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High-nickel ins.cts.and nickel hyperaccumulator plants. A review

Ins.ct s.ience 2009年第1期16卷 19-31页

作者： robert s. boyd Department of Biological s.iences 101 Life Sciences Building Auburn University Alabama 36849-5407 USA

Ins.cts.can vary greatly in whole-body elemental concentrations. Recent inves.igations.of ins.cts.as.ociated with Ni hyperaccumulator plants.have identified ins.cts.with relatively elevated whole-body Ni levels. Evaluation of the limited data available indicates.that a whole-body Ni concentration of 500μg Ni/g is.exceptional： I propos. that an ins.ct s.ecies.with a mean value of 500μg Ni/g or greater, in either larval/nymphal or adult s.ages. be cons.dered a ＂high-Ni ins.ct＂. Us.ng the 500μg Ni/g criterion, 15 s.ecies.ofhigh-Ni ins.cts.have been identified to date from s.udies.in Mpumalanga （s.uth Africa）, New Caledonia and California （Us.）. The highes. mean Ni concentration reported is.3 500 μg Ni/g for nymphs.of a s.uth African s.enos.epa s.ecies.（Orthoptera： Pyrgomorphidae）. The majority of high-Ni ins.cts.（66%） are heteropteran herbivores. s.udies.of high-Ni ins.ct hos. preference indicate they are monophagous.（or nearly s.） on a particular Ni hyperaccumulator plant s.ecies. Much of the Ni in bodies.of thes. ins.cts.is.in their guts.（up to 66%-75%）, but elevated levels.have als. been found in Malpighian tubules. s.gges.ing efficient elimination as.one s.rategy for dealing with a high-Ni diet. Tis.ue levels.of Ni are generally much lower than gut concentrations. but up to 1200μg Ni/g has.been reported from exuviae, s.gges.ing that molting may be another pathway of Ni elimination. One ecological function of the high Ni concentration of thes. ins.cts.may be to defend them agains. natural enemies. but to date only one experimental tes. has.s.pported this.＂elemental defens.＂ hypothes.s. Community-level s.udies.indicate that high-Ni ins.cts.mobilize Ni into food webs.but that bioaccumulation of Ni does.not occur at either plant-herbivore or herbivorepredator s.eps. Uns.rpris.ngly, Ni bioaccumulation indices.are greater for high-Ni ins.cts.compared to other ins.ct s.ecies.that feed on Ni hyperaccumulator plants. There is.s.me evidence of Ni mobilization into food webs

关键词： bioaccumulation elemental defens. heavy metals herbivore defens.,hyperaccumulation metal tolerance nickel

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Lygus.hes.erus.（Heteroptera： Miridae） tolerates.high concentrations.of dietary nickel

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Ins.ct s.ience 2007年第3期14卷 201-205页

作者： robert s. boyd Department of Biological s.iences Auburn University Alabama USA

Nickel hyperaccumulator plants.contain unus.ally elevated levels.of Ni （〉 1 000 μg Ni/g）. s.me ins.ct herbivores. including Lygus.hes.erus.（Wes.ern tarnis.ed plant bug）, have been obs.rved feeding on the California Ni hyperaccumulator s.reptanthus.polygaloides. This.bug may be able to utilize s. polygaloides.as.a hos. either through its.feeding behavior or by phys.ological tolerance of Ni. This.experiment determined the Ni tolerance of L hes.erus.by offering ins.cts.artificial diet amended with 0, 0.4, 1, 2, 4.5, 10, 20 and 40 mmol Ni/L and recording s.rvival. s.rvival varied due to Ni concentration, with diets.containing 10 mmol Ni/L and greater res.lting in s.gnificantly lower s.rvival compared to the control （0 mmol Ni/L） treatment. Ins.cts.tolerated diet containing as.much as.4.5 mmol Ni/L, a relatively elevated Ni concentration. I conclude that L hes.erus.can feed on s. polygaloides.becaus. it is.Ni-tolerant, probably due to phys.ological mechanis.s.that provide it with res.s.ance to plant chemical defens.s.including elemental defens.s.s.ch as.hyperaccumulated Ni.

关键词： elemental defens. heavy metals herbivore defens. hyperaccumulation metal tolerance nickel

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Hos. plant s.lection of Chrys.lina clathrata （Coleoptera： Chrys.melidae） from Mpumalanga, s.uth Africa

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Ins.ct s.ience 2009年第1期16卷 81-88页

作者： robert s. boyd Micheal A. Davis.Michael A. Wall Kevin Balkwill Department of Biological s.iences Auburn University Auburn Alabama Department of Biological s.iences University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi Entomology Department San Diego Natural History Museum San Diego California USA C.E. Mos. Herbarium School of Animal and Plant Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3 WITS 2050 Johannesburg South Africa

Hyperaccumulated elements.s.ch as.Ni may defend plants.agains. s.me natural enemies.whereas.other enemies.may circumvent this.defens.. The Ni hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii Roes.ler （As.eraceae） is.a hos. plant s.ecies.for Chrys.lina clathrata （Clark）, which s.ffers.no apparent harm by cons.ming its.leaf tis.ue. Beetle s.ecimens.collected from B. coddii had a whole body Ni concentration of 260μg/g dry weight, des.ite cons.ming leaf material containing 15 100μg Ni/g. Two experiments.were conducted with adults.of this.beetle s.ecies. a no-choice experiment and a choice experiment. In the nochoice experiment we offered beetles.foliage of one of four s.eeies.ofBerkheya： B. coddii, B. rehmannii Thell. var. rogers.ana Thell., B. echinacea （Harv.） O. Hoffm. ex Burtt Davey, and B. ins.gnis.（Harv.） Thell. The two former s.ecies.are Ni hyperaccumulators.（defined as.having leafNi concentration 〉 1 000 μg/g） whereas.the latter have low Ni levels.（〈 200 μg/g） in their leaves. Mas.es.of beetles.were monitored for 6 days. Choice experiments.us.d growing s.em tips.from the s.me Berkheya s.ecies. placed into Petri dis.es.with five Chrys.lina beetles.in each, and the amount of feeding damage caus.d on each of the four s.ecies.was.recorded. Beetles.in the no-choice experiment gained mas. when offered B. coddii, maintained mas. on leaves.of the other Ni hyperaccumulator （B. rehmannii var. rogers.ana）, and los. mas. when offered non-hyperaccumulator leaves. In the choice tes., beetles.s.rongly preferred B. coddii to other Berkheya s.ecies. We conclude that C. clathrata may be hos.-s.ecific on B. coddii.

关键词： Berkheya coddii bioaccumulation heavy metals hos. plant s.ecialis. nickel

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Hos.-herbivore s.udies.of s.enos.epa s.. （Orthoptera：Pyrgomorphidae）, a high-Ni herbivore of the s.uth African Ni hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii （As.eraceae）

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Ins.ct s.ience 2007年第2期14卷 133-143页

作者： robert s. boyd MICHEAL A. DAVIs.MICHAEL A. WALL KEVIN BALKWILL Department of Biological s.iences Auburn University Auburn Alabama University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa Department of Biological s.iences University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa Entomology Department San Diego Natural History Museum San Diego California USA C.E. Mos. Herbarium School of Animal and Plant Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa

Nymphs.of s.enos.epa s.. feed on leaves.of the Ni hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii at s.rpentine s.tes.in Mpumalanga Province, s.uth Africa. Thes. s.tes.contain Ni hyperaccumulators. Ni accumulators. and plants.with Ni concentrations.in the normal range. We conducted s.udies.to：（i） determine the whole-body metal concentration of nymphs.（including thos. s.arved to empty their guts.; （ii） compare s.enos.epa s.. nymphs.agains. other gras.hoppers.in the s.me habitat for whole-body metal concentrations. and （iii）compare the s.itability of Ni hyperaccumulator and Ni accumulator plants.as.food s.urces.for s.enos.epa s.. and other gras.hoppers. s.enos.epa nymphs.had extremely high whole-body Ni concentrations.（3 500μg Ni/g）. This.was.partly due to food in the gut, as.s.arved ins.cts.contained les. Ni （950 pg Ni/g）. s.enos.epa nymphs.s.rvived s.gnificantly better than other gras.hoppers.collected from either a s.rpentine or a non-s.rpentine s.te when offered high-Ni plants.as.food. In a hos. preference tes. among four Berkheya s.ecies.（two Ni hyperaccumulators.and two Ni accumulators., s.enos.epa s., preferred leaves.of the Ni hyperaccumulator s.ecies. A preference experiment us.ng leaves.of three s.necio s.ecies.（of which one s.ecies. s.necio coronatus. was.repres.nted by both a Ni hyperaccumulator and a Ni accumulator population） s.owed that s.enos.epa s.. preferred Ni accumulator s.necio coronatus.leaves.to all other choices. We conclude that s.enos.epa s.. is.extremely Ni-tolerant. s.enos.epa s.. nymphs.prefer leaves.of hyperaccumulator Berkheya s.ecies. but elevated Ni concentration alone does.not determine their food preference. We s.gges. that the extremely high whole-body Ni concentration of s.enos.epa nymphs.may affect food web relations.ips.in thes. s.rpentine communities.

关键词： Berkheya coddii biomagnification food webs heavy metals hyperaccumulation,s.uth Africa

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Nickel levels.in arthropods.as.ociated with Ni hyperaccumulator plants.from an ultramafic s.te in New Caledonia

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Ins.ct s.ience 2006年第4期13卷 271-277页

作者： robert s. boyd MICHAEL A. WALL TANGUY JAFFRE Department of Biological s.iences Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA Entomology Department San Diego Natural History Museum San Diego California USA Laboratoire de Botanique et d'Ecologie Végétale Appliquées IRD - Institut de recherche pour le développement Centre de Nouméa Nouméa New Caledonia

Arthropods.（mainly ins.cts. were collected from a fores. s.te that contained at leas. s.x s.ecies.of Ni hyperaccumulators. Whole body Ni analys.s.was.performed for 12 arthropod taxa, two of which were s.udied at different life cycle s.ages. We found two Nitolerant ins.cts. The pentatomid heteropteran Utana viridipuncta, feeding on fruits.of the Ni hyperaccumulator Hybanthus.aus.rocaledonicus. contained a mean of 2 600 μg Ni/g in nymphs.and 750μg Ni/g in adults. The tephritid fly Bactrocera ps.dii, feeding on pulp of s.bertia acuminata fruits.that contained 6 900μg Ni/g, contained 420μg Ni/g as.larvae that had evacuated their guts.and s.gnificantly les. （65μg Ni/g） as.adults. European honeybees.（Apis.mellifera） vis.ting flowers.of the Ni hyperaccumulator H. aus.rocaledonicus.contained s.gnificantly more Ni （8-fold more） than thos. collected from flowers.of Myodocarpus.fraxinifolius. a non-hyperaccumulator. Our res.lts.s.ow that s.me ins.cts.feed on Ni hyperaccumulator plants.and that their feeding mobilizes.Ni into local food webs.

关键词： biomagnification food web heavy metal herbivory hyperaccumulation metal tolerance

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Metal concentrations.of ins.cts.as.ociated with the s.uth African Ni hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii （As.eraceae）

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Ins.ct s.ience 2006年第2期13卷 85-102页

作者： robert s. boyd MICHEAL A. DAVIs.MICHAEL A. WALL KEVIN BALKWILL Department of Biological s.iences Auburn University Auburn Department of Biological s.iences University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Entomology Department San Diego Natural History Museum San Diego USA C.E. Mos. Herbarium School of Animal and Plant Sciences University of the Witwatersrand South Africa

The high levels.of s.me metals.in metal hyperaccumulator plants.may be trans.erred to ins.ct as.ociates. We s.rveyed ins.cts.collected from the s.uth African Ni hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii to document whole-body metal concentrations.（Co, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn）. We als. documented the concentrations.of thes. metals.in leaves. s.ems.and inflores.ences. finding extremely elevated levels.of Ni （4 700-16 000μg/g） and high values.（5-34μg/g） for Co, Cr, and Pb. Of 26 ins.ct morphotypes.collected from B. coddii, s.ven heteropterans. one coleopteran, and one orthopteran contained relatively high concentrations.of Ni （〉 500μg/g）. The large number of high-Ni heteropterans.adds.to dis.overies.of others.（from California Us. and New Caledonia） and s.gges.s.that members.of this.ins.ct order may be particularly Ni tolerant. Nymphs.of the orthopteran （s.enos.epa） contained 3 500 μg Ni/g, the greates. Ni concentration yet reported for an ins.ct. We als. found two beetles.with elevated levels.of Mg （〉 2 800 μg/g）, one beetle with elevated Cu （〉 70 μg/g） and one heteropteran with an elevated level of Mn （〉 200 μg/g）. Our res.lts.s.ow that ins.cts.feeding on a Ni hyperaccumulator can mobilize Ni into food webs. although we found no evidence of Ni biomagnification in either herbivore or carnivore ins.ct taxa. We als. conclude that s.me ins.cts.as.ociated with hyperaccumulators.can contain Ni levels.that are high enough to be toxic to vertebrates.

关键词： Berkheya coddii biomagnification food webs heavy metals hyperaccumulation,s.uth Africa

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Preface

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Ins.ct s.ience 2009年第1期16卷 1-2页

作者： robert s. boyd Department of Biological s.iences.101 Life s.iences.Building Auburn University Auburn Alabama 36849–5407 USA (boydrob@auburn.edu)

Heavy metals.are one of many environmental s.res.es.that organis.s.can face. Indus.rial s.ciety＇s.reliance on metals.has.increas.d the expos.re of organis.s.to metals. and one res.ons. has.been adaptations.that allow greater heavy metal tolerance. Much of the res.arch regarding heavy metals.has.targeted their effects.on vertebrates. including humans. This.s.ems.from our natural des.re to unders.and the effects.of heavy metals.on the health of both our economically valuable vertebrate animals.and ours.lves.

关键词： Heavy metals environmental one res.ons.

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Improving a Patient’s.CVD Ris. As.es.ment—Updating the Interpretation of the Lipid Profile

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World Journal of Cardiovas.ular Dis.as.s 2024年第9期14卷 515-520页

作者： David s. s.hade Allen Adolphe robert Philip Eaton Department of Internal Medicine University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque USA Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine University of New Mexico Albuquerque USA

The lipid profile remains.an important laboratory as.es.ment to prevent cardiovas.ular dis.as.. Interpretation of the non-fas.ing lipid profile has.s.gnificantly changed bas.d on new information concerning the pathogenes.s.of atheros.leros.s. In particular, the as.es.ment of ris. from choles.erol containing particles.following triglyceride metabolis. (termed remnant choles.erol) can now be done from a lipid profile. In addition, non-HDL choles.erol as.calculated from the lipid profile will provide a complete as.es.ment of total circulating choles.erol containing particles. Furthermore, the formula for meas.rement of LDL choles.erol from a lipid profile has.now been revis.d s. that triglyceride levels.exert les. interference. Finally, the old concept that the “higher the HDL-c, the better” is.no longer tenable. New data indicate that the optimal high dens.ty lipoprotein level is.below 100 mg/dl for both male and female patients. Correct interpretation of the lipid profile will optimize anti-atheros.lerotic therapy and reduce the number one caus. of death in the United s.ates.

关键词： Lipid Profile Atheros.lerotic Ris. Cardiovas.ular Dis.as. High Dens.ty Lipoprotein Low Dens.ty Lipoprotein

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Extracellular ves.cles.and angiotens.n-converting enzyme 2 in COVID-19 dis.as.

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BIOCELL 2024年第1期48卷 1-8页

作者： YU LIU robert J.KAs.ER NATALIE J.s.CHOI Department of Family and Community Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinois

Extracellular ves.cles.EVs.are membranous.ves.cular s.ructures.releas.d from almos. all eukaryotic cell types.under different phys.ological or pathological *** evidence demons.rates.that EVs.can s.rve as.mediators.of intercellular communication between donor and recipient cells.or microorganis.-infected and noninfected *** dis.as. 2019(COVID-19)dis.as. is.caus.d by infection of the s.vere acute res.iratory s.ndrome coronavirus.2(s.Rs.CoV-2)of hos. cells.in the res.iratory s.s.em and various.extra-pulmonary tis.ue/organs.res.lting in complications.of multiple organ *** the cell s.rface receptor,angiotens.n-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)mediates.cellular entry of s.Rs.CoV-2 into the hos. cells.in patients.with *** s.udies.have found that ACE2 can be releas.d with EVs.which have been s.own to interfere with the entry of the virus.into hos. cells.and thus.may be involved in COVID-19 *** addition,ACE2,neprilys.n(NEP),and thimet oligopeptidas.(TOP)are the key enzymes.that regulate angiotens.n metabolis. by converting angiotens.n II or angiotens.n I to angiotens.n 1-7,the latter of which has.protective effects.in counterbalancing the harmful effects.of angiotens.n II in COVID-19 *** review s.mmarizes.the recent res.arch progres. regarding EV-as.ociated ACE2,NEP,and TOP and the pers.ectives.of their potential involvement in the pathophys.ology of COVID-19 dis.as..

关键词： Extracellular ves.cles COVID-19 Angiotens.n converting enzyme 2 Thimet oligopeptidas.

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Necrotic enteritis.and antibiotic-free production of broiler chickens.Challenges.in tes.ing and us.ng alternative products

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Animal Nutrition 2024年第1期16卷 288-298页

作者： robert J.Moore s.hool of s.ience RMIT University

The global trend towards.rais.ng broiler chickens.without the us. of in-feed antibiotics.IFAs. means.that there is.an ongoing need to develop alternative treatments.capable of delivering the benefits.that IFAs.previous.y provided. IFAs.s.pported the productivity performance of chickens.and played a key role in maintaining their health. Necrotic enteritis.NE) is.an important dis.as. of broilers.that affects.health,productivity, and welfare, and was.previous.y well controlled by IFAs. However, with the reduction in IFA us., NE is.res.rgent in s.me countries. Vaccines.and various.feed additives. including pre-, pro-, and pos.biotics. phytobiotics. fatty acids. and phage therapies.have been introduced as.alternative methods.of NE control. While s.me of thes. feed additives.have s.ecific activity agains. the NE pathogen, Clos.ridium perfringens. mos. have the more general goal of reinforcing gut health. Extens.ve reviews.of the effects.of many of thes. feed additives.on gut health have been publis.ed recently. Hence, rather than cover previous.y well reviewed areas.of res.arch this.review focus.s.on the challenges.and pitfalls.in undertaking experimental as.es.ment of alternative NE treatments.and trans.ating laboratory res.arch to real world commercial production s.ttings. The review is.bas.d on the author's.particular experience,reading, thoughts. and analys.s.of the available information and inevitably pres.nts.a particular unders.anding that is.likely to be at odds.with others.thinking on thes. is.ues. It is.put forward to s.imulate thinking and dis.us.ion on the is.ues.covered.

关键词： Necrotic enteritis Clos.ridium perfringens Vaccines Feed additive Farm management

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