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A r.bust new metr.c of phenotypic distance to estimate and compar. multiple tr.it differ.nces among populations

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Cur.ent Zoology 2012年第3期58卷 426-439页

作者： rebecca SAFr.N Samuel FLAXMAN Michael KOPP Dar.en E. Ir.IN Der.k Br.GGS Matthew r. EVANS W. Chr.s FUNK David A. gray Eileen A. HEBETS Nathalie SEDDON Elizabeth SCOr.ATO Laur.l B. SYMES Joseph A. TOBIAS David P. L. TOEWS J. Alber. C. UY Depar.ment of Ecology and Evolutionar. Biology University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 U.S.A. Mathematics and B iosciences Gr.up Faculty of Mathematics University of Vienna A-1090 Vienna Austria Cur.ent addr.ss Evolutionar. Biology and Modeling Gr.up Faculty of Sciences Aix-Marseille University 13331 Marseille France. Depar.ment of Zoology University of British Columbia 6270 University Boulevard Vancouver BC Canada V6T 1Z4. r.sear.h ＆ Evaluation Methodology School of Education University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 U.S.A. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS Depar.ment of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 U.S.A. Depar.ment of Biology California State University Northridge CA 91330 U.S.A. School of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska Lincoln NE 68588 U.S.A. Edwar. Gr.y Institute Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PS UK Committee on Evolutionar. Biology The University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637U.S.A. Depar.ment of Biology Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755 U.S.A. Depar.ment of Biology University of Miami Coral Gables FL 33146 U.S.A.

Wher.as a r.ch liter.tur. exists for.estimating population genetic diver.ence, metr.cs of phenotypic tr.it diver.ence ar. lacking, par.icular.y for.compar.ng multiple tr.its among thr.e or.mor. populations. Her., we r.view and analyze via simula- tion Hedges＇ g, a widely used par.metr.c estimate of effect size. Our.analyses indicate that g is sensitive to a combination of unequal tr.it var.ances and unequal sample sizes among populations and to changes in the scale of measur.ment. We then go on to der.ve and explain a new, non-par.metr.c distance measur., ＇Aft＇, which is caiculated based upon a joint cumulative distr.bution function （CDF） fr.m all populations under.study. Mor. pr.cisely, distances ar. measur.d in ter.s of the per.entiles in this CDF at which each population＇s median lies. Ap combines many desir.ble featur.s of other.distance metr.cs into a single metr.c; namely, compar.d to other.metr.cs, p is r.latively insensitive to unequal var.ances and sample sizes among the populations sam- pied. Fur.her.or., a key featur. of Ap--and our.main motivation for.developing it--is that it easily accommodates simultaneous compar.sons of any number.of tr.its acr.ss any number.of populations. To exemplify its utility, we employ Ap to addr.ss a ques- tion r.lated to the r.le of sexual selection in speciation： ar. sexual signals mor. diver.ent than ecological tr.its in closely r.lated taxa？ Using tr.its of known function in closely r.lated populations, we show that tr.its pr.dictive of r.pr.ductive per.or.ance ar. indeed, mor. diver.ent and mor. sexually dimor.hic than tr.its r.lated to ecological adaptation [Cur.ent Zoology 58 （3）： 426-439 2012].

关键词： Effect size Phenotype diver.ence Sexual dimor.hism Sexual selection Speciation

Seeing r.d: color.vision in the lar.emouth bass

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Cur.ent Zoology 2019年第1期65卷 43-52页

作者： Lisa D. MiTCHEM Shannon Stanis Muchu Zhou Ellis LoEw John M. Epifanio rebecca C. Fuller Depar.ment of Animal Biology School of Integrative Biology University of Illinois Champaign IL 61820 USA Depar.ment of Biomedical Sciences and Section of Physiology College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA Illinois Natur.l Histor. Sur.ey Champaign IL 61820 USA

How animals visually per.eive the envir.nment is key to under.tanding impor.ant ecological behavior., such as pr.dation, for.ging, and mating. This study focuses on the visual system pr.per.ies and visual per.eption of color.in the lar.emouth bass Micr.pter.s salmoides. This study (1) documents the number.and spectr.l sensitivity of photor.ceptor.,(2) uses these par.meter. to model visual per.eption, and (3) tests the model of color.per.eption using a behavior.l assay. Bass possess single cone cells maximally sensitive at 535 nm, twin cone cells maximally sensitive at 614 nm, and r.d cells maximally sensitive at 528 nm. A simple model of visual per.eption pr.dicted that bass should not be able to discer. between char.r.use yellow and white nor.between gr.en and blue. In contr.st, bass should be able to discer. r.d fr.m all achr.matic (i.e., gray scale) stimuli. These pr.dictions wer. par.ially upheld in behavior.l tr.als. In behavior.l tr.als, bass wer. fir.t tr.ined to r.cognize a tar.et color.to r.ceive a food r.war., and then tested on their.ability to differ.ntiate between their.tar.et color.and a color.similar.in br.ghtness. Bass tr.ined to r.d and gr.en could easily discer. their.tr.ining color.fr.m all other.color. for.tar.et color. that wer. similar.in br.ghtness (white and black, r.spectively). This study shows that bass possess dichr.matic vision and do use chr.matic (i.e., color. cues in making visual-based decisions.

关键词： bass cones photor.ceptor. r.ds vision

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亟需提供更有价值的基本医疗照护

英国医学杂志中文版 2018年第10期21卷 595-598页

作者： Jessica Watson Chr.s Salisbur. Anant Jani Muir.gray Br.an McKinstr. rebecca r.sen 贺颖(译) 任菁菁(校) 肖月(校) Centr. for.Academic Pr.mar. Car. University of Bristol Bristol BS8 2PS UK Value Based Heahhcar. Pr.gr.mme Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford Oxford UK Usher.Institute of Population Health Sciences and Infor.atics University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK Nuffield Tr.st London UK 浙江大学医学院附属第一医院国家卫生计生委卫生发展研究中心

……但是，Jessica Watson其同事们说，改革需要循证的政策支持和资金投入作为保障。各国医疗保健系统均面临着多重挑战，人口老龄化、慢性病高发、共病患者增多、诊治技术创新等因素，造成了医疗成本攀升。随着人们对过度诊疗潜在危害... 详细信息

……但是，Jessica Watson其同事们说，改革需要循证的政策支持和资金投入作为保障。各国医疗保健系统均面临着多重挑战，人口老龄化、慢性病高发、共病患者增多、诊治技术创新等因素，造成了医疗成本攀升。随着人们对过度诊疗潜在危害。认识的加深，对有限资源的优化利用尤为重要。我们探讨了价值导向的医疗保健构架。何以支持医疗资源配置决策，并分析了循证证据对患者诊治及医疗保健组织提供的重要作用.

关键词：医疗照护医疗卫生行业发展现状医疗保健系统

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偏头痛循证指南制定方法

中国循证医学杂志 2003年第1期3卷 50-53页

作者： Douglas C.McCr.r. Dvid B.Matchar.rebecca N.gray Jay H.r.senbur. Stephen D.Silber.tein 杨杰刘鸣美国神经病学院四川大学华西医院神经内科成都610041

本文系统阐述了美国头痛联盟制定偏头痛循证指南所采用的方法 :1.美国卫生决策与研究管理局的卫生技术评估方法 ;2 .头痛联盟制定指南的程序。该制定方法的核心是遵循证据制定指南。

关键词：偏头痛指南循证指南技术评估

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灰色之上的灰色:黑格尔的影子戏剧

美学与艺术评论 2019年第1期18卷 210-219,243页

作者：丽贝卡·科迈王曦(译) 多伦多大学哲学系多伦多大学比较文学系多伦多大学文学研究系南京大学中文系

关于黑格尔的艺术终结论,有以下的常规解读方式:步步攀升的精神在历史演进中依次以象征的方式、形象的方式,以及最终的概念方式把握绝对,艺术被哲学取代,即要求作为艺术哲学的美学将艺术的整个发展史把握在概念里。针对这种解读,加拿大... 详细信息

关于黑格尔的艺术终结论,有以下的常规解读方式:步步攀升的精神在历史演进中依次以象征的方式、形象的方式,以及最终的概念方式把握绝对,艺术被哲学取代,即要求作为艺术哲学的美学将艺术的整个发展史把握在概念里。针对这种解读,加拿大学者丽贝卡·科迈重读《精神现象学》,她融合了精神分析理论和马克思主义历史哲学的思想资源,批判解读黑格尔的"右翼版本",尝试提供一种解读黑格尔的"左翼版本"。《精神现象学》中的精神发展史被科迈解读为一处"回忆剧场",精神发展的最后环节并不意味着终结,而是对于在历史车轮的加速迈进中错失了的"时机"的铭记,黑格尔的艺术终结命题也在这一新的解释框架下获得了全新的解读视角。

关键词：精神现象学回忆剧场艺术终结论