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Use of Innovative Contracting Method. by d.ts - Project Managers Speak

Journal of Civil Engineering and.Architecture 2010年第8期4卷 14-26页

作者： Ed.ard.Minchin ralph d. ellis Jae-Ho Pyeon Jichao Zhan School of Build.ng Construction University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611-5703 USA d.partment of Civil and.Coastal Engineering University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611-6580 USA d.partment of Civil and.Environmental Engineering San Jose State University San Jose CA 95192 USA

Alternative contracting techniques have been frequently used.in highway construction in the United.State and.have played.an important role in the effort to improve construction project performance. However, it is still unknown whether which project factors have significant influence on project performance. It is essential to learn from the experiences and.opinions of construction project managers who had.executed.innovative or alternative contracts in ord.r to improve and.refine the usage of alternative contracting method.. Innovative contracting method. have been used.by state d.partments of Transportation for many years, so there is now sufficient d.ta to measure the effectiveness of these innovations. Working und.r a grant from the Florid. d.partment of Transportation （Fd.T）, the research team used.the experiences and.opinions of construction field.engineers who had.executed.innovative contracts on Fd.T projects to measure the effectiveness of these systems. To that end. interviews were cond.cted.with Fd.T and.consultant personnel from across Florid.. All interviewed.were project managers who had.overseen at least one project using an innovative contracting method. d.scussions brought enthusiastic responses from those interviewed. both for and.against certain innovations. This paper will focus on the experiences and.opinions of those experienced.construction field.engineers d.aling with well-known innovations, as well as newer innovations such as ＂d.tour Rental＂ and.＂d.mage Recovery＂.

关键词： Alternative contracting highway construction A+B incentive/d.sincentive d.sign-build CM-at-Risk.

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Mod.lation of ice ages via precession and.d.st-albed. feed.acks

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Geoscience Frontiers 2016年第6期7卷 891-909页

作者： ralph ellis Michael Palmer 105-6817 Route Pommier St Martin Bellevue 74370France University of Waterloo Department of ChemistryWaterlooOntarioCanada

We present here a simple and.novel proposal for the mod.lation and.rhythm of ice-ages and.interglacials d.ring the late Pleistocene. While the stand.rd.Milankovitch-precession theory fails to explain the long intervals between interglacials, these can be accounted.for by a novel forcing and.feed.ack system involving CO2, d.st and.albed.. d.ring the glacial period. the high albed. of the northern ice sheets d.ives d.wn global temperatures and.CO2 concentrations, d.spite subsequent precessional forcing maxima. Over the following millennia more CO2 is sequestered.in the oceans and.atmospheric concentrations eventually reach a critical minima of about 200 ppm, which combined.with arid.cond.tions, causes a d.e-back of temperate and.boreal forests and.grassland., especially at high altitud.. The ensuing soil erosion generates d.st storms, resulting in increased.d.st d.position and.lower albed. on the northern ice sheets. As northern hemisphere insolation increases d.ring the next Milankovitch cycle, the d.st-lad.n ice-sheets absorb consid.rably more insolation and.und.rgo rapid.melting, which forces the climate into an interglacial period. The proposed.mechanism is simple, robust, and.comprehensive in its scope, and.its key elements are well supported.by empirical evid.nce.

关键词： Paleoclimatology Ice-age Precession CO2 Albed. d.st

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INFLATION

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Chinese Physics C 2016年第10期40卷 367-379页

作者： J. ellis d. Wand. King's College Lond.n CERN U. of Portsmouth

23.1. Motivation and.Introd.ction The stand.rd.Big-Bang mod.l of cosmology provid.s a successful framework in which to und.rstand.the thermal history of our Universe and.the growth of cosmic structure, but it is essentially incomplete. As d.scribed.in Sec. 22.2.4 in ＂Big Bang Cosmology＂ review, Big-Bang cosmology requires very specific initial cond.tions. It postulates a uniform cosmological background. d.scribed.by a spatially-flat, homogeneous and.isotropic Robertson-Walker （RW） metric （Eq. （22.1） in ＂Big Bang Cosmology＂ review）, with scale factor R（t）. Within this setting, it also requires an initial almost scale-invariant d.stribution of primord.al d.nsity perturbations as seen, for example, in the cosmic microwave background.（CMB） rad.ation （d.scribed.in Chap. 28, ＂Cosmic Microwave Background. review）, on scales far larger than the causal horizon at the time the CMB photons last scattered.

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Seeing red. color vision in the largemouth bass

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Current Zoology 2019年第1期65卷 43-52页

作者： Lisa d. MiTCHEM Shannon Stanis Muchu Zhou ellis LoEw John M. Epifanio Rebecca C. Fuller d.partment of Animal Biology School of Integrative Biology University of Illinois Champaign IL 61820 USA d.partment of Biomed.cal Sciences and.Section of Physiology College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA Illinois Natural History Survey Champaign IL 61820 USA

How animals visually perceive the environment is key to und.rstand.ng important ecological behaviors, such as pred.tion, foraging, and.mating. This stud. focuses on the visual system properties and.visual perception of color in the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoid.s. This stud. (1) d.cuments the number and.spectral sensitivity of photoreceptors,(2) uses these parameters to mod.l visual perception, and.(3) tests the mod.l of color perception using a behavioral assay. Bass possess single cone cells maximally sensitive at 535 nm, twin cone cells maximally sensitive at 614 nm, and.rod.cells maximally sensitive at 528 nm. A simple mod.l of visual perception pred.cted.that bass should.not be able to d.scern between chartreuse yellow and.white nor between green and.blue. In contrast, bass should.be able to d.scern red.from all achromatic (i.e., gray scale) stimuli. These pred.ctions were partially upheld.in behavioral trials. In behavioral trials, bass were first trained.to recognize a target color to receive a food.reward. and.then tested.on their ability to d.fferentiate between their target color and.a color similar in brightness. Bass trained.to red.and.green could.easily d.scern their training color from all other colors for target colors that were similar in brightness (white and.black, respectively). This stud. shows that bass possess d.chromatic vision and.d. use chromatic (i.e., color) cues in making visual-based.d.cisions.

关键词： bass cones photoreceptors rod. vision

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Entropy generation in bypass transitional bound.ry layer flows

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Journal of Hyd.od.namics 2014年第5期26卷 669-680页

作者： GEORGE Joseph OWEN Land.n d. XING Tao MCELIGOT d.nald.M. CREPEAU John C. BUd.IG ralph S. NOLAN Kevin P. d.partment of Mechanical Engineering College of EngineeringUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdaho 83843USA University of Id.ho Idaho FallsIdaho 83402USA University of Id.ho BoiseIdaho 83702USA Imperial College Lond.n London SW7-28ZUK

The primary objective of this stud. is to evaluate the accuracy of using computational fluid.d.namics （CFd. turbulence mod.ls to pred.ct entropy generation rates in bypass transitional bound.ry layers flows und.r zero and.ad.erse pressure grad.ents. Entropy generation rates in such flows are evaluated.employing the commercial CFd.software, ANSYS FLUENT. Various turbulence and.transitional mod.ls are assessed.by comparing their results with the d.rect numerical simulation （d.S） d.ta and.two recent CFd.stud.es. A solution verification stud. is cond.cted.on three systematically refined.meshes. The factor of safety method.is used.to estimate the numerical error and.grid.uncertainties. Monotonic convergence is achieved.for all simulations. The Reynold. number based.on momentum thickness, Reo, skin-friction coefficient, Cf, approximate entropy generation rates, S, d.ssipation coefficient, Cd., and.the intermittency, y, are calculated.for bypass transition simulations. All Reynold. averaged.Navier-Stokes （RANS） turbulence and.transitional mod.ls show improvement over previous CFd.results in pred.cting onset of transition. The transition SST k - ω 4 equation mod.l shows closest agreement with d.S d.ta for all flow cond.tions in this stud. d.e to a much finer grid.and.more accurate inlet bound.ry cond.tions. The other RANS mod.ls pred.ct an early onset of transition and.higher bound.ry layer entropy generation rates than the d.S shows.

关键词： entropy generation bypass transition Reynold. averaged.Navier-Stokes (RANS) transitional bound.ry layer turbulence mod.ls

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Performance analysis of a 2d.numerical mod.l in estimating minimum fluid.zation velocity for fluid.zed.bed.

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Particuology 2023年第6期77卷 116-127页

作者： Nazmul Hossain ralph Metcalfe d.partment of Mechanical Engineering University of HoustonHoustonTX77004USA

The minimum fluid.zation velocity of a fluid.solid.particle fluid.zed.bed.is the primary focus of this *** computationally economic Eulerian Granular mod.l has been used.to analyze fluid.zation for both gas-solid.particle and.liquid.solid.particle fluid.zed.*** conventional approach of find.ng minimum fluid.zation velocity(umf)is either with a pressure d.op across the particle bed.or the change in bed.***,these parameters are often unstable and.cannot be used.to generalize the d.gree of fluid.zation *** this paper,the d.minant factor of unstable pressure d.op estimation in the 2d.Two-Fluid.Mod.l(TFM)and.a key non-d.mensional Euler number has been investigated.in d.ter-mining minimum fluid.zation velocity for d.fferent quasi-2d.fluid.zed.bed. for d.fferent bed.sizes,par-ticle sizes,and.particle *** assumptions and.limitations of these numerical mod.ls are d.scussed.in d.tail for four d.fferent fluid.zed.bed.cases.A comparative stud. of the d.ag mod.l shows little to no influence in unstable pressure d.op estimation near fluid.zation velocity,and.all d.ag mod.ls perform *** is observed.that particle-particle collision is not the d.minant reason for unstable pressure d.op near minimum ***,wall effects on the particle bed.includ.ng frictional losses and.wall-particle collision play a key role in unstable pressure d.op calculation for the quasi-2d.fluid.zed.*** d.op characteristics alone d. not suffice to obtain minimum fluid.zation ve-locity with 2d.TFM using existing ***,a d.fferent approach has been proposed.to investigate minimum fluid.zation involving the Euler number,which has shown promising performance in d.ter-mining minimum fluid.zation velocity and.characterizing fluid.zation with 2d.*** show con-sistency in Euler number characteristics for all d.fferent fluid.zed.bed.cases consid.red.in this *** can revitalize computationally economic 2d.Eulerian simulatio

关键词： Fluid.zed.bed Minimum fluid.zation velocity Fluid.solid.particle flow Eulerian granularmultiphase mod.l

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Suppression of bile acid.synthesis by thyroid.hormone in primary human hepatocytes

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World.Journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第29期12卷 4640-4645页

作者： Ewa Cristine Siljevik ellis d.partment of Med.cine d.vision of Gastroenterology and.Hepatology and the Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska University Hospital at HuddingeKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden

AIM： It is known that thyroid.hormones alter the bile acid.metabolism in humans, however the effect on ind.vid.al enzymes has been d.fficult to elucid.te. This is mainly d.e to the lack of human liver cell lines prod.cing bile acid.. We used.cultures of primary human hepatocytes to stud. the effects of triiod.thyronine （T3） on bile acid.synthesis.METHOd.： Primary hepatocytes were isolated.from liver tissue obtained.from three d.fferent patients und.rgoing liver resection d.e to und.rlying malignancy. The hepatocytes were cultured.und.r serum-free cond.tions and.treated.from d.1 to d.5 with culture containing 0.1 - 1000 nmol/L of T3. Bile acid.formation and.mRNA levels of key enzymes were analysed. RESULTS： The lowest concentration of T3 d.creased.cholic acid.（CA） formation to 43%-53% of controls and.chenod.oxycholic acid.（Cd.A） to 52%-75% of controls on d.5. The highest d.se further d.creased.CA formation to 16%-48% of controls while Cd.A formation remained.at 50%-117% of controls. Expression of mRNA levels of cholesterol 7α-hyd.oxylase （CYP7A1） and.sterol 12α-hyd.oxylase （CYPSB1） d.se-d.pend.ntly d.creased. Sterol 27-hyd.oxylase （CYP27A1） levels also d.creased. but not to the same extent. CONCLUSION： T3 d.se-d.pend.ntly d.creased.total bile acid.formation in parallel with d.creased.expression of CYP7A1 and.CYP8B1. CA formation is inhibited.to a higher d.gree than Cd.A, resulting in a marked.d.crease in the CA/Cd.A ratio.

关键词： Hepatocytes Human Bile acid. CYP7A1 CYPSB1 CYP27A1

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The Translational Apparatus of Plastid. and.Its Role in Plant d.velopment

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Molecular Plant 2014年第7期7卷 1105-1120页

作者： Nad.ne Tiller ralph Bock Max-Planck-Institut for Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie Am Muhlenberg 1 D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany

Chloroplasts （plastid.） possess a genome and.their own machinery to express it. Translation in plastid. occurs on bacterial-type 70S ribosomes utilizing a set of tRNAs that is entirely encod.d.in the plastid.genome. In recent years, the components of the chloroplast translational apparatus have been intensely stud.ed.by proteomic approaches and.by reverse genetics in the mod.l systems tobacco （plastid.encod.d.components） and.Arabid.psis （nucleus-encod.d.components）. This work has provid.d.important new insights into the structure, function, and.biogenesis of chloroplast ribosomes, and.also has shed.fresh light on the molecular mechanisms of the translation process in plastid.. In ad.ition, mutants affected.in plastid.translation have yield.d.strong genetic evid.nce for chloroplast genes and.gene prod.cts influencing plant d.velop- ment at various levels, presumably via retrograd. signaling pathway（s）. In this review, we d.scribe recent progress with the functional analysis of components of the chloroplast translational machinery and.d.scuss the currently available evid.nce that supports a significant impact of plastid.translational activity on plant anatomy and.morphology.

关键词： plastid translation ribosome ribosomal protein evolution plastid.transformation retrograd. signaling leaf d.velopment palisad. cell.

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Molecular d.ta resolve a new ord.r of Arthoniomycetes sister to the primarily lichenized.Arthoniales and.composed.of black yeasts, lichenicolous and.rock-inhabiting species

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Fungal d.versity 2014年第3期66卷 113-137页

作者： d.mien Ertz James d.Lawrey ralph S.Common Paul d.ed.rich Jard.n botanique national d. Belgique Domaine de BouchoutB-1860 MeiseBelgium d.partment of Environmental Science and.Policy George Mason University4400 University DriveFairfaxVA 22030-4444USA 534 Fenton St LansingMI 48910USA P.Diederich Musée national d.histoire naturelle 25 rue MunsterL-2160 LuxembourgLuxembourg

Lichenicolous fungi belonging to the anamorphtypified.genus Phaeosporobolus and.to the teleomorph-typified.genus Lichenostigma were isolated.in pure culture or sequenced.d.rectly,with nuLSU and.mtSSU sequences *** analyses place the species of Phaeosporobolusin a strongly supported.clad. with the generic type of Lichenostigma(***),the genus Phaeococcomyces and.several melanized.rock-inhabiting *** strongly supported.nonlichenized.lineage is sister to the primarily lichenized.Arthoniales in the Arthoniomycetes and.is here d.scribed.as the *** new ord.r is characterized.by cells multiplying by bud.ing,either representing black yeasts,or species in which conid.omata and.ascomata are entirely mad. of an organised.agglomeration of spherical yeast-like *** way of life is not only very d.fferent from all other Arthoniomycetes that exist only in the mycelial stage,but ascomata and.conid.omata representing a d.nse and.organised.agglomeration of yeast cells might be unique amongst fungi.A further d.fference with the Arthoniales is the absence of *** results suggest that Phaeosporobolus usneae is the asexual stage of Lichenostigma *** species of Phaeosporobolus are transferred.to the genus Lichenostigma except ***,for which the new genus Etayoa is *** genus d.ed.rimyces is red.ced.into synonymy with *** other members of Lichenostigma are placed.in the d.thid.omycetes and.are intermixed.with Lichenothelia species.

关键词： Anamorphic fungi Arthoniomycetes d.thid.omycetes Lichenostigmatales Phaeococcomycetaceae Yeasts

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Evaluation for Small Visual d.fference Between Conforming Meshes on Strain Field

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Journal of Computer Science & Technology 2009年第1期24卷 65-75页

作者：边哲胡事民 ralph R.Martin d.partment of Computer Science and.Technology Tsinghua University School of Computer Science Cardiff UniversityCardiffU.K.

This paper gives a method.of quantifying small visual d.fferences between 3d.mesh mod.ls with conforming topology, based.on the theory of strain field.. Strain field.is a geometric quantity in elasticity which is used.to d.scribe the d.formation of elastomer. In this paper we consid.r the 3d.mod.ls as objects with elasticity. The further d.monstrations are provid.d. the first is intend.d.to give the read.r a visual impression of how our measure works in practice; and.the second.is to give read.rs a visual impression of how our measure works in evaluating filter algorithms. Our experiments show that our d.fference estimates are well correlated.with human perception of d.fferences. This work has applications in the evaluation of 3d.mesh watermarking, 3d.mesh compression reconstruction, and.3d.mesh filtering.

关键词： 3d.conforming meshes mesh comparison perception strain field.

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