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Sixteenth Congress of the International Union of Crystallography

作者： r.l.withers J.G.Thompson S.Schmid A.D.rae research School of Chemistry Australian National UniversityGPO Box 4Canberra CityACT 0200Australia School of Chemistry University of New South WalesP.O.Box 1KensingtonN.S.W.2033Australia

＜正＞Commensurately or incommensurately modulated structures can always be described in terms of an underlying parent structure（characterized in reciprocal space by a set of sharp Bragg reflections G） plus composit...

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4D imaging of void nucleation,growth,and coalescence from large and small inclusions in steel under tensile deformation

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2022年第28期123卷 168-176页

作者： Yi Guo Timothy l.Burnett Samuel A.McDonald Michael Daly Andrew H.Sherry Philip J.withers Shenyang National laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China Henry royce Institute Department of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterM139PLUK European Synchrotron radiation Facility(ESrF) 6 rue J Horowitz38000 GrenobleFrance National Nuclear laboratory Chadwick HouseBirchwood ParkWarringtonWA36AEUK

Samples of SA508 grade 3 nuclear pressure vessel ferritic steel were subjected to tensile straining whilst being simultaneously imaged in 3D in real time using high resolution,high frame rate time-lapse synchrotron computed tomography(CT).This enabled direct observation of void development from nucleation,through growth to coalescence and final failure validating many inferences made post-mortem or by theoretical models,as well as raising new *** sparse,large inclusions were found to nucleate voids at essentially zero plastic strain(consistent with zero interfacial strength);these became increasingly elongated with *** contrast,a high density of small spherical voids were found to nucleate from the sub-micron cementite particles at larger strains(>200%)only in the centre of the necked(high triaxiality)*** interfacial strength approaching 2100 MPa was inferred and soon after their nucleation,these small voids coalesce to form internal microcracks that lead to the final failure of the *** surprisingly,under these conditions of generally low triaxial constraint the large voids are simply cut across and appear to play no significant role in determining the final *** implications of these results are discussed in terms of ductile fracture behaviour and the Gurson model for ductile fracture.

关键词： Void growth Ductile fracture Synchrotron X-ray tomography 4D imaging Bainitic steel

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Surface Characterisation of a Ferroelectric Single Crystal by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy

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Journal of Surface Engineered Materials and Advanced Technology 2013年第3期3卷 190-194页

作者： Kenny lau Yun liu Qian li Zhenrong li ray l. withers Zhuo Xu Electronic Materials research laboratory Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an China. research School of Chemistry The Australian National University Canberra Australia research School of Chemistry The Australian National University Canberra Australia

We investigated the surface potential dynamics of a ferroelectric Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PIMNT) single crystal using Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). The initial surface potential is a function of the applied bias since it reflects the interplay between the polarisation and screen charges. It is suggested that the different rates of tip injected charges are responsible for the asymmetric behaviour of the initial surface potential dependent on the sign of the applied bias. The polarisation, screen and tip injected charges are considered to explain the difference in surface potential dynamics.

关键词： Surface Potential KPFM Ferroelectric

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lOCAl MICrOSTrUCTUrE EVOlUTION OF BISMUTH SODIUM TITANATE-BASED lEAD-FrEE PIEZOElECTrIC SYSTEMS ACrOSS THE MOrPHOTrOPIC PHASE BOUNDArY rEGION

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Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 2012年第4期2卷 1-8页

作者： YUN lIU rAY l.withers JIAN WANG lASSE NOrÉN ANDrEW J.STUDEr YONGXIANG lI research School of Chemistry The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Bragg Institute The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization Lucas Heights NSW 2234Australia Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200050 China

Morphotropic phase boundary(MPB)containing piezoelectric systems generally exhibit enhanced piezoelectric performance at compositions within,or close to,the MPB *** mechanism/s underlying such enhancement,however,are still contentious due to complex micro/nanostructure and apparently inherent local structural variability associated with octahedral tilt disorder/platelet precipitates in such piezoelectric *** paper reviews some recent structural analysis results from Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_(3)(BNT)and other binary,lead-free,piezoelectric materials systems derived from it via electron diffraction and in situ neutron *** results suggest that intrinsically existing local microstructure(lMS)in BNT essentially continues across the MPB *** lMS,originating from inherent octahedral tilt disorder,is strongly temperature-,electric field-,pressure-and chemical composition-dependent,and may help to explain a series of phenomena observed in BNT-based binary materials systems,including the enhanced piezoelectric effect in the region of the MPB.

关键词： local structure piezoelectrics electron diffraction neutron diffraction Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.05)TiO_(3) Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_(3)-BaTiO_(3) Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_(3)-Bi_(0.5)K_(0.5)TiO_(3)

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Guiding phosphorus stewardship for multiple ecosystem services

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Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2016年第12期2卷 29-41页

作者： Graham K.MacDonald Helen P.Jarvie Paul J.A.withers Donnacha G.Doody Bonnie l.Keeler Philip M.Haygarth laura T.Johnson richard W.McDowell Michael K.Miyittah Stephen M.Powers Andrew N.Sharpley Jianbo Shen Douglas r.Smith Michael N.Weintraub Tiequan Zhang Department of Geography McGill University805 Sherbrooke Street WestMontrealQuebec H3A 0B9 Canada Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford OX108BB UK School of Environment Natural Resources and GeographyBangor UniversityBangor LL572UW UK Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute Belfast BT95PX UK Institute on the Environment University of MinnesotaSaint PaulMinnesota 55108 USA lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster UniversityLancaster LA14YQ UK National Center for Water Quality research Heidelberg University310 East Market StreetTiffinOhio 44883 USA Invermay Agricultural Centre AgResearchPrivate Bag 50034Mosgiel 9011 New Zealand Soil and Physical Sciences Faculty of Agriculture and Life SciencesLincoln UniversityPO Box 84Lincoln 7647 New Zealand Department of Environmental Sciences University of Cape CoastCape CoastGhana Center for Environmental research Educationand Outreach(CEREO)Washington State UniversityPullmanWashington 99164 USA Division of Agriculture Department of CropSoiland Environmental SciencesUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansas 72701 USA Key laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions Department of Plant NutritionMinistry of EducationChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193 China Grassland Soil and Water Research LaboratoryUSDA-ARS808 East Blackland RoadTempleTexas 76502 USA Department of Environmental Sciences University of ToledoToledoOhio 43606 USA Harrow research and Development Center Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaHarrowOntario N0R 1G0 Canada

The essential role of phosphorus(P)for agriculture and its impact on water quality has received decades of research ***,the benefits of sustainable P use and management for society due to its downstream impacts on multiple ecosystem services are rarely *** propose a conceptual framework-the“phosphorus-ecosystem services cascade”(PESC)-to integrate the key ecosystem processes and functions that moderate the relationship between P released to the environment from human actions and ecosystem services at distinct spatial and temporal *** pathways in the cascade via soil and aquatic processes link anthropogenic P to biodiversity and multiple services,including recreation,drinking water provision,and *** anthropogenic P cascades through catchments,it often shifts from a subsidy to a stressor of ecosystem *** stewardship can have emergent ecosystem service co-benefits due to synergies with other societal or management goals(e.g.,recycling of livestock manures and organic wastes could impact soil carbon storage).Applying the PESC framework,we identify key research priorities to align P stewardship with the management of multiple ecosystem services,such as incorporating additional services into agri-environmental P indices,assessing how widespread recycling of organic P sources could differentially impact agricultural yields and water quality,and accounting for shifting baselines in P stewardship due to climate ***,P impacts depend on site-specific agricultural and biogeophysical contexts,so greater precision in targeting stewardship strategies to specific locations would help to optimize for ecosystem services and to more effectively internalize the downstream costs of farm nutrient management.

关键词： agriculture ecosystem services phosphorus sustainability water quality

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