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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2023年第10期85卷 490-500,I0013页

作者： Qi Zhao rachel Crespo-Otero Devis Di Tommaso Department of Chemistry School of Physical and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondon E14NSUK Department of Chemistry University College LondonLondon WC1H 0AJUK

Diatomic catalysts(DACs)with two adjacent metal atoms supported on graphene can offer diverse functionalities,overcoming the inherent limitations of single atom catalysts(SACs).In this study,density functional theory calculations were conducted to investigate the reactivity of the carbon dioxide(CO_(2))reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)on metal sites of both DACs and SACs,as well as their synergistic effects on activity and *** of the Gibbs free energies of CO_(2)RR and associated values of the limiting potentials to generate C_(1) products showed that Cu acts as a promoter rather than an active catalytic centre in the catalytic CO_(2)conversion on heteronuclear DACs(CuN_(4)-MN_(4)),improving the catalytic activity on the other metal compared to the related SAC MN_(4).Cu enhances the initial reduction of CO_(2)by promoting orbital hybridization between the key intermediate*COOH 2p-orbitals and the metals 3d-orbitals around the Fermi *** degree of hybridization in the DACs CuN_(4)-MN_(4) decreases from Fe to Co,Ni,and *** work demonstrates how Cu regulates the CO_(2)RR performance of heteronuclear DACs,offering an effective approach to designing practical,stable,and high-performing diatomic catalysts for CO_(2)electroreduction.

关键词： Electrocatalytic CO_(2)reduction Single atom catalysts Diatomic catalysts Graphene Density functional theory calculations

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Suprathreshold compound action potential amplitude as a measure of auditory function in cochlear implant users

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Journal of Otology 2017年第1期12卷 18-28页

作者： rachel A.Scheperle Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders University of Iowa Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders Montclair State University

Electrically evoked compound action potential(e CAP) amplitudes elicited at suprathreshold levels were assessed as a measure of the effectiveness of cochlear implant(CI) stimulation. Twenty-one individuals participated; one was excluded due to facial stimulation during e CAP testing. For each participant, e CAPs were elicited with stimulation from seven electrodes near the upper limit of the individual's electrical dynamic range. A reduced-channel CI program was created using those same seven electrodes, and participants performed a vowel discrimination task. Consistent with previous reports, e CAP amplitudes varied across tested electrodes; the profiles were unique to each individual. In 6subjects(30%), e CAP amplitude variability was partially explained by the impedance of the recording electrode. The remaining amplitude variability within subjects, and the variability observed across subjects could not be explained by recording electrode impedance. This implies that other underlying factors, such as variations in neural status across the array, are responsible. Across-site mean e CAP amplitude was significantly correlated with vowel discrimination scores(r^2= 0.56). A single e CAP amplitude measured from the middle of the array was also significantly correlated with vowel discrimination, but the correlation was weaker(r^2= 0.37), though not statistically different from the acrosssite mean. Normalizing each e CAP amplitude by its associated recording electrode impedance did not improve the correlation with vowel discrimination(r^2= 0.52). Further work is needed to assess whether combining e CAP amplitude with other measures of the electrode-neural interface and/or with more central measures of auditory function provides a more complete picture of auditory function in CI recipients.

关键词： Cochlear implant Compound action potential Suprathreshold amplitude

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濒死的意识体验

环球科学 2024年第13期 40-47页

作者：蕾切尔·努维尔金烨(翻译) 不详

濒死体验是一根能够揭示意识和大脑最本质真相的为探寻那些生命隐藏在最深处的秘密带来一丝光芒。几十年来,弗朗索瓦·德达斯基(Francois d'Adesky)从未向任何人讲述过自己的濒死体验(near-death experience)。这名生活在比利时布鲁塞... 详细信息

濒死体验是一根能够揭示意识和大脑最本质真相的为探寻那些生命隐藏在最深处的秘密带来一丝光芒。几十年来,弗朗索瓦·德达斯基(Francois d'Adesky)从未向任何人讲述过自己的濒死体验(near-death experience)。这名生活在比利时布鲁塞尔的退休外交官兼公务员经历濒死体验时只有13岁,当时他因为急性阑尾炎被送进了医院。德达斯基生动地回忆起当时他看到自己的身体躺在手术台上,然后他穿过了一条隧道,在那里遇到了奇异的生灵,他们全身散发着光辉与神性。“你的死期还没到”,其中一位长者这么告诉他,德达斯基直觉地认为“他”就是上帝,后者说:“你在地球上的使命还没开始。”

关键词：濒死体验急性阑尾炎弗朗索瓦达斯意识体验

The Fall and Rise of Tuberculosis： How Institutional Change Affected Health Outcomes in Shanghai, 1927--2013

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Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 2016年第1期9卷 65-90页

作者： rachel Core Stetson University DeLand FL USA

This paper examines the decline of tuberculosis and the faltering of TB in China. Specifically, I examine how institutional change--the construction and dismantling of the work-unit system--has affected TB control. The work-unit system was an employment system under which the vast majority of the population, in both urban and rural areas, had guaranteed employment and a host of benefits, including health insurance and access to the public health and health care systems. This system was created in the 1950s, which coincided with the decline of TB mortality and morbidity. The 1990s dismantling of the work-unit system has coincided with resurgent TB. This comparative historical sociological work examines TB control in Shanghai at three critical junctures： before the work-unit system was constructed, while it was in place, and since it has been dismantled. I examine both Shanghai＇s urban districts and rural counties, based on data gathered from archival sources and in-depth interviews during 17 months of field research. I argue that the work-unit system provided an effective basic-level infrastructure for the provision of public health and health care services that reached the entire population. This infrastructure was critical to the success of TB control efforts during the work-unit era, and its dismantling has been a key cause of the faltering of TB control in recent years.

关键词： Tuberculosis · Shanghai · Institutional change · Work-unit system · Public health

Human androgen deficiency： insights gained from androgen receptor knockout mouse models

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2014年第2期16卷 169-177,I0006页

作者： Kesha Rana rachel A Davey Jeffrey D Zajac Department of Medicine Austin Health University of Melbourne Heidelberg Victoria Australia.

The mechanism of androgen action is complex. Recently, significant advances have been made into our understanding of how androgens act via the androgen receptor （AR） through the use of genetically modified mouse models. A number of global and tissue-specific AR knockout （ARKO） models have been generated using the Cre-loxP system which allows tissue- and/or cell-specific deletion. These ARKO models have examined a number of sites of androgen action including the cardiovascular system, the immune and hemopoetic system, bone, muscle, adipose tissue, the prostate and the brain. This review focuses on the insights that have been gained into human androgen deficiency through the use of ARKO mouse models at each of these sites of action, and highlights the strengths and limitations of these Cre-loxP mouse models that should be considered to ensure accurate interpretation of the phenotype.

关键词： androgen receptor androgen receptor knockout mouse model androgen deficiency

（1,3;1,4）-β-D-Glucans in Cell Walls of the Poaceae, Lower Plants, and Fungi： A Tale of Two Linkages

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Molecular Plant 2009年第5期2卷 873-882页

作者： rachel A. Burton Geoffrey B. Fincher The Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics School of Agriculture Food and Wine University of Adelaide Waite Campus Glen Osmond SA 5064Australia

（1,3;1,4）-β-D-Glucans consist of unbranched and unsubstituted chains of （1,3）- and （1,4）-β-glucosyl residues, in which the ratio of （1,4）-β-D-glucosyl residues to （1,3）-β-D-glucosyl residues appears to influence not only the physicochemical properties of the polysaccharide and therefore its functional properties in cell walls, but also its adoption by different plant species during evolution. The （1,3; 1,4）-β-D-glucans are widely distributed as non-cellulosic matrix phase polysaccharides in cell walls of the Poaceae, which evolved relatively recently and consist of the grasses and commercially important cereal species, but they are less commonly found in lower vascular plants, such as the horsetails, in algae and in fungi. The （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucans have often been considered to be components mainly of primary cell walls, but recent observations indicate that they can also be located in secondary walls of certain tissues. Enzymes involved in the depolymerisation of （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucans have been well characterized. In contrast, initial difficulties in purifying the enzymes responsible for （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucan biosynthesis slowed progress in the identification of the genes that encode （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucan synthases, but emerging comparative genomics and associated techniques have allowed at least some of the genes that contribute to （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucan synthesis in the Poaceae to be identified. Whether similar genes and enzymes also mediate （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucan biosynthesis in lower plants and fungi is not yet known. Here, we compare the different fine structures of （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucans across the plant kingdom, present current information on the genes that have been implicated recently in their biosynthesis, and consider aspects of the cell biology of （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucan biosynthesis in the Poaceae.

关键词： Cereals chemical structure glycosidic linkage analysis Poaceae polysaccharide biosynthesis wall deposition.

Do females use their sexual status to gain resource access？ Investigating food-for-sex in wolves and dogs

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Current Zoology 2017年第3期63卷 323-330页

作者： rachel DALE Sarah MARSHALL-PESCINI Friederike RANGE Comparative Cognition Messerli Research Institute University of Veterinary Medicine Medical University of Vienna University of Vienna Vienna Austria Wolf Science Center Ernstbrunn Austria

While food sharing among related individuals can be explained by kin selection, food sharing be- tween unrelated individuals has been more of an evolutionary puzzle. The food-for-sex hypothesis provides an explanation for the occurrence of food sharing among nonkin. However, little is known about the socio-ecological factors that can promote such a commodity exchange. A species mating system is a factor potentially influencing food-for-sex patterns of behavior. Here, we compared wolves, which form pair-bonds, with dogs, which are typically promiscuous in freeranging contexts, to investigate the effect of reproductive stages on the behavior around a food source in 2 different contexts. Furthermore, we considered the roles of both the males and the fe- males in the potential food-for-sex exchange. Results indicate that in both species and for both sexes the breeding period promotes decreased aggression. Additionally, females were more per- sistent in their attempts to access the food and were able to monopolize the resource more when in heat as compared to outside the breeding period. Finally, in dogs, but not wolves, females spent more time in proximity to the male＇s bone and had a shorter latency to start eating it when in heat. Overall, this study demonstrates that the food-for-sex hypothesis plays a part in intersexual food sharing in canids, and highlights the role of females in the interaction. These effects were especially the case in dogs, suggesting a potential effect of mating system on food-for-sex responses

关键词： canid food-for-sex food sharing tolerance.

Is convenience really king? Comparative evaluation of catastrophic costs due to tuberculosis in the public and private healthcare sectors of Viet Nam: a longitudinal patient cost study

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贫困所致传染病(英文) 2024年第2期13卷 17-28页

作者： Nguyen Hoa Binh Quang Vo Luan Nguyen Forse rachel Jeanette Wiemers Anja Maria Christine Huynh Huy Ba Dong Thuy Thi Thu Phan Yen Thi Hoang Creswell Jacob Dang Thi Minh Ha Nguyen Lan Huu Shedrawy Jad L?nnroth Knut Nguyen Tuan Dinh Van Dinh Luong Annerstedt Kristi Sidney Codlin Andrew James National Lung Hospital Ha Noi Viet Nam Friends for International TB Relief Ha Noi Viet Nam Department of Global Public Health WHO Collaboration Centre On Tuberculosis and Social Medicine Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden Stop TB Partnership Geneva Switzerland Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital Ho Chi Minh City Viet Nam

Background In Viet Nam, tuberculosis (TB) represents a devastating life-event with an exorbitant price tag, partly due to lost income from daily directly observed therapy in public sector care. Thus, persons with TB may seek care in the private sector for its flexibility, convenience, and privacy. Our study aimed to measure income changes, costs and catastrophic cost incurrence among TB-affected households in the public and private *** Between October 2020 and March 2022, we conducted 110 longitudinal patient cost interviews, among 50 patients privately treated for TB and 60 TB patients treated by the National TB Program (NTP) in Ha Noi, Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. Using a local adaptation of the WHO TB patient cost survey tool, participants were interviewed during the intensive phase, continuation phase and post-treatment. We compared income levels, direct and indirect treatment costs, catastrophic costs using Wilcoxon rank-sum and chi-squared tests and associated risk factors between the two cohorts using multivariate *** The pre-treatment median monthly household income was significantly higher in the private sector versus NTP cohort (USD 868 vs USD 578;P=0.010). However, private sector treatment was also significantly costlier (USD 2075 vs USD 1313;P=0.005), driven by direct medical costs which were 4.6 times higher than costs reported by NTP participants (USD 754 vs USD 164;P<0.001). This resulted in no significant difference in catastrophic costs between the two cohorts (Private: 55% vs NTP: 52%;P=0.675). Factors associated with catastrophic cost included being a single-person household [adjusted odds ratio [(aOR=13.71; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.36–138.14;P=0.026], unemployment during treatment (aOR=10.86; 95%CI: 2.64–44.60;P<0.001) and experiencing TB-related stigma (aOR=37.90; 95%CI: 1.72–831.73;P=0.021).Conclusions Persons with TB in Viet Nam face similarly high risk of catastrophic costs whether treated in the

关键词： Tuberculosis Patient cost Catastrophic cost Private sector Comparative analysis Viet Nam

SIMAP500: A novel risk score to identify recipients at higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence following liver transplantation

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World Journal of Transplantation 2024年第3期14卷 132-143页

作者： Amr Alnagar Nekisa Zakeri Konstantinos Koilias Rosemary E Faulkes rachel Brown Owen Cain M Thamara P R Perera Keith J Roberts Rebeca Sanabria-Mateos David C Bartlett Yuk Ting Ma Shivan Sivakumar Shishir Shetty Tahir Shah Bobby V M Dasari Department of HBP and Liver Transplantation Surgery Queen Elizabeth HospitalUniversity Hospitals BirminghamBirmingham B152GWUnited Kingdom Centre for Liver Research Institute of Biomedical ResearchBirmingham B152TTUnited Kingdom Department of Hepatology Queen Elizabeth HospitalUniversity Hospitals BirminghamBirmingham B152GWUnited Kingdom Department of Pathology University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirmingham B152GWUnited Kingdom Department of Oncology Queen Elizabeth HospitalUniversity Hospitals of BirminghamBirmingham B152GWUnited Kingdom

BACKGROUND Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)following liver transplantation(LT)has a devastating influence on recipients’survival;however,the risk of recur-rence is not routinely *** stratification is vital with a long LT waiting time,as that could influence the recurrence despite strict listing *** This study aims to identify predictors of recurrence and develop a novel risk pre-diction score to forecast HCC recurrence following *** A retrospective review of LT for HCC recipients at University Hospitals Bir-mingham between July 2011 and February *** and multivariate analyses were performed to identify recurrence predictors,based on which the novel SIMAP500(satellite nodules,increase in size,microvascular invasion,AFP>500,poor differentiation)risk score was *** 234 LTs for HCC were performed with a median follow-up of 5.3 *** developed in 25 patients(10.7%).On univariate analyses,RETREAT score>3,α-fetoprotein(AFP)at listing 100-500 and>500,bridging,increased tumour size between imaging at the listing time and explant histology,increase in the size of viable tumour between listing and explant,presence of satellite nodules,micro-and macrovascular invasion on explant and poor differentiation of tumours were significantly associated with recurrence,based on which,the SIMAP500 risk score is *** SIMAP500 demonstrated an excellent predictive ability(c-index=0.803)and outper-formed the RETREAT score(c-index=0.73).SIMAP500 is indicative of the time to disease *** SIMAP500 risk score identifies the LT recipients at risk of HCC *** stratification allows patient-centric post-transplant surveillance *** validation of the score is recommended.

关键词： Liver transplantation Hepatocellular carcinoma Recurrence Survival

What Makes Homeowners Consider Protective Actions to Reduce Disaster Risk?An Application of the Precaution Adoption Process Model and Life Course Theory

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2021年第3期12卷 312-325页

作者： Alexia Stock rachel A.Davidson Joseph E.Trainor rachel Slotter Linda K.Nozick Jamie B.Kruse Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of DelawareNewarkDE 19711USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of DelawareNewarkDE 19716USA School of Public Policy and Administration University of DelawareNewarkDE 19716USA Disaster Science and Management University of DelawareNewarkDE 19716USA School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Cornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USA Department of Economics East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNC 27858USA

We hypothesize that for disaster risk mitigation,many households,despite being aware of their risk and possible mitigation actions,never seriously consider doing anything about *** mitigation-focused decisions,since there is no equivalent to warning messages,the decision process is likely to evolve over an extended *** explore what activates hurricane mitigation protective action decisions through three research questions:(1)to what extent are homeowners unengaged in protective action decision making?(2)What homeowner characteristics are associated with lack of engagement?And(3)to what extent do different life events trigger engagement in the decision-making process?We use the Precaution Adoption Process Model to conceptualize engagement as distinct from decision making;the broader protective action decision-making literature to explore drivers of engagement;and Life Course Theory to examine potential transitions from unengaged to *** use survey data of homeowners in North Carolina to examine these questions *** suggest that one-third of respondents had never engaged in protective action decisions,that life experiences differ in their occurrence frequency and effect on households’mitigation decisions,and that some events,such as renovating,reroofing,or purchasing a home may offer critical moments that could be leveraged to encourage greater engagement in mitigation decision making.

关键词： Homeowners Hurricane damage Life course theory Mitigation decisions North Carolina Protective action

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