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Downscaled climate change projections for the Hindu Kush Himalayan region using CORDEX South Asia regional climate models

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2017年第3期8卷 185-198页

作者： Jayanarayanan SANJAY raghavan krishnan Arun Bhakta SHRESTHA Rupak RAJBHANDARI REN Guo-Yu Centre for Climate Change Research Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Pune 411008 India International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu 3226 Nepal Department of Meteorology Tri-Chandra Campus Tribhuvan University Kathmandu 3226 Nepal Laboratory for Climate Studies National Climate Center China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China

This study assessed the regional climate models (RCMs) employed in the Coordinated Regional climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) South Asia framework to investigate the qualitative aspects of future change in seasonal mean near surface air temperature and precipitation over the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region. These RCMs downscaled a subset of atmosphere ocean coupled global climate models (AOGCMs) in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) to higher 50 km spatial resolution over a large domain covering South Asia for two representation concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) future scenarios. The analysis specifically examined and evaluated multi-model and multi-scenario climate change projections over the hilly sub-regions within HKH for the near-future (2036e2065) and far-future (2066e2095) periods. The downscaled multi-RCMs provide relatively better confidence than their driving AOGCMs in projecting the magnitude of seasonal warming for the hilly sub-region within the Karakoram and northwestern Himalaya, with higher projected change of 5.4 C during winter than of 4.9 C during summer monsoon season by the end of 21st century under the high-end emissions (RCP8.5) scenario. There is less agreement among these RCMs on the magnitude of the projected warming over the other sub-regions within HKH for both seasons, particularly associated with higher RCM uncertainty for the hilly sub-region within the central Himalaya. The downscaled multi-RCMs show good consensus and low RCM uncertainty in projecting that the summer monsoon precipitation will intensify by about 22% in the hilly subregion within the southeastern Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau for the far-future period under the RCP8.5 scenario. There is low confidence in the projected changes in the summer monsoon and winter season precipitation over the central Himalaya and in the Karakoram and northwestern Himalaya due to poor consensus and moderate to high RCM uncertainty among the downsca

关键词： CMIP5 CORDEX South Asia Regional climate models Hindu Kush Himalayan Climate change projections

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An overview of studies of observed climate change in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2017年第3期8卷 141-147页

作者： YOU Qing-Long REN Guo-Yu ZHANG Yu-Qing REN Yu-Yu SUN Xiu-Bao ZHAN Yun-Jian Arun Bhakta SHRESTHA raghavan krishnan Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD) Nanjing University of Information Science Laboratory for Climate Studies National Climate Center China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China Department of Atmospheric Science School of Environmental Studies China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu 3226 Nepal Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Pune 411008 India

The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH hereafter) region is characterized by mountainous environments and a variety of regional climatic conditions. High-altitude regions in the HKH have the recent warming amplifications, especially during the global warming hiatus period. The rapid warming cause solid state water (snow, ice, glacier, and permafrost) to shrink, leading to increase in meltwater and there have been found more frequent incidences of flash floods, landslides, livestock diseases, and other disasters in the HKH region. Increasing awareness of climate change over the HKH region is reached a consensus. Meanwhile, the HKH region is often referred to as the water towers of Asia as many highaltitude regions store its water in the form of snow and/or glacier, feeding ten major large rivers in Asia. Therefore, the impacts of climate change on water availability in these river basins have huge influences on the livelihood of large number of population, especially in downstream regions. However, the scarcity of basic hydro-meteorological observations particularly in high-altitude regions of HKH limits rigorous analysis of climate change. Most studies used reanalysis data and/or model-reconstructed products to explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of hydro-meteorological processes, especially for extreme events. In this study, we review recent climate change in the HKH region, and the scientific challenges and research recommendations are suggested for this high-altitude area.

关键词： Climate change Hindu Kush Himalayan Tibetan Plateau Hydrological cycles

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Synergistic effect of flavonoids combined with antivenom on neutralisation of Naja naja venom

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2021年第7期11卷 298-307页

作者： Srimathi raghavan Gurunathan Jayaraman School of Biosciences and Technology Vellore Institute of TechnologyVellore 632014India

Objective:To evaluate the neutralizing effects of flavonoids on snake venom toxicity by stand-alone and combinatorial ***:Synthetic flavonoids were assessed,either individually or in combination with antivenom,for their neutralization of phospholipase A_(2)(PLA_(2)),protease,antioxidant(DPPH)assay and hemotoxic *** docking studies were performed to understand possible binding of flavonoids with Naja naja venom PLA_(2).In vivo studies were carried out to confirm the neutralisation effects using a mouse ***,inhibition of PLA_(2) was monitored using combinatorial ***:Among the flavonoids used,quercetin and naringenin inhibited PLA_(2)(56%and 45%),protease(71%and 64%),DPPH scavenging(69.0%and 77.5%)and hemotoxic(70%)*** docking studies indicated that the flavonoids bind to the substrate-binding site of PLA_(2)(Cys44 and Tyr63).In vivo studies showed a reduction in the venom toxicity level in the presence of ***,combinatorial studies using the mixture of flavonoid and anti-venom revealed the possibility of synergistic effect(up to 32%enhancement)in neutralising the venom ***:These flavonoids can be used as additives for the treatment of snake bites,which may exert synergistic effects in combination with antivenom and decrease the post-therapeutic effects caused by excessive use of antivenom.

关键词： Flavonoid Anti-venom Snake bite Combinatorial Synergistic Naja naja

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Withania somnifera: a pre-clinical study on neuroregenerative therapy for stroke

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Neural Regeneration Research 2015年第2期10卷 183-185页

作者： Aparna raghavan Zahoor A. Shah Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toledo Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toledo

Stroke management exerts insurmountable societal and economic burden on the patient as well as their caregivers. In the year 2010 alone, the direct and indirect costs of stroke care amounted to 36.5 billion dollars （Go et al., 2014）. Despite concentrated efforts to develop a safe, effective drug for stroke, we have not discovered one since the introduction of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator （rtPA）--the standalone FDA-approved therapy for stroke. While rtPA is highly effective, it needs to be given within 3-4.5 hours of the onset of stroke symptoms （Zivin, 2009）. This is often complicated by the delay in the commencement of treatment due to preliminary inclusion parameters that are required to be ascertained before rtPA administration.

关键词： Withania somnifera a pre-clinical study on neuroregenerative therapy for stroke MCAO PARP WS

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Repair and regeneration properties of Ginkgo biloba after ischemic brain injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2014年第11期9卷 1104-1107页

作者： Aparna raghavan Zahoor A.Shah Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of ToledoToledo OH USA

The irretrievable fate of neurons rhetoric for the first half of this dominated the neuroscience century, a position that was fiercely contested and recently debunked by extensive studies carried out in the field of neuroregeneration research. The turning point came in the year 1928, when Ramon Y. Cajal＇s （Lobato, 2008） work suggested that the regenerative capacity of neurons, though limited, could exist beyond their physical be- ing and depended on the environment surrounding them. That the manipulation of the restrictive environment surrounding the neuron could aid the regenerative process was conclusively established by Aguayo and colleagues （Richardson et al., 1980）. Since then, various strategies have been employed to target the different phases of regeneration which include： cell-replacement and augmenting endogenous neurogenesis, the use of trophic factors, reversal of the inhibitory cues, and induction of signal- ing pathways that stimulate axon growth and guidance （Horner and Gage. 2000）.

关键词： NSCs Repair and regeneration properties of Ginkgo biloba after ischemic brain injury EGb

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Isolation and characterization of marine biofilm forming bacteriafrom a ship＇s hull

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Frontiers in Biology 2018年第3期13卷 208-214页

作者： Kavitha S Vimala raghavan School of Biosciences and Technology Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore-632-014 Tamil Nadu India Centre for Nanotechnology Researchl Vellore Institute of Technologyl Vellore-632 014 Tamil Nadu India

Diverse aquatic microorganisms are capable of colonizing living and non-living surfaces leading to the formation of biofilms. Commonly visualized as a slimy layer, these biofilms are filled with hundreds of other microorganisms compared to free living planktonic cells. Microbial surface colonization and surface-associated metabolic activities also exert several macroscale deleterious effects, including biofouling, biocorrosion and the persistence and transmission of harmful or pathogenic microorganisms and virulence determinants. The present study deals with the isolation and screening of marine bacteria for biofilm formation. The screened isolates were characterized and identified as Pychrobacter celer, Pychrobacter alimentarius and Kocuria rhizophila by 16S rRNA sequencing. Biofilm forming bacteria were isolated by spread plate technique and subjected to screening by microtiter plate assay. The potent biofilm formers were identified by molecular characterization using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Twelve bacterial isolates were obtained by pour plate technique and subjected to biofilm assay. Among the 12 isolates three isolates which showed maximum biofilm formation were subjected to molecular characterizationby 16S rRNA gene sequencing method. The isolates were identified as Pychrobacter celer, Pychrobacter alimentarius and Kocuria rhizophila. The EPS produced by the three biofilm forming bacteria was extracted and the protein and carbohydrate content determined. Among the isolates screened, isolate 8 (Kocuria rhizophila) produced maximum protein and carbohydrate which was also in accordance with the results of microtiter plate assay.

关键词： biofilm, MTP assay, extracellular polymeric substances, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, Psychrobacter, Kocuria

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Evaluation of Insulin Resistance Markers and Their Relationship with ADIPO Q Gene Polymorphism in Clinically Euthyroid Type 2 Diabetic Patients

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2022年第6期35卷 543-546页

作者： Rajendran Jayanthi Anandaraj Lokeshmaran Ramasamy Sathiya Abu raghavan Srinivasan Departments of Biochemistry and Community Medicine Mahatma Gandhi Medical College&Research InstituteSri Balaji VidyapeethPondicherry–607402

Insulin resistance(IR)has a nexus with metabolic *** homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance(HOMA-IR),HOMA-β,quantitative insulin sensitivity check index(QUICKI),glucoseinsulin ratio,and triglyceride(TAG)/high density lipoprotein(HDL)have been increasingly recognized as insulin sensitivity/resistance markers[1].Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp(HEC),the gold standard,has inherent practical demerits and thus paves the way for a simplified but objectivized approach to quantifying insulin sensitivity/resistance.

关键词： Marker Patients lipoprotein

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Toward sustainable waste management in small islands developing states: integrated waste-to-energy solutions in Maldives context

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2024年第2期18卷 133-148页

作者： Yao Wang Alejandro Ruiz-Acevedo Eemaan Rameez Vijaya raghavan Abid Hussain Xunchang Fei School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Nanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore 639798Singapore United Nations Office for Project Services(UNOPS) United Nations BuildingBuruzu MaguMale’20184Maldives Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill UniversitySte-Anne-De-BellevueQuebec H9X 3V9Canada Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Carleton UniversityOttawaOntario K1S 5B6H9X 3V9Canada

Effective waste management is a major challenge for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) like Maldives due to limited land availability. Maldives exemplifies these issues as one of the most geographically dispersed countries, with a population unevenly distributed across numerous islands varying greatly in size and population density. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the unique waste management practices across different regions of Maldives in relation to its natural and socioeconomic context. Data shows Maldives has one of the highest population density and per capita waste generation among SIDS, despite its small land area and medium GDP per capita. Large disparities exist between the densely populated capital Male’ with only 5.8 km2 area generating 63% of waste and the ~194 scattered outer islands with ad hoc waste management practices. Given Male’s dense population and high calorific waste, incineration could generate up to ~30 GW/a energy and even increase Maldives’ renewable energy supply by 200%. In contrast, decentralized anaerobic digestion presents an optimal solution for outer islands to reduce waste volume while providing over 40%–100% energy supply for daily cooking in local families. This timely study delivers valuable insights into designing context-specific waste-to-energy systems and integrated waste policies tailored to Maldives’ distinct regions. The framework presented can also guide other SIDS facing similar challenges as Maldives in establishing sustainable, ecologically sound waste management strategies.

关键词： Anaerobic digestion Waste incineration Waste management Maldives Small Island Developing States Waste-to-energy

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Challenges in animal modelling of mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for inflammatory bowel disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第16期21卷 4779-4787页

作者： raghavan Chinnadurai Spencer Ng Vijayakumar Velu Jacques Galipeau Department of Hematology and Oncology Winship Cancer InstituteEmory University Emory Vaccine Center Yerkes National Primate Research CenterEmory University Department of Pediatrics Emory University

Utilization of mesenchymal stromal cells(MSCs) for the treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis is of translational *** of MSC therapy has been well demonstrated in early phase clinical trials but efficacy in randomized clinical trials needs to be *** MSC mechanisms of action to reduce gut injury and inflammation is necessary to improve current ongoing and future clinical ***, two major hurdles impede the direct translation of data derived from animal experiments to the clinical situation:(1) limitations of the currently available animal models of colitis that reflect human inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD).The etiology and progression of human IBD are multifactorial and hence a challenge to mimic in animal models; and(2) Species specific differences in the functionality of MSCs derived from mice versus *** derived from mice and humans are not identical in their mechanisms of action in suppressing ***, preclinical animal studies with murine derived MSCs cannot be considered as an exact replica of human MSC based clinical *** the present review, we discuss the therapeutic properties of MSCs in preclinical and clinical studies of *** also discuss the challenges and approaches of using appropriate animal models of colitis, not only to study putative MSC therapeutic efficacy and their mechanisms of action, but also the suitability of translating findings derived from such studies to the clinic.

关键词： Mesenchymal stromal cells Inflammatorybowel disease colitis Animal model Crohn's disaese

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Preventive effects of Bifidobacterium lactis Probio-M8 on ovalbumin-induced food allergy in mice

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Food Science and Human Wellness 2024年第4期13卷 2346-2352页

作者： Jialu Shi Yan Xu Cheng Liu Shizhi Wang Jin Wang Vijaya raghavan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering Ministry of Educationand Department of Nutrition and Food HygieneSchool of Public HealthSoutheast UniversityNanjing 210009China Department of Bioresource Engineering Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesMcGill UniversitySainte-Anne-de-BellevueQC H9X3V9Canada

Food allergy is a significant public health concern *** probiotics have been found to enhance food allergy by regulating immune-microbe interactions in animal models and ***,the effects of Bifidobacterium lactis Probio-M8 on food allergy have not been thoroughly *** present study examined the anti-allergic properties of Probio-M8,particularly in relation to immune response and gut microbiota *** demonstrate that oral administration of Probio-M8 effectively mitigated the allergy symptoms triggered by ovalbumin(OVA)by ameliorating the morphological damage in the jejunum,reducing OVA-specific IgE and histamine levels in the serum,and suppressing Th2 cytokines(interleukin(IL)4 and IL-13)while increasing Th1 cytokines(interferon(IFN)γ)and regulatory T(Treg)cytokines(IL-10 and transforming growth factor(TGF)β1)in the culture supernatants of splenic ***,Probio-M8 effectively altered the diversity and composition of gut microbiota,particularly the relative abundances of Akkermansia_muciniphila in OVA-induced *** to the OVA group,the Probio-M8 group showed a decrease in the relative abundance of Akkermansia_*** conclusion,Probio-M8 demonstrates the potential to alleviate food allergy by regulating the Th1/Th2 response and modulating gut microbiota,thereby offering a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with food allergy.

关键词： Food allergy Bifidobacterium lactis Probio-M8 T cell immune response Gut microbiota

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