing roof bolting strategy in horizontally layered roof strata and areas of potential improvement

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2018年第1期28卷 67-77页

作者： Russell Frith Guy reed Martin McKinnon Mine Advice Pty Ltd New South Wales 2282Australia

It is arguable that the development of reinforcing roof bolting systems has largely stagnated in recent times, primarily due to the prevailing industry view that few, if any, further improvements can be made to what currently ***, this paper contends that reinforcing roof bolting systems can be further refined by considering both the specific manner by which horizontally bedded roof strata loses its natural self-supporting ability and the specific means by which reinforcing roof bolts act to promote or retain this natural self-supporting *** Australian coal industry has insisted on minimising bolt-hole diameter to maximise load transfer and on targeting full-encapsulation by any means necessary for many *** has led to a significant, albeit unintended, consequence in terms of overall roof bolting effectiveness, namely increased resin pressures during bolt installation and the associated potential for opening bedding planes that may have, otherwise, remained closed during the bolt installation *** that the natural self-supporting ability of roof strata is strongly linked to whether bedding planes are open or closed, logically, minimising resin pressures should be a significant *** paper focuses primarily on three key issues that relate directly to the function of the roof bolting system itself:(1) the importance of proper resin mixing in the context of maximising load transfer strength and stiffness,(2) the importance of minimising resin pressures developed during bolt installation, and(3) the importance of maximising the effectiveness of the available bolt *** mine operators should be invested in improving the individual effectiveness of each installed roof bolt, even by relatively small incremental amounts, so this is an important topic for discussion within the mining community.

关键词： Roof bolts Strata reinforcement Partial-encapsulation Pre-tension Resin mixing Improved bolt effectiveness

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An assessment of coal pillar system stability criteria based on a mechanistic evaluation of the interaction between coal pillars and the overburden

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2017年第1期27卷 9-15页

作者： reed Guy Mctyer Kent Frith Russell Mine Advice Pry Ltd NewcastleNSW 2322Australia

Coal pillar design has historically assigned a factor of safety(Fo S) or stability factor(SF) according to their estimated strength and the assumed overburden load acting on them. Acceptable Fo S values have been assigned based on past mining experience or a statistical link between Fo S and probability of failure(Po F). Pillar width-to-height(w/h) ratio has long been established as having a material influence on both pillar strength and its potential failure mode. However, there has been significant disagreement on using both factor of safety(Fo S) and w/h as part of pillar system stability criterion, as compared to using Fo S in isolation. This paper will argue that there are valid technical reasons to bring w/h ratio into system stability criteria(other than its influence on pillar strength), as it is related to the post-failure stiffness of the pillar, as measured in situ, and its interaction with overburden stiffness. When overburden stiffness is also brought into pillar system stability considerations, two issues emerge. The first is the width-todepth(W/D) ratio of the panel and whether it is sub-critical or super-critical from a surface subsidence perspective. The second relates to a re-evaluation of pillar Fo S based on whether the pillar is in an elastic or non-elastic(i.e., post-yield) state in its as-designed condition, as this is relevant to maintaining overburden stiffness at the highest possible level. The significance of the model is the potential to maximise both reserve recovery and mining efficiencies without any discernible increase in geotechnical risk, particularly in thick seams and higher depth of cover mining situations. At a time when mining economics are, at best, marginal, removing potentially unnecessary design conservatism is of interest to all mine operators and is an important topic for discussion amongst the geotechnical community.

关键词： Coa] pillars Stability Overburden Post-failure behaviour Stability criteria

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When Interfaces Interfere:Crashlands,Cancer,and Embodied Gaming

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Journal of Foreign Languages and Cultures 2019年第2期3卷 33-40页

作者： Brian reed University of Washington

In Gameworld Interfaces,Kristine Jørgensen maintains that the best interfaces provide an optimal amount of useful information about a gameworld without becoming *** games are,however,complex objects,and sometimes they serve purposes other than entertaining users through facilitating immersive *** can,for instance,promote educational and aesthetic ends that are not inhibited but advanced by making an interface the focus of player *** essay offers one example of a game that cannot be fully appreciated by prioritizing efficient interface *** Coster first conceived the broad outlines of Butterscotch Shenanigans’s Crashlands after being diagnosed with stage four *** game,as finally released,is partially a statement about and in response to“all the bone pain,chemo nausea,anxiety,depression,stab wounds,tape rips and hair loss”that he *** specifically,by occasionally and obstructively spotlighting the physical,fleshly contact between a player,a screen,and an imagined landscape,it explores the problem of embodiment in video *** teaches the phenomenological lesson that a body’s boundaries are not so easily *** the philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty would put it,players’“flesh”necessarily provides the medium through which they gain access to and inhabit a *** other words,you take your body with you,sick or healthy,even when voyaging to another planet.

关键词： video game studies interface medicine embodiment phenomenology

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FUS/TLS forms cytoplasmic aggregates,inhibits cell growth and interacts with TDP-43 in a yeast model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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Protein & Cell 2011年第3期2卷 223-236页

作者： Dmitry Kryndushkin reed B.Wickner Frank Shewmaker Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics National Institute of Diabetes Digestive and Kidney DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD 20892USA Department of Pharmacology Uniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMD 20814USA

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)is a fatal disease characterized by the premature loss of motor *** the underlying cellular mechanisms of neuron degeneration are unknown,the cytoplasmic aggregation of several proteins is associated with sporadic and familial forms of the *** wild-type and mutant forms of the RNA-binding proteins FUS and TDP-43 accumulate in cytoplasmic inclusions in the neurons of ALS *** is not known if these so-called proteinopathies are due to a loss of function or a gain of toxicity resulting from the formation of cytoplasmic *** we present a model of FUS toxicity using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in which toxicity is associated with greater expression and accumulation of FUS in cytoplasmic *** find that FUS and TDP-43 have a high propensity for co-aggregation,unlike the aggregation patterns of several other aggregation-prone ***,the biophysical properties of FUS aggregates in yeast are distinctly different from many amyloidogenic proteins,suggesting they are not composed of amyloid.

关键词： amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS) fused in sarcoma(FUS) TLS proteinopathy yeast

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Propaganda by the Book： Contextualizing and Reading the Zhejiang GMD＇s 1929 Textbook Essentials for Propaganda Workers

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Frontiers of History in China 2015年第1期10卷 96-125页

作者： Christopher A. reed Department of History The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA

The Nationalist Party （GMD） had been writing and issuing documents of many types for some years before Nanjing was established as the capital of the Republic of China in 1927/1928. From its earliest days, doctrines were advanced via cause-oriented newspapers and journals. Even more important, the Soviet-sponsored reorganization of the GMD in the early 1920s had yielded a far-reaching party propaganda operation tied to Sun Yat-sen＇s notion of political tutelage. But how was propaganda to work in practice？ And at whom was it to be aimed？ This article seeks to address aspects of these questions by assessing a textbook for propaganda workers that was issued in the name of the GMD＇s Zhejiang Provincial Executive Committee＇s Propaganda Department in October 1929, half a year after the GMD＇s foundational right-wing Third Party Congress. Although Essentials for Propaganda Workers does not fully operationalize Sun＇s version of political tutelage, it can nonetheless be seen to reflect the central party＇s efforts to implement tutelage and supervision, not only of the Chinese masses suggested by Sun＇s program, but also of party propaganda workers in Zhejiang. in that regard, it reveals the astonishingly rapid ideological realignment of the GMD into an anti-Communist party, not only at the national level, which is well known, but also on the provincial and lower levels. Drawing on material from the GMD Archives in Taipei, this article addresses issues of party organization, control, mobilization, inner party dynamics, and message content in the GMD＇s propaganda activities in Zhejiang province in the late 1920s. ＂Propaganda by the Book＂ adds to our knowledge of the organizational practices of both the central GMD in Nanjing and the Zhejiang provincial GMD as well as to the social history of Republican China＇s official print culture.

关键词： GMD Zhejiang official print culture propaganda political tutelage,party organization control mobilization

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The design of a laboratory apparatus to simulate the dust generated by longwall shield advances

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International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 2019年第4期6卷 577-585页

作者： Michael R.Shahan William Randolph reed CDC NIOSH PittsburghPA 15236USA

A laboratory apparatus (shield dust simulator) was designed and constructed to simulate the dust generated during the advance of longwall hydraulic roof supports,or *** objective of the study was to develop a tool that could be used to test the hypothesis that foam applied to a mine roof prior to a shield advance could be used to reduce the respirable dust generated during shield *** paper will outline the design parameters for the development of thesystem,as well as describe baseline testing of coal and limestone *** show that the average instantaneous respirable dust concentrated during simulated shield *** intervals were calculated from the instantaneous respirable dust data to determine the repeatability of the data produced by the device.

关键词： Coal mining Longwall shields Dust control

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Minor fibrillar collagens,variable regions alternative splicing,intrinsic disorder,and tyrosine sulfation

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Protein & Cell 2012年第6期3卷 419-433页

作者： Ming Fang reed Jacob Owen McDougal Julia Thom Oxford Department of Biological Sciences Boise State UniversityBoiseID 83725USA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Boise State UniversityBoiseID 83725USA Biomolecular Research Center Boise State UniversityBoiseID 83725USA

Minor fibrillar collagen types V and XI,are those less abundant than the fibrillar collagen types I,II and *** alpha chains share a high degree of similarity with respect to protein sequence in all domains except the variable *** variation and,in some cases,extensive alternative splicing contribute to the unique sequence characteristics of the variable *** unique expression patterns in tissues exist,the functions and biological relevance of the variable regions have not been *** this review,we summarize the existing knowledge about expression patterns and biological functions of the collagen types V and XI alpha *** of biochemical similarities among the peptides encoded by each exon of the variable region suggests the potential for a shared *** alternative splicing,conservation of biochemical characteristics in light of low sequence conservation,and evidence for intrinsic disorder,suggest modulation of binding events between the surface of collagen fibrils and surrounding extracellular molecules as a shared function.

关键词： minor fibrillar collagens variable regions alternative splicing fibrillogenesis heparan sulfate binding sites intrinsic disorder tyrosine sulfation

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