The disease coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is a severe respiratory illness that has emerged as a devastating health problem *** disease outcome is heterogeneous,and severity is likely dependent on the immunity of i...
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The disease coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is a severe respiratory illness that has emerged as a devastating health problem *** disease outcome is heterogeneous,and severity is likely dependent on the immunity of infected individuals and *** symptoms of the disease are primarily associated with respiratory problems,additional infection or failure of other vital organs are being *** reports suggest a quite common co-existence of gastrointestinal(GI)tract symptoms in addition to respiratory symptoms in many COVID-19 patients,and some patients show just the GI *** possible cause of the GI symptoms could be due to direct infection of the epithelial cells of the gut,which is supported by the fact that(1)The intestinal epithelium expresses a high level of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 and transmembrane protease serine 2 protein that are required for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)entry into the cells;(2)About half of the severe COVID-19 patients show viral RNA in their feces and various parts of the GI tract;and(3)SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect gut epithelial cells in vitro(gut epithelial cells and organoids)and in vivo(rhesus monkey).The GI tract seems to be a site of active innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 as clinically,stool samples of COVID-19 patients possess proinflammatory cytokines(interleukin 8),calprotectin(neutrophils activity),and immunoglobulin A *** addition to direct immune activation by the virus,impairment of GI epithelium integrity can evoke immune response under the influence of systemic cytokines,hypoxia,and changes in gut microbiota(dysbiosis)due to infection of the respiratory system,which is confirmed by the observation that not all of the GI symptomatic patients are viral RNA *** review comprehensively summarizes the possible GI immunomodulation by SARS-CoV-2 that could lead to GI symptoms,their association with disease sev
Leaching of nickel and cobalt from two physical grades (S1, 125-190 μm, coarser and S3, 53-75 μm, finer) of chromite overburden was achieved by treating the overburden (2% pulp density) with 21-d culture filtrat...
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Leaching of nickel and cobalt from two physical grades (S1, 125-190 μm, coarser and S3, 53-75 μm, finer) of chromite overburden was achieved by treating the overburden (2% pulp density) with 21-d culture filtrate of an Aspergillus niger strain grown in sucrose medium. Metal dissolution increases with ore roasting at 600℃ and decreasing particle size due to the alteration of microstructural properties involving the conversion of goethite to hematite and the increase in surface area and porosity as evident from X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (DT- TGA), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). About 65% Ni and 59% Co were recovered from the roasted S3 ore employing bioleaching against 26.87% Ni and 31.3% Co using an equivalent amount of synthetic oxalic acid under identical conditions. The results suggest that other fungal metabolites in the culture filtrate played a positive role in the bioleaching process, making it an efficient green approach in Ni and Co recovery from lateritic chromite overburden.
BACKGROUND Despite various therapies to treat sepsis,it is one of the leading causes of mortality in the intensive care unit patients *** about the pathophysiology of sepsis has sparked interest in extracorporeal ther...
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BACKGROUND Despite various therapies to treat sepsis,it is one of the leading causes of mortality in the intensive care unit patients *** about the pathophysiology of sepsis has sparked interest in extracorporeal therapies(ECT)which are intended to balance the dysregulation of the immune system by removing excessive levels of inflammatory *** To review recent data on the use of ECT in sepsis and to assess their effects on various inflammatory and clinical *** In this review,an extensive English literature search was conducted from the last two decades to identify the use of ECT in sepsis.A total of 68 articles from peer-reviewed and indexed journals were selected excluding publications with only *** Results showed that ECT techniques such as high-volume hemofiltration,coupled plasma adsorption/filtration,resin or polymer adsorbers,and CytoSorb®are emerging as adjunct therapies to improve hemodynamic stability in ***®has the most published data in regard to the use in the field of septic shock with reports on improved survival rates and lowered sequential organ failure assessment scores,lactate levels,total leucocyte count,platelet count,interleukin-IL-6,IL-10,and TNF *** Clinical acceptance of ECT in sepsis and septic shock is currently still limited due to a lack of large random clinical *** addition to patient-tailored therapies,future research developments with therapies targeting the cellular level of the immune response are expected.
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