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International Journal of Sediment Research 2022年第4期37卷 411-423页

作者： Priscilla Williams ram.balachandar Vesselina Roussinova Ronald Barron Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Windsor Department of Mechanical Automotive and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Windsor Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Windsor

The effect of scour countermeasures on the mechanism of local scour around a cylinder requires clarification in order to develop design methodology for use in practice. Previous investigations on countermeasure performance, though useful, have not provided adequate measurements to support this understanding. In the present investigation, particle image velocimetry(PIV) measurements were acquired at several streamwise-vertical planes in the flow field surrounding a submerged circular cylinder with a vertical splitter plate and with a rectangular collar(a horizontal base plate). Analysis of the distribution of mean streamwise velocity and Reynolds shear stress as well as the scour formation indicated that the splitter plate disrupted shear layer interaction in the wake region, reducing the width of scour downstream of the cylinder by 3%. The collar eliminated scour upstream of the cylinder entirely by providing protection at the sides of the cylinder where the shear stress exceeds the critical bed shear stress, and the streamwise velocity distribution in the region between the cylinder and the channel sidewall indicated that installation of a rectangular collar causes flow separation at a point further upstream on the cylinder surface.

关键词： Scour and erosion Local scour Pier scour Scour countermeasures Hydraulic modelling Particle image velocimetry (PIV)

Impacts of PI3K/protein kinase B pathway activation in reactive astrocytes: from detrimental effects to protective functions

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第4期20卷 1031-1041页

作者： ramón Pérez-Núñez María Fernanda González Ana María Avalos Lisette Leyton Cellular Communication Laboratory Programa de Biología Celular y MolecularCenter for Studies on ExerciseMetabolism and Cancer(CEMC)Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas(ICBM)Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases(ACCDiS) Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences&Faculty of MedicineUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad Autónoma de ChileSantiagoChile

Astrocytes are the most abundant type of glial cell in the central nervous *** injury and inflammation,astrocytes become reactive and undergo morphological and functional *** on their phenotypic classification as A1 or A2,reactive astrocytes contribute to both neurotoxic and neuroprotective responses,***,this binary classification does not fully capture the diversity of astrocyte responses observed across different diseases and *** analysis has revealed that reactive astrocytes have a complex landscape of gene expression profiles,which emphasizes the heterogeneous nature of their *** actively participate in regulating central nervous system inflammation by interacting with microglia and other cell types,releasing cytokines,and influencing the immune *** phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)signaling pathway is a central player in astrocyte reactivity and impacts various aspects of astrocyte behavior,as evidenced by in silico,in vitro,and in vivo *** astrocytes,inflammatory cues trigger a cascade of molecular events,where nuclear factor-κB serves as a central mediator of the pro-inflammatory ***,we review the heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes and the molecular mechanisms underlying their *** highlight the involvement of various signaling pathways that regulate astrocyte reactivity,including the PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),αvβ3 integrin/PI3K/AKT/connexin 43,and Notch/PI3K/AKT *** targeting the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT cellular signaling pathway to control reactive astrocytes and prevent central nervous system damage,evidence suggests that activating this pathway could also yield beneficial *** dual function of the PI3K/AKT pathway underscores its complexity in astrocyte reactivity and brain function *** review emphasizes the importance of employing astrocyte-exclusive models to underst

关键词： inflammation integrins neuroprotective neurotoxic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase reactive astrocytes signal transduction Thy-1(CD90)

Improved energy recovery from dark fermented cane molasses using microbial fuel cells

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2014年第1期8卷 43-54页

作者： Soumya Pandit balachandar G Debabrata Das Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur West Bengal India

A major limitation associated with fermenta- tive hydrogen production is the low substrate conversion efficiency. This limitation can be overcome by integrating the process with a microbial fuel cell （MFC） which converts the residual energy of the substrate to electricity. Studies were carried out to check the feasibility of this integration. Biohydrogen was produced from the fermen- tation of cane molasses in both batch and continuous modes. A maximum yield of about 8.23 mol Hz/kg CODremoved was observed in the batch process compared to 11.6 mol Hz/kg CODremoved in the continuous process. The spent fermentation media was then used as a substrate in an MFC for electricity generation. The MFC parameters such as the initial anolyte pH, the substrate concentration and the effect ofpre-treatment were studied and optimized to maximize coulombic efficiency. Reductions in COD and total carbohydrates were about 85% and 88% respectively. A power output of 3.02 W/m3 was obtained with an anolyte pH of 7.5 using alkali pre-treated spent media. The results show that integrating a MFC with dark fermentation is a promising way to utilize the substrate energy.

关键词： dark fermentation biohydrogen microbialfuel cell volatile fatty acid anolyte

Husbandry practices and gut health outcomes in weaned piglets:A review

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Animal Nutrition 2017年第3期3卷 205-211页

作者： balachandar Jayaraman Charles M.Nyachoti Department of Animal Sciences University of Manitoba

The immediate post-weaning period is one of the most stressful phases in a pig's life, and during this period, piglets are usually exposed to environmental, social and psychological stressors which have direct or indirect effects on gut health and overall growth performance. In this review, the impact of husbandry practices on gut health outcomes and performance of piglets is discussed. Husbandry practices in the swine barn generally include nutrition and management practices, maintenance of hygienic standards and disease prevention protocols, and animal welfare considerations. Poor husbandry practices could result in reduced feed intake, stress and disease conditions, and consequently affect gut health and performance in weaned piglets. Reduced feed intake is a major risk factor for impaired gut structure and function and therefore a key goal is to maximize feed intake in newly weaned piglets. In weaned piglets, crowding stress could reduce pig performance, favor the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria resulting in diarrhea, stimulate immune responses and interfere with beneficial microbial activities in the gut. Sanitation conditions in the swine barn plays an important role for optimal piglet performance, because unclean conditions reduced growth performance, shifted nutrient requirements to support the immune system and negatively affected the gut morphology in weaned piglets. Appropriate biosecurity measures need to be designed to prevent disease entry and spread within a swine operation,which in turn helps to keep all pigs and piglets healthy. Collectively, husbandry practices relating to feeding and nutrition, animal welfare, biosecurity and disease prevention are important determinants of gut health and piglet performance. Thus, it is suggested that adopting high husbandry practices is a critical piece in strategies aimed at raising pigs without the use of in-feed antibiotics.

关键词： Gut health Husbandry practices Weaned piglets

Microbial Populations,Activity and Gene Abundance in Tropical Vertisols Under Intensive Chemical Farming

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Pedosphere 2016年第5期26卷 725-732页

作者： Kopparapu APARNA Desiraju Lakshmi Narsimha RAO Dananjeyan balachandar Indian Institute of Soil Science Nabi BaghBhopal 462038(India) Tamilnadu Agricultural University Coirnbatore 641003(India)

There are increasing concerns on the environmental impacts of intensive chemical agriculture. The effect of high agrochemical inputs used in intensive chemical farming was assessed on soil microbiological, molecular and biochemical properties in tropical Vertisols in India. Farm field sites under normal cultivation of arable crops using high inputs of fertilizers and pesticides in chili （Capsicum annum L., 5.0× dose for fertilizers and 1.5× dose for pesticides over normal inputs） and black gram （Vigna mungo L. Hepper, 2.2× dose for fertilizers and 2.3× dose for pesticides over normal inputs） were compared with adjacent sites using normal recommended doses. Organic carbon and basal respiration showed no response to high inputs of fertilizers and pesticides in soils of both crops. Labile carbon decreased by 10% in chili soils and increased by 24% in black gram soils under high input farming system. The proportion of soil labile carbon as a fraction of soil organic carbon was unaffected by high inputs. The labile carbon mineralization coefficient （qMLc） increased by 50.0% in chili soils, indicating that the soil microorganisms were under stress due to high agochemical inputs, whereas qMLc decreased by 36.4% in black gram soils. Copiotrophs increased due to high inputs in soils of both chili （63.1%） and black gram （47.1%）. Oligotrophs increased by 10.8% in black gram soils but not in chili soils. The abundance of amoA gene reduced by 39.3% in chili soils due to high inputs and increased significantly by 110.8% in black gram soils. β-Glucosidase also increased by 27.2% and 325.0%, respectively. Acid phosphatase activity reduced by 29.2% due to high inputs in chili soils and increased by 105.0% in black gram soils. The use of high agrochemical inputs thus had adverse consequences on biological health in chili but not in black gram soils. In soils cultivated with black gram, the moderating effect of cultivating legumes and their beneficial effect on soil health were eviden

关键词： amoA gene copiotrophs high agrochemical input legumes oligotrophs soil enzymes

A Generalized Array Factor for Time-Modulated Hexagonal Based Antenna Array Geometry With Novel Trapezoidal Switching

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2024年第9期11卷 1967-1972页

作者： Gopi ram Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering National Institute of TechnologyWarangal 506004India

The concept of the time-modulated array has been emerging as an alternative to the complex phase shifters,which lowers the cost of the array feeding network due to the utilization of radio frequency(RF)*** various forms of hexagonal antenna array geometries can be used for applications like surveillance tracking in phased array radar and wireless communication *** work proposes the generalized array factor(AF)for the hexagonal antenna array geometry based on time *** time modulation in generalized hexagonal geometry can maintain the fixed static amplitude excitation,giving more flexibility over ***,a novel trapezoidal switching function is also proposed and applied to the generalized array factor to enable future researchers to use this array factor in the field of advancement to observe how switching schemes like trapezoidal and rectangular affect the array pattern's side lobe level(SLL).The generalized equation can be utilized for the analysis and synthesis of radiation characteristics of the time-modulated hexagonal array(TMHA),time-modulated concentric hexagonal array(TMCHA),time-modulated hexagonal cylindrical array(TMHCA),and time-modulated hexagonal concentric cylindrical array(TMHCCA).The numerical result illustrates the generation of AF of time-modulated hexagonal structures and also shows that the trapezoidal switching sequence outperforms the rectangular switch using the cat swarm optimization(CSO)approach.

关键词： Hexagonal array geometry radiation pattern time-modulation trapezoidal pulse

Effects of derived meals from juncea(Brassica juncea),yellow and black seeded canola(Brassica napus)and multicarbohydrase enzymes supplementation on apparent metabolizable energy in broiler chickens

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Animal Nutrition 2016年第3期2卷 154-159页

作者： balachandar Jayaraman Janice MacIsaac Derek Anderson Department of Animal Science University of Manitoba Dalhousie University Faculty of Agriculture

Two experiments were conducted to determine the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy(AMEn) of differently processed meals from Juncea(Brassica juncea), yellow and black seeded canola(Brassica napus), with or without supplementation of multi-carbohydrase enzymes(Enz) in diets for broiler chickens. The first experiment was a 3×2×2 factorial arrangement with the main factors being seed type(yellow [Yellow] or black [B1] canola seeds and Juncea seeds), processed at two temperatures(high temperature desolventized-toasted [HTDT] at 95℃ or low temperature desolventized-toasted[LTDT] at 57℃), with or without Enz. In Exp. 1, a total of 384 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 64 battery cages, with 6 birds/cage. The second experiment was a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement with the main factors being seed type(Yellow or black [B2]), seed source(Scott,Saskatchewan or Truro, Nova Scotia) and Enz(with or without) supplementation. A total of 264 one-dayold male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 44 battery cages, with 6 birds per cage. In Exp, 1 and 2,all birds were fed a common starter diet from 1 to 14 days of age. From d 15 to 21, the birds were fed one of the test treatments, a basal grower diet or the basal grower diet replaced with 30% test ingredient with celite(0.8%) added as an inert marker. Excreta was collected on d 20 and 21. In Exp. 1, there were no interactions(P > 0.05) among seed type, processing temperature and Enz. Processing temperature and dietary Enz did not affect(P > 0.05) AMEn of different canola meals. The AMEn of prepress solvent extracted canola and juncea meals(PSEM) from Yellow(11.2 MJ/kg) was higher(P 0.05) among seed color,location and Enz. Supplementation of dietary Enz did not affect(P > 0.05) AMEn of different cold press canola meals. The AMEn of cold press canola meals(CPM) from Yellow(14.7 MJ/kg) was higher(P < 0.05)co

关键词： Canola meal Prepress solvent extraction Cold press extraction AMEn Yellow seeded canola Black seeded canola

Effects of dietary threonine:lysine ratioes and sanitary conditions on performance, plasma urea nitrogen, plasma-free threonine and lysine of weaned pigs

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Animal Nutrition 2015年第4期1卷 283-288页

作者： balachandar Jayaraman John Htoo Charles Martin Nyachoti Department of Animal Science University of Manitoba Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH

Two 21 d-experiments were conducted to determine the optimum standardized ileal digestible(SID)threonine:lysine ratio(Thr:Lys) for weaned piglets reared under clean(Exp. 1) or unclean(Exp. 2) sanitary conditions and fed antibiotic-free diets. In each experiment, 90 mixed-sex pigs(Duroc × [Yorkshire × Landrace]; initial BW 7.2 ± 0.3 kg) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments each with 6 replicates(3 pigs per pen). The dietary treatments were 5 graded levels of SID Thr:Lys(55,59, 63, 67 and 71%). Diets were corn-wheat-soybean meal-based with a constant SID Lys of 1.18% that was set to be second limiting amino acid. In Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, plasma-free Thr increased(P = 0.05) with increasing dietary SID Thr:Lys. In Exp. 1, the SID Thr:Lys for gain-to-feed ratio(G:F) was optimized at 65%.In Exp. 2, the estimated optimal SID Thr:Lys for overall G:F was 66.5%. In conclusion, an average optimal SID Thr:Lys of 65 and 66.5% could be used to optimize feed efficiency for weaned pigs under clean and unclean sanitary conditions, respectively.

关键词： Threonine lysine ratio Sanitation Weaned pigs Growth performance

Mitochondrial dysfunction: A hidden trigger of autism?

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Genes & Diseases 2021年第5期8卷 629-639页

作者： Vellingiri balachandar Kamarajan Rajagopalan Kaavya Jayaramayya Madesh Jeevanandam Mahalaxmi Iyer Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory Department of Human Genetics and Molecular BiologyBharathiar UniversityCoimbatoreTamil Nadu641046India Department of Zoology Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for WomenCoimbatoreTamil Nadu641043India Department of Biochemistry PSG College of Arts and SciencesCoimbatoreTamil Nadu641014India

Autism is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorder with no precise *** in cognitive functions uncover at early stages and are known to have an environmental and genetic *** autism is multifaceted and also linked with other comorbidities associated with various organs,there is a possibility that there may be a fundamental cellular process responsible for *** reasons place mitochondria at the point of interest as it is involved in multiple cellular processes predominantly involving *** encoded genes were taken into consideration lately because it is inher-ited maternally,has its own genome and also functions the time of embryo *** researches have linked mitochondrial mishaps like oxidative stress,ROS production and mt-DNA copy number variations to *** dramatic advances in autism research worldwide,the studies focusing on mitochondrial dysfunction in autism is rather minimal,especially in ***,owing to its rich diversity,may be able to contribute significantly to autism *** is vital to urge more studies in this domain as it may help to completely understand the basics of the condition apart from a genetic *** review focuses on the worldwide and Indian scenario of autism research;mitochondrial abnormalities in autism and possible therapeutic approaches to combat it.

关键词： Autism Copy number variation(CNV) Mitochondria encoded genes Neurodevelopmental disorder World-wide scenario

Bianchi Type-Ⅱ Inflationary Models with Stiff Matter and Decaying Cosmological Term

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Chinese Physics Letters 2014年第7期31卷 27-31页

作者： Shri ram, Priyanka Department of Mathematical Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221 005 India

We deal with Einstein＇s field equations with a time-decaying cosmological term of the forms （i） ∧=β（a/a）＋ α/a62 and （ii）∧ = α/a^2, where a is the average scale factor of the universe, α and β are constants for a spatially homogeneous and anisotropic LRS Bianchi type-Ⅱ spacetime. Exact solutions of the field equations for stiff matter are obtained by applying a special law of variation for the Hubble parameter. Anisotropic cosmological models are presented with a constant negative deceleration parameter which corresponds to the accelerated phase of the present universe. The cosmological constant A is obtained as a decreasing function of time that is approaching a small positive value at the present epoch, which is corroborated by the consequences from recent supernovae Ia observations. The physical and kinematical behaviors of the models are also discussed.

关键词： INFLATIONARY universe BIANCHI groups PARTICLE decays COSMOLOGY MATHEMATICAL models SPACE & time HUBBLE constant