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Contemporary approaches to visual prostheses

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military medical Research 2019年第3期6卷 254-262页

作者： rebecca m.mirochnik John S.Pezaris Department of Bioengineering Northeastern UniversityBostonMAUSA Department of Neurosurgery Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA.3Department of NeurosurgeryHarvard MedicalSchoolBostonMAUSA.

Visual prostheses serve to restore visual function following acquired blindness. Acquired blindness(as opposed to congenital blindness) has many causes, including diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, and macular degeneration, or trauma such as caused by automobile accident or blast damage from explosions. many of the blindness-causing diseases target the retina or other ocular structure. Often, despite the loss of sensitivity to light, the remainder of the visual pathway is still functional, enabling electrical devices to deliver effective and meaningful visual information to the brain via arrays of electrodes. These arrays can be placed in any part of the early visual pathway, such as the retina, optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus, or visual cortex. A camera or other imaging source is used to drive electrical stimulation of remaining healthy cells or structures to create artificial vision and provide restoration of function. In this review, each approach to visual prostheses is described, including advantages and disadvantages as well as assessments of the current state of the art. most of the work to-date has been targeting stimulation of(a) the retina, with three devices approved for general use and two more in clinical testing;(b) the lateral geniculate nucleus, with efforts still in the pre-clinical stage;and(c) the cortex, with three devices in clinical testing and none currently approved for general use despite the longest history of investigation of the three major approaches. Each class of device has different medical indications, and different levels of invasiveness required for implantation. All contemporary devices deliver relatively poor vision. There has been remarkable progress since the first proof-ofconcept demonstration that used stimulation of the primary visual cortex, with the field exploring all viable options for restoration of function. much of the progress has been recent, driven by advances in microelectronics and biocompat

关键词： Visual prosthesis Blindness Artificial vision

metabolic pathways as possible therapeutic targets for progressive multiple sclerosis

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Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第8期12卷 1262-1267页

作者： rebecca m.Heidker mitchell R.Emerson Steven m.Le Vine Department of molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Kansas Medical Center Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy-Glendale Midwestern University

Unlike relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, there are very few therapeutic options for patients with progressive forms of multiple sclerosis. While immune mechanisms are key participants in the pathogenesis of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, the mechanisms underlying the development of progressive multiple sclerosis are less well understood. Putative mechanisms behind progressive multiple sclerosis have been put forth： insufficient energy production via mitochondrial dysfunction, activated microglia, iron accumulation, oxidative stress, activated astrocytes, Wallerian degeneration, apoptosis, etc. Furthermore, repair processes such as remyelination are incomplete. Experimental therapies that strive to improve metabolism within neurons and glia, e.g., oligodendrocytes, could act to counter inadequate energy supplies and/or support remyelination. most experimental approaches have been examined as standalone interventions; however, it is apparent that the biochemical steps being targeted are part of larger pathways, which are further intertwined with other metabolic pathways. Thus, the potential benefits of a tested intervention, or of an established therapy, e.g., ocrelizumab, could be undermined by constraints on upstream and/or downstream steps. If correct, then this argues for a more comprehensive, multifaceted approach to therapy. Here we review experimental approaches to support neuronal and glial metabolism, and/or promote remyelination, which may have potential to lessen or delay progressive multiple sclerosis.

关键词： acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase biotin estrogen iron Kynurenine pathway mitochondria thyroidhormone remyelination stem cells vitamin D

Rice:Reducing arsenic content by controlling water irrigation

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2015年第4期27卷 129-131页

作者： Ashley m.Newbigging rebecca E.Paliwoda X.Chris Le University of Alberta

Arsenic has long been recognized as a *** in water supplies that are used for both drinking and crop irrigation can expose many people chronically to elevated levels of arsenic.

关键词： Arsenic Cadmium Rice Food Water irrigation metal contamination

Testing the potential mechanisms for the maintenance of a genetic color polymorphism in bluefin killifish populations

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Current Zoology 2018年第6期64卷 733-743页

作者： Ashley m.JOHNSON Chia-Hao CHANG rebecca C.FULLER Department of Animal Biology School of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignChampaignIL 61820USA

The maintenance of genetic variation in the face of natural selection is a long-standing question in evolutionary *** the bluefin killifish Lucania goodei,male coloration is *** can produce either red or yellow coloration in their anal fins,and both color morphs are present in all *** 2 morphs are heritable and how they are maintained in nature is ***, we tested 2 mechanisms for the maintenance of the red/yellow color *** frequency-dependent mating success predicts that rare males have a mating advantage over common males. Spatial variation in fitness predicts that different color morphs have an advantage in different microhabitat *** a breeding experiment,we tested these hypotheses by creating populations with different ratios of red to yellow males (5 red:1 yellow;1 red:5 yellow)and determining male mating success on shallow and deep spawning *** found no evidence of negative frequency-dependent mating *** morphs tended to have higher mating success, and this was particularly so on shallow spawning ***,on deep substrates,red males enjoyed higher mating success than yellow males,particularly so when red males were rare. However,yellow males did not have an advantage at either depth nor when *** suggest that preference for red males is expressed in deeper water,possibly due to alterations in the lighting ***,male pigment levels were correlated with one another and predicted male mating ***,pigmentation plays an important role in male mating success.

关键词： carotenoid color polymorphism environmental heterogeneity melanin negative frequency dependence pterin

From micro-to macroevolution:brood parasitism as a driver of phenotypic diversity in birds

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Current Zoology 2020年第5期66卷 515-526页

作者： Iliana medina rebecca m.Kilner Naomi E.Langmore School of BioSciences University of MelbourneVictoria3010Australia Department of Zoology University of CambridgeCambridgeCB23EJUK Division of Ecology and Evolution Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 2600Australia

A fun dame ntal question in biology is how diversity evolves and why some clades are more diverse than *** diversity has often been shown to result from morphological adaptation to different *** role of behavioral interactions as a driver of broadscale phenotypic diversity has received comparatively less *** interactions,however,are a key agent of natural *** behavioral interactions with predators or with parasites can have significant fitness consequences,and hence act as strong evolutionary forces on the phe no type of species,ultimately gen erating diversity betwee n species of both victims and *** obligate brood parasites lay their eggs in the nests of other species,their hosts,and this behavioral interaction between hosts and parasites is often considered one of the best examples of coevolution in the natural *** this review,we use the coevolution between brood parasites and their hosts to illustrate the potential of behavioral interactions to drive evolution of phenotypic diversity at different taxonomic *** provide a bridge between behavioral ecology and macroevolution by describing how this interaction has increased avian phenotypic diversity not only in the brood parasitic clades but also in their hosts.

关键词： brood parasitism coevolution diversity phenotypic variation macroevolution

Equine-assisted interventions for veterans with servicerelated health conditions: a systematic mapping review

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military medical Research 2020年第2期7卷 174-189页

作者： Adam R.Kinney Aaron m.Eakman rebecca Lassell Wendy Woo Department of Occupational Therapy Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80523USA Temple Grandin Equine Center Department of Animal SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80523USA

Background:Evidence-based treatments for service-related health conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD),depression,and traumatic brain injury(TBI)are not effective for all ***-assisted interventions are emerging as an additional treatment modality,but little is known regarding the safe and effective delivery of these *** study aimed to describe the following features of the body of literature concerning equineassisted interventions among veterans:1)veterans who have participated in equine-assisted interventions;2)specific characteristics of equine-assisted interventions in veterans;and 3)the specific characteristics of research on equineassisted interventions in ***:We conducted a systematic mapping review of peer-reviewed literature reporting on equine-assisted interventions among veterans between 1980 and *** of nine databases yielded 3336 unique records,six of which met the inclusion criteria and were *** relevant to the study aims were extracted and ***:Equine-assisted interventions among veterans disproportionately targeted psychosocial outcomes and yielded promising *** detailed methods of EAI varied in the reported studies,ranging from communicating with the horse to mounted *** was also great diversity in outcome *** state of theoretical development regarding the mechanisms by which equine-assisted interventions benefit the veteran population is currently *** provided insufficient detail with respect to the description of the intervention,reasons for attrition,and the dose-response ***:Scientific development of equine-assisted interventions targeting psychosocial outcomes among veterans is warranted to establish their *** outcomes should be expanded,including outcomes more closely aligned with the nature of polytraumatic *** research must also emphasize the theoretical develo

关键词： Veterans Service-related injuries Equine-assisted interventions Posttraumatic stress disorder Systematic mapping review

Gut microbiome in primary sclerosing cholangitis:A review

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2020年第21期26卷 2768-2780页

作者： rebecca Little Eytan Wine Binita m Kamath Anne m Griffiths Amanda Ricciuto Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and NutritionThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoON M5G 1X8Canada Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 7-142H Katz Group–Rexall CentreUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAB T6G 1C9Canada

Primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized by biliary inflammation and *** of the pathogenesis of PSC in light of its association with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)and the“gut-liver”axis is an emerging area of interest.A growing number of studies have begun to elucidate the role of the gut microbiota,its metabolites and its influence on host immune responses in the development of PSC and *** of the fecal microbiota have highlighted enriched levels of certain species,including Veillonella,Streptococcus and Enterococcus,among others.A heightened immune response to enteric dysbiosis and bacterial translocation have also been *** example,Klebsiella pneumoniae strains derived from gnotobiotic mice transplanted with PSC-IBD microbiota were found to induce pore formation in human intestinal epithelial cells and enhanced Th17 *** microbes have additionally been hypothesized to be implicated in PSC pathogenesis through their role in the synthesis of various metabolites,including bile acids(BAs),which function as signaling molecules with important gut and hepatic *** expanded knowledge of the gut microbiome as it relates to PSC offers critical insight into the development of microbe-altering therapeutic interventions,such as antibiotics,nutritional interventions and fecal microbial *** of these have already shown some preliminary evidence of *** exciting progress in the field,much work remains to be done;areas that are particularly lacking include functional characterization of the microbiome and examination of pediatric *** this review,we summarize studies that have investigated the microbiome in PSC and PSC-IBD as well as putative mechanisms,including the potential role of metabolites,such as *** then briefly review the evidence for interventions with microbe-altering properties for treating PSC.

关键词： Bile acids Colitis Inflammatory bowel disease microbiome microbiota Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Transcriptional regulation of secretory capacity by bZip transcription factors

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Frontiers in Biology 2015年第1期10卷 28-51页

作者： rebecca m. FOX Deborah J. ANDREW The Department of Cell Biology The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA

Cells of specialized secretory organs expand their secretory pathways to accommodate the increased protein load necessary for their function. The endoplasmic reticulum （ER）, the Golgi apparatus and the secretory vesicles, expand not only the membrane components but also the protein machinery required for increased protein production and transport. Increased protein load causes an ER stress response akin to the Unfolded Protein Response （UPR）. Recent work has implicated several bZip transcription factors in the regulation of protein components of the early secretory pathway necessary to alleviate this stress. Here, we highlight eight bZip transcription factors in regulating secretory pathway component genes. These include components of the three canonical branches of the UPR-ATF4, XBP1, and ATF6, as well as the five members of the Creb3 family of transcription factors. We review findings from both invertebrate and vertebrate model systems suggesting that all of these proteins increase secretory capacity in response to increased protein load. Finally, we propose that the Creb3 family of factors may have a dual role in secretory cell differentiation by also regulating the pathways necessary for cell cycle exit during terminal differentiation.

关键词： bZip transcription factors endoplasmic reticulum Golgi secretion secretory capacity secretory vesicles

Decision making for managing Community Flood Risks:Perspectives of United States Floodplain managers

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2021年第5期12卷 649-660页

作者： Jenna Tyler Abdul-Akeem Sadiq Douglas S.Noonan rebecca m.Entress School of Public Administration University of Central FloridaOrlandoFL 32801USA O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University–Purdue University IndianapolisIN 46202USA

To reduce flood losses,floodplain managers make decisions on how to effectively manage their community’s flood *** there is a growing body of research that examines how individuals and households make decisions to manage their flood risks,far less attention has been directed at understanding the decision-making processes for flood management at the community *** study aimed to narrow this research gap by examining floodplain managers’perceptions of the quality of their community’s flood management decision-making *** gathered from interviews with 200 floodplain managers in the United States indicate that most floodplain managers perceive their community’s flood management decision-making processes to be *** results also indicate that communities participating in the Federal Emergency management Agency’s Community Rating System,as well as communities with a higher level of concern for flooding and a lower poverty rate,are significantly more likely to report better flood management decision-making processes.

关键词： Community flood risk management Decision making Floodplain managers United States