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Papaya Ring Spot Virus:An Understanding of a Severe Positive-Sense Single Stranded RNA Viral Disease and Its Management

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2022年第10期91卷 2099-2110页

作者： Muhammad Umer Mustansar Mubeen Yasir Iftikhar Haider Ali Muhammad Zafar-ul-Hye rafia asghar Mazhar Abbas Malik Abdul Rehman Ernesto A.Moya-Elizondo Yuejun He Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou and Forestry College Research Centre of Forest EcologyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025China Department of Plant Pathology College of AgricultureUniversity of SargodhaSargodha40100Pakistan College of Bioscience University of BirminghamBirminghamB152TTUK Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and TechnologyBahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultan60800Pakistan Department of Plant Pathology PMAS University of Arid AgricultureRawalpindi43490Pakistan Department of Agriculture and Agribusiness Management University of Karachi Karachi75270Pakistan Citrus Research Institute Sargodha40100Pakistan Department of Plant Production Faculty of AgronomyUniversidad de ConcepciónChillán3780000Chile

Viral diseases have been studied in-depth for reducing quality,yield,health and longevity of the fruit,to highlight the economic ***-sense single-stranded RNA viruses are more devastating among all viruses that infect fruit *** of the best examples is papaya ringspot virus(PRSV).It belongs to the genus Potyvirus and it is limited to cause diseases on the family Chenopodiaceae,Cucurbitaceae and *** virus has a serious threat to the production of papaya,which is famous for its high nutritional and pharmaceutical *** plant parts such as leaves,latex,seeds,fruits,bark,peel and roots may contain the biological compound that can be isolated and used in pharmaceutical industries as a disease *** disease symptoms consist of vein clearing and yellowing of young *** ring spot patterns with concentric rings and spots on fruit reduce its quality and *** virus has two major strains P and *** former cause disease in papaya and cucurbits while the later one in *** comprises 94.4%protein,including a 36 kDa coat protein which is a component responsible for a non-persistent transmission through aphids,and 5.5%nucleic *** protection,development of transgenic crops,exploring the resistant sources and induction of pathogen derived resistance have been recorded as effective management of *** with these practices reduced aphid population through insecticides and plant extracts have been found ecofriendly approaches to minimize the disease *** of transgenic crops is a big challenge for the success of disease resistant papaya *** aim of this review is to understand the genomic nature of PRSV,detection methods and the different advanced control meth*** review article will be helpful in developing the best management strategies for controlling PRSV.

关键词： Papaya obligate parasite +ssRNA PRSV aphid genomic characterization and functions

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Plant Nitrogen Metabolism: Balancing Resilience to Nutritional Stress andAbiotic Challenges

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2024年第3期93卷 581-609页

作者： Muhammad Farhan Manda Sathish rafia Kiran Aroosa Mushtaq Alaa Baazeem Ammarah Hasnain Fahad Hakim Syed Atif Hasan Naqvi Mustansar Mubeen Yasir Iftikhar Aqleem Abbas Muhammad Zeeshan Hassan Mahmoud Moustafa Department of Plant Pathology Faculty of Agricultural Sciences&TechnologyBahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultan60800Pakistan Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule(CIEAM) Vicerrectoría de Investigación y PostgradoUniversidad Católica del MauleTalca3460000Chile College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina Department of Biology College of ScienceTaif UniversityP.O.Box 11099Taif21944Saudi Arabia Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Biological SciencesLahore University of Biological and Applied SciencesLahorePakistan Department of Plant Pathology College of AgricultureUniversity of SargodhaSargodha40100Pakistan Department of Agriculture and Food Technology Karakorum International UniversityGilgitPakistan Department of Biology Faculty of ScienceKing Khalid UniversityAbhaSaudi Arabia

Plant growth and resilience to abiotic stresses,such as soil salinity and drought,depend intricately on nitrogen *** review explores nitrogen’s regulatory role in plant responses to these challenges,unveiling a dynamic interplay between nitrogen availability and abiotic *** the context of soil salinity,a nuanced rela-tionship emerges,featuring both antagonistic and synergistic interactions between salinity and nitrogen ***-induced chlorophyll depletion in plants can be alleviated by optimal nitrogen supplementation;however,excessive nitrogen can exacerbate salinity *** delve into the complexities of this interaction and its agri-cultural ***,a vital element within essential plant structures like chloroplasts,elicits diverse responses based on its *** review comprehensively examines manifestations of nitrogen deﬁciency and toxicity across various crop types,including cereals,vegetables,legumes,and ***,we explore the broader consequences of nitrogen products,such as N_(2)O,NO_(2),and ammonia,on human ***-ing the intricate relationship between nitrogen and salinity,especially chloride accumulation in nitrate-fed plants and sodium buildup in ammonium-fed plants,is pivotal for optimizing crop nitrogen ***,prudent nitrogen use is essential,as overapplication can exacerbate nitrogen-related *** Use Efﬁ-ciency(NUE)is of paramount importance in addressing salinity challenges and enhancing sustainable crop *** this goal requires advancements in crop varieties with efﬁcient nitrogen utilization,pre-cise timing and placement of nitrogen fertilizer application,and thoughtful nitrogen source selection to mitigate losses,particularly urea-based fertilizer *** review article delves into the multifaceted world of plant nitrogen metabolism and its pivotal role in enabling plant resilience to nutritional stress and abiotic chall

关键词： Synthetic nitrogen nitrogen signaling sustainable agriculture eutrophication ammonium nitrate

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Impact of Remote Learning on Student Performance and Grade: A Virtual World of Education in the COVID-19 Era

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International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences 2023年第6期16卷 115-129页

作者： rafia Islam Olatunde Abiona Department of Computer Information Systems Indiana University Northwest Gary IN USA

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound influence on education around the world, with schools and institutions shifting to remote learning to safeguard the safety of students and faculty. Concerns have been expressed about the impact of virtual learning on student performance and grades. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of remote learning on student performance and grades, as well as to investigate the obstacles and benefits of this new educational paradigm. The study will examine current literature on the subject, analyze data from surveys and interviews with students and educators, and investigate potential solutions to improve student performance and participation in virtual classrooms. The study’s findings will provide insights into the effectiveness of remote learning and inform ideas to improve student learning and achievement in an educational virtual world. The purpose of this article is to investigate the influence of remote learning on both students and educational institutions. The project will examine existing literature on the subject and collect data from students, instructors, and administrators through questionnaires and interviews. The paper will look at the challenges and opportunities that remote learning presents, such as the effect on student involvement, motivation, and academic achievement, as well as changes in teaching styles and technology. The outcomes of this study will provide insights into the effectiveness of remote learning and will affect future decisions about the usage of virtual learning environments in education. The research will also investigate potential solutions to improve the quality of remote education and handle any issues that occur.

关键词： Remote Learning Student Performance Virtual World Covid-19 Grade Student Learning

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Spectrokinetics study of probable effects of diverse inorganic ions on bleaching of dye

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2011年第1期5卷 131-138页

作者： rafia AZMAT Masooda QADRI Fahim UDDIN Department of Chemistry Jinnah University for Women5C NazimabadKarachi 74600Pakistan Department of Chemistry University of KarachiKarachi 75270Pakistan

Toluidine blue(TB)is an important anticoagulant metachromasia molecule showing a pronounced variation in the visible spectrum due to the aggregation phenomenon and electrostatic interaction with the charged synthetic and biologic *** current study describes the interactive role of diverse inorganic material ions on the bleaching of toluidine blue(tolonium chloride)(TB^(+))with urea in acidic and basic media using the spectrophotometric *** spectra of TB and urea with different cations and anions were monitored and their characteristic features are presented *** negative effect of added cations on reduction may be the result of altered electron pathways which led to suppression of the reduction/bleaching of TB,while a slight decrease in dye reduction by added anions may be due to the scavenging of the OH**** has been observed in the case of Co^(2+)that in addition to the electron-transfer reaction,other processes like layer and precipitate formation also appear to be taking *** dye bleaching process followed pseudo first order kinetics with respect to TB,urea,and H^(+)ion,whereas significant decoloration in the presence of urea proved that reductants control the redox *** decoloration in acidic medium with diverse ions was seen compared to alkaline media,showing that water pH played an important role in the bleaching of *** reduction/bleaching of dye was investigated at different temperatures,and energy parameters were evaluated for a TB^(+)-Urea reaction,including the energy of activation(Ea=39.60 kJ·mol^(–1)),enthalpy of activation(ΔH#=34 kJ$mol^(–1)),entropy of activation(ΔS#=146.5 kJ mol^(–1)·K^(–1)),and free energy of activation(ΔG*=–52.35 kJ·mol^(–1)).A mechanism of interaction of diverse ions in dye bleaching and a mechanism of reduction based on the above findings is proposed.

关键词： TB diverse ions suppress decoloration

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Life cycle assessment of alkali‑activated materials:a systematic literature review

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Low-carbon Materials and Green Construction 2023年第1期1卷 157-180页

作者： Morteza Nikravan rafia Firdous Dietmar Stephan Department of Civil Engineering Building Materials and Construction ChemistryTechnische Universitat BerlinGustav‑Meyer‑Allee 2513355 BerlinGermany

碱激发材料(AAMs)的物化特性、力学性能与耐久性能已被广泛研究。然而,关于AAMs的生命周期分析(LCA)的最新报道,尚未进行全面回顾。因此,本研究旨在通过对全球范围内发表的有关该主题的文章进行系统的文献综述来填补这一空白。通过对不... 详细信息

碱激发材料(AAMs)的物化特性、力学性能与耐久性能已被广泛研究。然而,关于AAMs的生命周期分析(LCA)的最新报道,尚未进行全面回顾。因此,本研究旨在通过对全球范围内发表的有关该主题的文章进行系统的文献综述来填补这一空白。通过对不同数据库进行检索,本文筛选出使用AAMs作为净浆、砂浆、混凝土、砖和夯土/土块的LCA研究。筛选出的研究根据前驱体、碱活化剂、功能单元、系统边界、生命周期清单数据库、分配、影响方法和使用的软件等方面进行分类和回顾。此外,本文还对AAMs的LCA面临的关键挑战进行批判性分析,其中首要的难题是功能单元的选择、边界系统的主观性和数据的解释说明。研究表明,与普通硅酸盐水泥相比,AAMs在减缓全球变暖潜能方面有利,而在其他方面(如海洋生态毒性和臭氧层破坏)的潜能值高一些。

关键词：碱激发材料地质聚合物生命周期评估 (LCA) 功能单元生命周期清单(LCI)

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肥料和苯并噻二唑（BTH）处理对红葡萄香气特征的影响

肥料和苯并噻二唑（BTH）处理对红葡萄香气特征的影响

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作者： rafia Salifu 甘肃农业大学

学位级别：硕士

香气是影响消费者选择葡萄和葡萄酒的重要感官品质参数。葡萄酒的香气质量受葡萄香气组成的影响,葡萄香气组成又受多种因素的影响。因此,本试验研究了苯并噻二唑(BTH)和肥料处理对蛇龙珠和赤霞珠葡萄香气组成的影响。1.为研究不同肥料(... 详细信息

香气是影响消费者选择葡萄和葡萄酒的重要感官品质参数。葡萄酒的香气质量受葡萄香气组成的影响,葡萄香气组成又受多种因素的影响。因此,本试验研究了苯并噻二唑(BTH)和肥料处理对蛇龙珠和赤霞珠葡萄香气组成的影响。1.为研究不同肥料(化肥(CF)、以羊粪为主的有机肥(OF),50%有机肥+50%化肥(O+C),25%有机肥+25%化肥[(1/2)(O+C)]和土壤调理剂(SC)对赤霞珠葡萄发育过程中香气积累的影响。在葡萄生长过程中采用沟施法施用不同肥料,每周采集分析样品的理化指标和香气成分。结果表明,施肥处理对葡萄的理化品质影响积极,(1/2)(O+C)处理效果最好。葡萄香气分析结果表明,O+C处理葡萄的香气浓度低于其他处理样。成熟期OF处理样的香气浓度(1527.58μg/L)是所有样品中最高的,包括对照(984.56μg/L)。葡萄成熟过程中,施用OF的葡萄果实香气释放量(4162.52μg/L)最高,其次为CF(3745.54μg/L),SC(3481.17μg/L),(1/2)(O+C)(3004.11μg/L)和O+C(2904.49μg/L)处理果实。虽然(1/2)(O+C)处理葡萄果实在成熟过程中香气释放总量不高,但是它促进了果实萜类和酯类香气的释放。主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,OF处理的样品在成熟过程中与羰基,萜烯和酯类有较强的相关性。施用肥料的种类和比例对赤霞珠葡萄的香气特2.前人研究证明葡萄种植过程中喷施苯并噻二唑(BTH)可以增强葡萄果实酚类化合物积累、调节葡萄挥发物释放。但是,关于BTH处理对葡萄香气成分的影响研究较少,对蛇龙珠葡萄氨基酸和香气特征的影响研究还未见报道。本研究通过坐果期、膨大期和转色期多次喷施BTH,处理蛇龙珠葡萄,分析比较葡萄成熟过程中果实的基本理化、氨基酸和香气品质的变化,探讨BTH处理对蛇龙珠葡萄品质的影响。结果显示BTH处理提高了葡萄的百粒重和颜色品质,降低了糖和氨基酸等初级代谢产物的含量。BTH处理葡萄中除羰基和萜类香气化合物外,其它香气化合物的浓度均高于对照。氨基酸与香气化合物的相关分析表明,处理和对照样的氨基酸和香气化合物呈正相关,但是BTH处理改变了一些氨基酸和香气组分的相关性,使其呈负相关。气味活性值(OAVs)分析确定了花香,果香和新鲜的绿色香气是蛇龙珠葡萄的主要香气。3.为了评价不同BTH处理时期对蛇龙珠葡萄香气组成的影响,以确定提高蛇龙珠葡萄香气品质的最佳BTH处理时间。大田试验中,分别于葡萄的坐果期、膨大期和转色期进行BTH喷施处理,处理后每周采样,分析评价葡萄浆果的理化指标和香气组成。结果显示,蛇龙珠葡萄膨大期进行BTH喷施处理,其理化品质较好,果实的香气化合物浓度最高。

关键词：红葡萄香气苯并噻二唑施肥氨基酸

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Thionine sensitized areobic photooxidation of thiourea in acidic medium

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中国化学前沿:英文版 2011年第2期6卷 120-126页

作者： rafia AZMAT Nida SALEEM Department of Chemistry Jinnah University for WomenKarachi 74600Pakistan

An investigation of the thionine sensitized aerobic photooxidation of thiourea was observed spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 598 *** reported two types of reactions which generally occur in the presence of oxygen:1)Singlet oxygen,produced by dye sensitization due to the hydrolysis that reacts with thiourea to form oxidative products like urea and other sulfur-containing fragments and 2)bleaching of dye,which leads to the *** rate of reaction in all studied parameters followed first order kinetics with respect to maximum absorption of the dye in the visible band *** kinetics was significantly dependent upon the medium and the reaction accelerated more rapidly at low pH.A direct relation was exhibited between the thiourea concentration and dye sensitizer,which was not pragmatic with the concentration of *** reaction was effected by the temperature,and the values of energy parameters suggested that the energy of activation was low while the entropy of activation increases with the rise in temperature,which indicated a highly solvated state of intermediate *** value of ΔH* and ΔG*at elevated temperature showed that free energy is the driving force for the completion of reaction.A mechanism based on the above findings has been suggested.

关键词： thionine sensitized photo oxidation thiourea singlet oxygen fragment

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Kinetics of Reduction of Thionine with Ribose and the Structural Properties of the Dye at Different pH Using DFT Method

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Chinese Journal of Chemistry 2011年第4期29卷 643-649页

作者： Ahmed, Khalid Azmat, rafia Uddin, Fahim Fatmi, M. Qaiser Department of Chemistry University of Karachi Karachi 752 70 Pakistan Department of Chemistry Jinnah University for Women Nazimabad Karachi Pakistan Department of Chemistry University of California at Riverside California 92521 USA

The reaction between the thionine （Th） and the ribose was observed spectrophotometrically and changes in absorbance of Th were recorded at variable concentration of dye, reductant and pH. A pseudo first order rate of reaction was found to establish the reduction kinetics of the dye, studied at a pH range of 0.34 to 12.8. Absorption spectrum of Th at different pH, with ribose showed a pH （12.8） dependent introversion. The reduction most probably took place with enediol intermediate of the sugar at high pH. A full geometry optimization of predominant species of Th namely, mono-deprotonated, di-deprotonated Th, and LTh （leuco thionine） respectively, at low and high pH, was performed at B3LYP level of theory. The data obtained from the energy minimization were in excellent agreement with other experimental and theoretical observations. The calculated enthalpies of formation for both reduction reactions （mono-deprotonated Th＋H＋→leucothionine and di-deprotonated Th＋2H＋→leucothionine） provided evidences for maximum reduction of the dye at high pH.

关键词： thionine ribose pH enediol geometry optimization reduction

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Information Assurance Technique for Mitigation of Data Breaches in the Human Service Sector

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International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences 2022年第2期15卷 15-30页

作者： Chevroen Washington Phillip Yarbrough Shavon Parker rafia Islam Vishnu Vardhan Patamsetti Olatunde Abiona Department of Computer Information Systems Indiana University Northwest Gary USA

This research paper analyzes data breaches in the human service sector. The hypothesis for the solution to this problem is that there will be a significant reduction in data breaches in the human service sector due to an increase in information assurance. The hypothesis is tested using data from the United States Department of Health and Human Services data breach notification repository during January 2018-December 2020. Our result shows that without the increased mitigation of information assurance, data breaches in the human service sector will continue to increase.

关键词： Information Assurance Ransomware Data Breach Hacker HIPPA Phishing Department of Health and Human Services

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Analyzing Li-Fi Communication Benefits Compared to Wi-Fi

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International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences 2022年第6期15卷 67-77页

作者： Phillip Yarbrough Tyler Welker Damian Silva rafia Islam Vishnu Vardhan Patamsetti Olatunde Abiona Department of Computer Information Systems Indiana University Northwest Gary IN USA

Li-Fi, or known as light fidelity, is a new technology that could alleviate some network congestion for the ever-increasing internet of things (IOT). The patent for Li-Fi was created by German physicist Harald Haas in 2011 around visible light communication. The purpose of the following research includes the capabilities of Li-Fi Technologies and how the implementation of a Li-Fi network can improve network infrastructure. A main point is to highlight the advantages that Li-Fi technology brings to the table in comparison to traditional Wi-Fi networks like the increased bandwidth frequency, faster transmission speeds, as well as not being affected by network latency due to high traffic. Benefits that Li-Fi technologies provide to network infrastructure include the use of less energy, the need for fewer components to operate, as well as the simplicity of only needing a light source to provide high-speed internet traffic. Some of our research shows the implementation of these systems and how they can provide different benefits to different types of needs of the consumer. The research gave a complete idea about hybrid indoor systems based on Li-Fi and Wi-Fi that indicates how Li-Fi technology raises the possibilities to fulfill the technological demand in the future. Also, the part explained the security concerns of Li-Fi technology and we can consider this technology secure by updating some system protocols. At present day, Li-Fi lacks the infrastructure that Wi-Fi has, which makes replacement unideal. Rather, Li-Fi can be seen as complementary to Wi-Fi and used to improve current technology.

关键词： Next Generation Data Transmission Light Fidelity IEEE LED Network Con-gestion

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