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世界经验对中国儿童早期发展的启示——罗斯高(scott rozelle)与詹姆斯·赫克曼(James Heckman)的问答录

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华东师范大学学报（教育科学版） 2019年第3期37卷 129-133页

作者：詹姆斯.赫克曼罗斯高芝加哥大学经济学院斯坦福大学

2018年11月17日,詹姆斯·赫克曼(James J. Heckman)教授在西安召开的"2018年儿童早期发展国际论坛"上发表主旨演讲,出席会议的有来自世界各地和中国各地的政要和顶尖学者。赫克曼教授就儿童早期发展(ECD)质量对生活在贫困和富裕社区的... 详细信息

2018年11月17日,詹姆斯·赫克曼(James J. Heckman)教授在西安召开的"2018年儿童早期发展国际论坛"上发表主旨演讲,出席会议的有来自世界各地和中国各地的政要和顶尖学者。赫克曼教授就儿童早期发展(ECD)质量对生活在贫困和富裕社区的婴幼儿的重要性进行了广泛和深入的概述。他在演讲中阐明儿童早期发展质量对一个人的童年及其终生的健康、经济和社会性结果都有重大影响。高质量的儿童早期发展项目对整个社会的影响也是巨大的。他特别强调了儿童早期发展的经济学意义,认为政府投资弱势儿童的早期发展,其社会回报率非常高。赫克曼教授借鉴了世界各地的研究成果,包括他自己以及美国和其他发达国家的其他学者的研究成果。演讲结束后,他与会议组织团队进行了座谈,回答了关于他的研究以及其他科学家和社会科学家近期研究的一些基本问题。问答阶段的总目标是总结儿童早期发展对国家发展的重要性以及决策者在这一进程中的作用。在可能的情况下,赫克曼教授尝试从国际文献中为中国案例提供经验与启示。与詹姆斯·赫克曼教授的问答,由罗斯高(scott rozelle)教授主要负责。问答后附有对"赫克曼曲线"的简要述评。

关键词：中国儿童早期发展赫克曼詹姆斯问答世界美国国家科学院罗斯

Natural refuge crops, buildup of resistance, and zero-refuge strategy for Bt cotton in China

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2010年第10期53卷 1227-1238页

作者： rozelle scott WILEN James Food Security and the Environment Program Freeman Spogli Institute of International Studies Stanford University Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics University of California Davis One Shields Avenue

In the context of genetically modified crops expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin, a ‘refuge’ refers to a crop of the same or a related species that is planted nearby to enable growth and reproduction of the target pest without the selection pres- sure imposed by the Bt toxin. The goal of this study is to discuss the role of natural refuge crops in slowing down the buildup of resistance of cotton bollworm (CBW), and to evaluate China’s no-refuge policy for Bt cotton. We describe in detail the dif- ferent factors that China should consider in relation to the refuge policy. Drawing on a review of scientific data, economic analyses of other cases, and a simulation exercise using a bio-economic model, we show that in the case of Bt cotton in China, the no-refuge policy is defensible.

关键词： Bt cotton resistance natural refuge crops China

A decade of Bt cotton in Chinese fields: Assessing the direct effects and indirect externalities of Bt cotton adoption in China

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2010年第8期53卷 981-991页

作者： scott rozelle Carl PRAY Food Security and the Environment Program Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Stanford University School of Environmental and Biological Sciences Rutgers the State University of New Jersey

The objective of this study is to examine whether or not the gains from reduced spraying for bollworms are being sustained more than one decade after the initial adoption in 2007. Based on farm-level data collected by the authors in 1999–2007 in 16 villages from 4 provinces, this study shows that insecticides applied for controlling bollworms have declined. This analysis supports Chinese policy makers’ decision to not require refuges of non-Bt cotton fields. It also suggests that past studies may have underestimated the benefits from adopting Bt technology.

关键词： biotechnology Bt cotton insecticide sustainability externalities China

Education Universalization,Rural School Participation,and Population Density

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China & World Economy 2022年第4期30卷 4-30页

作者： Xi Zhang scott rozelle Institute of Population and Labor Economics Chinese Academy of Social SciencesChina Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Stanford Universitythe US

In many developing countries,low population density may be a major reason for low school participation in rural areas,and the problem is likely to worsen with rapid ***,few studies have investigated empirically the role of population density in rural education,especially the moderating effect of population density on the outcomes of education *** study aims to fill this gap in the *** 1999 through the early 2000s,China launched a set of major nationwide policies aimed at universalizing 9-year compulsory education in rural *** difference-in-differences and triple difference strategies,we show that the policies significantly increased the probability of junior high school enrollment of rural children and,more importantly,these policies were more effective in densely populated *** findings confirm the imporance of population density to rural education.

关键词： enrollment rate policy effectiveness rural population density universal 9-year compulsory education policy

Introduction＂ China＇s Rural Economy And Human Captial

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China & World Economy 2016年第3期24卷 1-2页

作者： scott rozelle Linxiu Zhang Professor Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Stanford University USA Professor Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences China

As China moves into its fourth decade of reform, the economic environment is changing rapidly. Wages are rising. The supply of labor is falling. China＇s economy is maturing. As a consequence, in China today the nature of wage employment and self-employment is changing. Migration is rising. The need for higher levels of education to be attained （high school and above） has never been greater.

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Gender and Off-farm Employment： Evidence from Rural China

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China & World Economy 2016年第3期24卷 18-36页

作者： Xiaobing Wang Linghui Han Jikun Huang Linxiu Zhang scott rozelle Associate Professor School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences Peking University China. Researcher Research Institute of Fiscal Science Ministry of Finance and the National Institute for Fiscal Studies Tsinghua University China Professor School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences Peking University China Professor Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences China Professor Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Stanford University USA

The goal of the present paper is to examine how the expansion of the economy from 2000 has affected rural off-farm labor market participation. Specifically, we seek to determine whether off-farm labor increased after 2000, what forms of employment are driving trends in off-farm labor and whether gender differences can be observed in off- farm employment trends. Using a nationally representative dataset that consist of two waves of surveys conducted in 2000 and 2008 in six provinces, this paper finds that off- farm labor market participation continued to rise steadily in the early 2000s. However, there is a clear difference in the trends associated with occupational choice before and after 2000. In addition, we find that rural oy^farm employment trends are diffbrent for men and women. Our analysis also shows that the rise of wage-earning employment corresponds with an increasing unskilled wage for both men and women.

关键词： gender rural China self-employment wages

Bt Cotton in China:Are Secondary Insect Infestations Offsetting the Benefits in Farmer Fields?

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Agricultural Sciences in China 2009年第1期8卷 83-90页

作者： WANG Zi-jun LIN Hai HUANG Ji-kun HU Rui-fa scott rozelle Carl Pray Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P.R. China College of Economics and Management China Agricultural University Beijing 100083 P.R. China Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA Department of Agriculture Food and Resource Economics Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ 08901-8520 USA

The area sown to Bt cotton has expanded rapidly in China since 1997. It has effectively controlled the bollworm. However, in recent years, concern has surfaced about the emergence of secondary insect pests, particular mirids, in Bt cotton fields. This study measures the patterns of insecticide use based on farm-level from 1999 to 2006, the analysis demonstrates a rise in insecticide use to control mirids between 2001 and 2004, secondary insect infestations is largely related to the rise of mirids, but this rising did not continue in more than half of sample villages studied in 2004-2006. Moreover, the increase in insecticide use for the control of secondary insects is far smaller than the reduction in total insecticide use due to Bt cotton adoption. Further econometric analyses show that rise and fall of mirids is largely related to local temperature and rainfall.

关键词： Bt cotton secondary insect mirid China

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水果销售渠道主要影响因素的实证研究

系统工程理论与实践 2009年第4期29卷 58-66页

作者：乌云花黄季焜 scott rozelle 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所农业政策研究中心北京100101 中国科学院研究生院北京100039 内蒙古农业大学呼和浩特010018 斯坦福大学国际研究所斯坦福95616

在山东省通过分层随机抽样的方法抽取种植苹果的农户,采用统计及经济计量模型方法对农户的水果销售渠道的特征及其农户选择不同的销售渠道的影响因素进行了实证分析.研究结果表明,虽然加工企业、出口企业、超市及专业供应商等现代采购... 详细信息

在山东省通过分层随机抽样的方法抽取种植苹果的农户,采用统计及经济计量模型方法对农户的水果销售渠道的特征及其农户选择不同的销售渠道的影响因素进行了实证分析.研究结果表明,虽然加工企业、出口企业、超市及专业供应商等现代采购渠道已经出现,并有显著的增长趋势,但目前小商贩和批发商等传统渠道仍然是与农户进行直接交易的主体.现代渠道的崛起并不排斥小规模农户的进入,他们同样在市场扩展中得到益处,这同目前我国小规模的农户生产以及富有竞争的批发市场紧密相关.研究同时也发现,交通及市场基础设施条件、地区规模效应、农户生产经验及非农就业等因素显著影响着农户的销售渠道选择行为.根据研究结果,讨论了相应的政策含义.

关键词：水果销售渠道影响因素中国山东苹果

Impact of Childcare and Eldercare on Off-farm Activities in Rural China

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China & World Economy 2015年第2期23卷 100-120页

作者： Fangbin Qiao scott rozelle Linxiu Zhang Yi Yao Jian Zhang China Economics and Management Academy Central University of Finance and Economics Beijing China Research Center Stanford University Stanford USA Center for Chinese Agriculture Policy Institute for Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China China Economics and Management Academy Central University of Finance and Economies Beijing China School of Economies Central University of Finance and Economics Beijing China

Using individual data collected in rural China and adopting Heckman＇s two-step function, we examined the impact of childcare and eldercare on laborers＇ off-farm activities. Our study finds that having school-aged children has a negative impact on rural laborers＇ migration decisions and a positive impact on their decision to work in the local off-farm employment market. As grandparents can help to take care of young children, the impact of preschoolers is insignificant. Having elderly family to care for decreases the income earned by female members of the family. Although both men and women are actively engaged in off-farm employment today in rural China, this study shows that women are still the primary care providers for both children and the elderly. Therefore, reforming public school enrollment and high school/college entrance examination systems so that migrant children can stay with their parents, this will help rural laborers to migrate to cities. The present study also calls for more public services for preschoolers and the elderly in rural China.

关键词： childcare China eldercare gender migration