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Chemical Fingerprinting of Counterfeits of Viagra and Cialis Tablets and Analogues via Electrospray Ionization mass Spectrometry

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2011年第8期2卷 919-928页

作者： rafael S.Ortiz Kristiane de Cassia mariotti Wanderson Romao marcos N.Eberlin Renata P.Limberger Paulo mayorga Rio Grande do Sul Technical and Scientifical Division Brazilian Federal PolicePorto AlegreBrazil Department of Pharmacy Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreBrazil ThomSon mass Spectrometry Laboratory Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas-UNICAMPCampinasBrazil Department of Chemistry Federal University of Espirito SantoVitoriaBrazil

Direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-mS) is shown to provide an efficient tech- nique for the investigation of polar composition of forensic tablets for male erectile dysfunction. ESI-mS fingerprinting of 41 commercial sildenafil samples (Viagra?, Cialis?, Lazar?, Libiden?, , maxfil?, , Plenovit?, Potent 75?, Rigix?, V-50?, Vimax?, Pramil 75? and Pramil?) and 56 counterfeit samples (Viagra and Cialis) were obtained. The spectra for the authentic Viagra? tablets showed abundant ions exclusively corresponding to the sildenafil (SLD) molecule: [SLD + H]+ of m/z 475;[SLD + Na]+ of m/z 497;and [2SLD + H]+ of m/z 949. The spectra for com-mercial sildenafil samples also showed predominat SLD ions. Tablets of authentic Cialis? showed mainly ions of m/z 343, 365 and 707 from the lactose molecule (the excipient);as well as a minor ion of m/z 390 corresponding to the active ingredient tadalafil (TAD) in its protonated form [TAD + H]+. For counterfeit Cialis samples, how-ever, normally TAD ions of much high abundances was observed, together with ions corresponding to sildenafil analogues such as those of m/z 489 (homosildenafil) and 505 (hydroxyhomosildenafil). Principal component analysis was applied to ESI-mS fingerprint data, placing samples according to their contents of active ingredients hence authentic and counterfeit samples are easily recognized.

关键词： ESI-mS Fingerprinting Counterfeiting Viagra^(█) Cialis^(█)

mollusks of the Rocky Intertidal Zone at Three Sites in Oaxaca,mexico

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Open Journal of marine Science 2014年第4期4卷 326-337页

作者： Pedro Flores-Rodríguez rafael Flores-Garza Sergio García-Ibánez Carmina Torreblanca-Ramírez Lizeth Galeana-Rebolledo Enedina Santiago-Cortes Laboratorio de Ecologia Costera y Sustentabilidad Unidad Academica de Ecologia MarinaUniversidad Autonoma de GuerreroAcapulcoMexico Doctorado en Ciencias Ambientales Unidad de Ciencias de Desarrollo RegionalUniversidad Autonoma de GuerreroAcapulcoMexico

The community of mollusks at three rocky intertidal zone in Oaxaca, mexico was analyzed. Two samplings per site were conducted. At each sampling the inspected area was 10 m2. The sampling unit was 1 m2. 5862 specimens were examined. 68 mollusks species were identified. The families better represented in species richness were: FISSURELLIDAE, mURICIDAE, LOTIIDAE, mYTILIDAE, CHAmIDAE, ISCHNOCHITONIDAE y CHITONIDAE. The species that had the greatest density were Lottia discors, Siphonaria palmata, Lottia acutapex, Chormoytilus palliopunctatus, Brachidontes adamsianus, Chton articulatus e Ischnochiton muscarius. The species with the widest distribution represent 11.76%. With irregular distribution was found in 58.82% of the species. The gastropod Crucibulummonticulus, the bivalve C. palliopunctatus and the polyplacophoran C. articulatus had the greatest size. The value of diversity index was H’ = 4.29 bits/ind. and J’ = 0.72. The mollusks community in the rocky intertidal zone study sites is characterized by small size, because they rarely exceed seventy millimeters. The values of H’ and J’ indicate that the mollusk community in the study area has a high diversity and high uniformity, corresponding to mature and stable communities in a tropical region.

关键词： Intertidal Zone Oaxaca Biodiversity mollusks

Species richness and community structure of class Polyplacophora at the intertidal rocky shore on the marine priority region no.33,mexico

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Open Journal of Ecology 2014年第2期4卷 43-52页

作者： Lizeth Galeana-Rebolledo rafael Flores-Garza Adriana Reyes-Gomez Sergio Garcia-Ibanez Pedro Flores-Rodriguez Carmina Torreblanca-Ramirez Arcadio Valdes-Gonzalez Unidad Academica de Ecologia marina Universidad Autonoma de GuerreroAcapulcoMexico Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Laboratorio de AcuaculturaFacultad de Ciencias BiologicasCiudad UniversitariaSan Nicolas de los GarzaMexico

marine Priority Region No. 33 (mPR 33) lies in the State of Guerrero, where the National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity has declared a lack of information on marine species, Class POLYPLACOPHORA among others. This program was carried out on the rocky intertidal zone of mPR 33 with the objectives to: 1) determine species richness, 2) community composition based on families represented, 3) estimate the density, 4) index of diversity, 5) analyze body proportions and 6) geographic distribution of species. Three surveys on five sites were conducted during 2009 and 2012, using one mt2 quadrant for systematic sampling procedure;collecting all POLYPLACOPHORA specimens found within the quadrants, then proceeding with their preservation. 441 organisms were analyzed where 17 species were identified, on nine genera within six families. Fifteen new species were recorded for the mPR 33. Family ISCHNOCHITONIDAE Dall, 1889 was the best represented in species richness and CHITONIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 in abundance. Density of 8.82 organisms/m2, the H′ index was 2.38 bits/individuals and J′ = 0.57. The species Chiton (Chiton) articulatus Sowerby, 1832 showed the highest density, greater size and was found in all five collection sites. Three species, (Chiton (C.) articulatus, Ischnochiton (Ischnochiton) muscarius (Reeve, 1847) and Chiton (Chiton) alboli-neatus Broderip & Sowerby, 1829), were considered wide. Intertidal species richness was associated with habitat stability and wave intensity;the more unstable sites had greater richness while most stable sites lower. Species inventory and understanding the communities’ interactions of the marine fauna of the State of Guerrero are important;therefore these efforts must be continued.

关键词： Polyplacophora New Records methodology RmP 33 Guerrero

Socioeconomic Aspects for Coastal mollusk Commercial Fishing in Costa Chica,Guerrero,mexico

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Natural Resources 2018年第6期9卷 229-241页

作者： Lizeth Galeana-Rebolledo rafael Flores-Garza Juan Violante-Gonzalez Pedro Flores-Rodriguez Sergio Garcia-Ibanez Victor Landa-Jaime Arcadio Valdes-Gonzalez Centro de Ciencias de Desarrollo Regional Pino s/n.Col.El RobleAcapulcoMéxico Facultad Ecologia marina Gran Via TropicalN°20Fraccionamiento Las PlayasAcapulcoMexico Departamento de Estudios para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Zonas Costeras San Patricio-MelaqueMexico Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo LeonCiudad UniversitariaSan Nicolas de los GarzaMexico

An important part of the fishing activity in mexico is carried out in the coastal strip and has a strong social, economic and ecological importance. In the state of Guerrero, mollusks fishing is coastal and craftwork activity focused on a small number of species and without information on biology and reproductive or ecological aspects for most species caught. This research was carried out in the Costa Chica region, Guerrero, mexico and the aims were: 1) To analyze the socioeconomic features of cooperative societies of fishing production;and 2) To know the diversity of mollusks caught by coastal fishing and the species that have the greatest importance in fishing. From February to April 2013-2015, seven fish coop units, four piers and places where seafood is sold were visited. For the socio-economic analysis and the determination of the species that have more importance in the coastal fishing, a total of 67 surveys were applied. In order to determine the cast of species, the specimens captured by the fishermen were used, which were identified and counted. A total of 67 interviews were analyzed and an average of $1806.00 was estimated as weekly economic income just as a product of fishing, it was also estimated that on average the fishermen work 4.3 days a week. Fisheries cooperatives market most of their produce directly to restaurateurs and locals on the piers. Replacement of older adults by young fishermen from the same region was observed, most are adults between 22 and 39 years old. 25 species of mollusks of economic importance were registered for the coastal fishermen of the Costa Chica. Six species were identified as the main target for catching fishermen. The fishing of mollusks in Costa Chica is not subject to any type of control, which has led to overfishing reflected in the decline sizes and banks in populations of commercial importance.

关键词： molluscs Coastal Fishing Socioeconomic Fisherman

Density,Sex Ratio,Size,Weight,and Recruitment of Plicopurpura pansa(Gastropoda:muricidae)in Costa Chica,Guerrero,mexico

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Open Journal of marine Science 2012年第4期2卷 157-166页

作者： rafael Flores-Garza Arcadio Valdés González Pedro Flores-Rodríguez Sergio García-Ibánez Norma L.Cruz-Ramirez Unidad Académica de Ecología marina Universidad Autónoma de GuerreroFraccionamiento las PlayasAcapulcoMéxico Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo LeónSan Nicolas de los GarzaMéxico

Plicopurpura pansa is a cultural resource with economic importance since ink can be extracted from it to dye clothes. This snail inhabits the rocky intertidal zone of mexican Pacific, is found attached to rocks in crevices and holes. The objective was to analyze the P. pansa population structure in Costa Chica of the State of Guerrero based in density, sex ratio, size and weight, besides to realize observations on mating and recruitment, for which quarterly sampling was made during an annual cycle in three beaches. The density was 4.83 snails/m2. Sex ratio ranged from 0.76:1.00 to 1.00: 0.96 (F:m). Average size was 20.91 mm. The best represented sizes in females were from 10.5 to 28.5 mm and in males 13.5 to 28.5 mm. Averaged weight was 1.99 g, females showed a coefficient of variation in weight of 96.53%. Recruitment occurred for the entire year. In December 2006 and September 2007 a larger frequency of recruits was shown. Sex ratio showed a 1:1 tendency. Snail population was characterized by being small sized and in high densities. Weight variations in females were found related to their reproductive cycle.

关键词： Gender Recruitment Intertidal Ink

Enhanced depth OCT imaging of the lamina cribrosa for 24 hours

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2017年第2期10卷 306-309页

作者： Pedro Naranjo Bonilla rafael Giménez Gómez David Ríos Jiménez maría Luísa Varas Fabra maría del Carmen munoz Villanueva Rocío García Catalán Pilar Font Ugalde maría Soledad Poblador Fernández JoséLuís Lancho Alonso Josémaría Gallardo Galera Department of Ophthalmology Reina Sofia University HospitalCordoba 14004Spain methodological Support to Research Maimonides Institute for Biomedical ResearchReina Sofia University HospitalCordoba 14004Spain Department of medicine UCO Maimonides Institute for Biomedical ResearchReina Sofia University HospitalCordoba 14004Spain Department of morphological Sciences Faculty of MedicineCordoba 14004Spain

The lamina cribrosa thickness（LCT） could be affected by dynamic changes in its *** spectral-domainoptical coherence tomography（SD-OCT）,we have studied the behaviour of the laminar region in 14 young subjects over 24 *** changes in LCT were observed,depending on the time at which the measurement was taken,with the maximum thickness being observed at 7.30 p.m.,and the minimum at 7.30 *** finding could suggests a circadian pattern in the LCT thickness in healthy subjects,which could have implications for the classification,diagnosis and prognosis of both normal and glaucomatous subjects.

关键词： lamina cribrosa laminar region glaucoma optical coherence tomography twenty-four-hours

metabolic syndrome and its components:preliminary data in Brazilian women with systemic lupus erythematosus

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Metabolic syndrome and its components:preliminary data in Br...

Polyplacophora species richness,composition and distribution of its community associated with the intertidal rocky substrate in the marine priority region No.32 in Guerrero,mexico

The 8th International Congress on SLE

作者： maria José P.Vilar Elaine Lira m Bezerra Telma maria A.Silva rafael G.N.Gadelha Hermann dos Santos Femandes Alcino Pires Gama George D.Azevedo Departments of Internal medicine of the Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal-RNBrazil Departments of Internal medicine of the Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal-RNBrazil Departments of pharmacy of the Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal-RNBrazil Departments of medical students of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal-RNBrazil Departments of medical students of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal-RNBrazil Departments of medical students of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal-RNBrazil Departments of morphology of the Federal University of Rio Grande do None Natal-RNBrazil

＜正＞Background:The metabolic Syndrome（metS）has become a focus of clinical attention due to its impact on cardiovascular *** data point that women with systemic lupus erythematosus（SLE）have increased risk of card...

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Open Journal of Ecology 2012年第4期2卷 192-201页

作者： rafael Flores-Garza Lizeth Galeana-Rebolledo Adriana Reyes-Gomez Sergio Garcia Ibanez Carmina Torreblanca-Ramirez Pedro Flores-Rodriguez y Arcadio Valdes Gonzalez Unidad Academica de Ecologia marina Laboratorio de Ecologia Costera y SustentabilidadFraccionamiento Las PlayasAcapulcoMexico Doctorado en Ciencias Ambientales Unidad de Ciencias de Desarrollo RegionalUniversidad Autonoma de Guerrero.Calle Pino s/n Colonia El Roble AcapulcoAcapulcoMexico

The coast of Acapulco is located within the marine Priority Region No. 32 (mPR No. 32) at the State of Guerrero, mexico. The National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity has stated the lack of information on marine species that live there, among which are the Class Polyplacophora. This study aimed to: 1) determine species richness, 2) the community structure based on the representative families, 3) estimate the density, 4) locate species distribution, 5) determine their degree of occurrence (hierarchical position) within the community, 6) analyze the structure of length and width across the populations and 7) estimate the diversity index. The intertidal rocky substrate at seven beaches was sampled from 2009 to 2012. The sampling unit 1 m2, while the area sampled was 10 m2. It was analyzed 2.548 specimens of Polyplacophora, with 20 species identified. Tonicellidae and Ischnochitonidae were the Families better represented inspecies richness and Chitonidae in abundance. Lepidochitona flectens is a new record for the mexican Tropical Pacific and Stenoplax mariposa for mPR. No. 32. The density was 25.48 specimens/m2. Eight dominant species were determined. Chiton albolineatus had the highest density. Ischnochiton muscarius, Chaetopleura unilineata, Chiton albolineatus and Chiton articulatus presented wide distribution. Chiton articulatus showed the largest size in length and width. H’ = 2.01 bits/ individual. Numerous dominant species were present with broad and regular distribution, probably due to Polyplacophora body design, which allows for better adaptation to the rigorous environmental conditions of the rocky intertidal.

关键词： Polyplacophora Species Richness Distribution Sizes

Structural Analysis of TiC and TiC-C Core-Shell Nanostructures Produced by Pulsed-Laser Ablation

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Journal of materials Science and Chemical Engineering 2023年第7期11卷 1-13页

作者： Luis Enrique Iniesta Piña miguel Ángel Camacho López rafael Vilchis Néstor Víctor Hugo Castrejón Sánchez Delfino Reyes Contreras mestría en Ciencia de materiales Facultad de Química Campus Rosedal Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Toluca México Laboratorio de Fotomedicina Biofotónica y Espectroscopía Láser de Pulsos Ultracortos Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Toluca México Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM Toluca México TecNm/Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Jocotitlán Jocotitlán México Laboratorio de Acústica y Nanomateriales Facultad de Ciencias Campus el Cerrillo Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Toluca México

This paper reports on the ablation process of a pure Ti solid target immersed in a C-enriched acetone solution, leading to the production of titanium carbide (TiC) and Ti-C core-shell nanostructures. The used route of synthesis is generally called pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL). The presence of carbon structures in the solution contributed to the carbon content in the produced Ti-based nanomaterials. The atomic composition of the produced nanostructures was analyzed using SEm-EDS, while TEm micrographs revealed the formation of spherical TiC and core-shell nanostructures ranging from 40 to 100 nm. The identification of atomic planes by HRTEm confirmed a 10 nm diameter C-shell with a graphite structure surrounding the Ti-core. Raman spectroscopy allowed for the identification of D and G peaks for graphite and a Raman signal at 380 and 600 cm−1, assigned to TiC. The results contribute to the state-of-the-art production of TiC and Ti-C core-shell nanostructures using the PLAL route.

关键词： Laser Ablation TiC Nanoparticles Core-Shell Nanoparticles Pulsed Laser