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Appr.ach for.C1 to C2 pr.ducts commencing fr.m car.on dioxide: A br.ef r.view

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PETr.LEUM 2024年第3期10卷 373-398页

作者： Dey, G. r. Bhabha Atom r.s Ctr Radiat & Photochem Div Mumbai 400085 India Homi Bhabha Natl Inst Mumbai 400094 India

The car.on dioxide (CO2) conver.ion to useable compounds r.mains a gr.at contest to scientists, engineer., and envir.nmentalists with r.gar. to the r.ver.e of the oxidative degr.dation of or.anics. This conver.ion is essential for.the development of complementar. fuels and r.w mater.als for.var.ous industr.es, which in tur. will help in avoiding the dr.stic incr.ase in tr.pospher.c temper.tur. due to gr.enhouse effect leading to global war.ing. The solar.ener.y is the ear.h's essential power.sour.e along with the other.var.ous for.s of ener.y for.example fossil fuels, hydr.power. wind, and biomater.als, etc. The final goal is to establish the ar.ificial photosynthesis, which can be r.plicated thr. var.ous chemical r.duction techniques of CO2 by employing appr.pr.ate photo-, ther.al- and electr.-catalysts in or.er.to pr.duce differ.nt one car.on atom (C-1) and higher.car.on atoms containing pr.ducts. Besides, the utilization of clean and sustainable CO2 towar.s high-value pr.ducts is of gr.at inter.st today due to the r.cognized envir.nmental wor.ies and subsequent lessening of the fossil fuels utilization load to meet the ener.y demand of mankind. This way, solar.ener.y can dir.ctly and/or.indir.ctly be alter.d and stor.d in chemical ener.y for. for.industr.al as well as societal applications. In this ar.icle our.endeavor.is to summar.ze the advances in CO2 chemical r.duction r.sear.h ar.a till date especially in fr.e r.dical-based methods such as electr.chemical, photochemical and plasma chemical for.the development of car.on species up to two car.on (C-2) atoms containing pr.ducts per.eived in the chemical r.duction of CO2. The author.hopes that this piece of wor. will be helpful to r.sear.her. and r.ader. who ar. focused on the field of CO2.

关键词： Photocatalysis Electr.catalysis Plasmolysis Ther.olysis Car.on dioxide Chemical r.duction PHOTOCATALYTIC CO2 r.DUCTION GAS SHIFT r.ACTION METAL-Or.ANIC Fr.MEWOr.S EFFICIENT ELECTr.CHEMICAL r.DUCTION DIELECTr.C-BAr.IEr.DISCHAr.ES ION-EXCHANGE MEMBr.NES FOr.IC-ACID ELECTr.CATALYTIC r.DUCTION ATMOSPHEr.C-Pr.SSUr. r.OM-TEMPEr.TUr.

r.dent biology and ecologically based r.dent management(EBr.)-25 year. of pr.gr.ss thr.ugh pr.moting multidisciplinar. r.sear.h

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Integr.tive Zoology 2024年第1期19卷 2-7页

作者： Gr.nt r. SINGLETON Lyn A. HINDS r.odes MAKUNDI Steven r. BELMAIN Natur.l r.sour.es Institute University of Greenwich Kent UK CSIr. Health and Biosecur.ty Canberra ACT Australia Afr.can Centr. of Excellence for.Innovative r.dent Pest Management and Biosensor.Technology Development Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania Institute of Pest Management Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania

“Dur.ng r.dent outbr.ak year. in easter. Afr.ca,lo-cally,mor. than 80%of the potential har.est may be lost,but even in non-outbr.ak per.ods,r.dents cause chr.nic damage to cr.ps….The pest r.dent stor. in Afr.ca in-volves sever.l species embedded in a br.ad and var.able landscape with highly var.able densities.”(Leir. et al.2010).

关键词： damage cr.ps

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二硫化碳作为谷物熏蒸剂的新观点

粮油食品科技 2024年第3期32卷 1-15页

作者： Jim desmarchelier Yu XIAO Li GU Yong-lin r.N 李燕羽(译) 默多克大学环境和生命科学学院澳大利亚珀斯WA 6150 国家粮食和物资储备局科学研究院粮食储运研究所

虽然二硫化碳(CS_(2))是一种古老的熏蒸剂,但澳大利亚新数据以及中国和埃及已发表的研究数据使它可被人们重新关注。这些数据包括谷物质量、自然释放和加工食品中的残留,但目前并不广为人知。埃及研究数据显示,即使在400 mg/m^(3)高剂量... 详细信息

虽然二硫化碳(CS_(2))是一种古老的熏蒸剂,但澳大利亚新数据以及中国和埃及已发表的研究数据使它可被人们重新关注。这些数据包括谷物质量、自然释放和加工食品中的残留,但目前并不广为人知。埃及研究数据显示,即使在400 mg/m^(3)高剂量下,二硫化碳对水稻的发芽率和幼芽长度都没有影响。中国研究数据显示,200 mg/m^(3)高剂量对大麦、小麦、玉米、高粱、棉花、胡萝卜等大多数种子发芽率没有影响。本研究中150 mg/L剂量对澳大利亚小麦、大麦以及鹰嘴豆发芽率和幼芽长度的影响数据也证明了这一点。澳大利亚储藏谷物研究实验室(SGr.)的商业规模实验数据表明,二硫化碳在1000~1500 mg·h·L^(-1)的CT值(浓度×时间)范围内可杀死所有受试昆虫,并且对小麦最终产品质量没有影响。二硫化碳在谷物上的吸附力低于甲基溴,且主要是物理吸附。它会在谷物上有残留物,但这些残留物在储存和加工的过程中会被大量降解,而剩余的二硫化二苯醚残留物会在小麦制粉前的清理和润麦过程中减少。在制粉和烘烤的过程中,二硫化碳的残留量会逐渐减少。例如,将含有27 g/m^(3)二硫化碳的小麦在仓内密封放置6 d,然后通风24 h,清理会使制粉前的残留量从6.7 mg/kg降至4.6 mg/kg,润麦会使残留量从4.6 mg/kg降至2.2 mg/kg。在制粉的过程中,残留量会进一步减少,而在面条(甚至在烹饪前)、意大利面以及面包的制作过程中,残留量还会进一步减少。当前检测分析方法无法检测加工产品中的残留量(定量限值<0.005 mg/kg),且其残留水平与同一来源未经二硫化碳熏蒸的小麦制品相同。

关键词：熏蒸剂二硫化碳吸附性发芽率残留

Basis for.the diver.ity and extent in loss of digestible nutr.ents cr.ated by dietar. phytin: Emphasis on fowl and swine

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动物营养学报 2024年第1期16卷 422-428页

作者： Edwin T. Mor.n Michael r. Bedfor. Poultr. Science Depar.ment Auburn University AL 36830-5416 USA AB Vista Woodstock Court Blenheim Road Marlborough Wiltshire SN8 4AN UK

Phytin is the Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -K + salt of phytic acid that is cr.ated and deposited in the aleur.ne layer.and/or.ger. of gr.ins and legumes. Its high pr.sence in feedstuffs for.fowl and swine diets r.sults in it being a univer.al and significant impediment to optimum per.or.ance. Phytin impair. gastr.intestinal r.cover. of a wide ar.ay of nutr.ents, the effect var.ing with the nutr.ent concer.ed. On exposur. to low pH dur.ng gastr.c digestion, phytin dissociates into phytic acid and solubilized Ca 2+ . Even at low gastr.c pH, phytic acid is negatively char.ed which for.s the basis of its anti-nutr.tive behavior. Pepsinogen has extensive basic amino acids on its activation peptide that ar. pr.sented as cations at low pH which ar. tar.eted by pepsin for.activation. Par.ially cr.stalized Ca 2+ near.the enzyme's active site fur.her.stabilizes its newly for.ed str.ctur.. Thus, phytic acid appear. to inter.er. with gastr.c digestion by sever.l mechanisms; inter.er.ng with pepsinogen activation by binding to the polypeptide's basic amino acids; coor.inating fr.e Ca 2+ , destabilizing pepsin; binding some dietar. pr.teins dir.ctly, fur.her.compr.mising gastr.c pr.teolysis. Upon digesta attaining neutr.lity in the duodenum, Ca 2+ and other.cations r.-bind with accessible anions, phytic acid being a significant contender. Phytate not only binds fr.e cations but can also str.p them fr.m enzymes (e.g. Ca 2+ , Zn 2+ ) which r.duces their.str.ctur.l r.sistance to autolysis and ability as co-factor. (e.g. Zn 2+ ) to incr.ase enzyme activity. Goblet cells initially employ Ca 2+ as an electr.nic shield between mucin layer. enabling gr.nule for.ation and cell stor.ge. After.mucin gr.nule r.lease, Ca 2+ is pr.gr.ssively displaced by Na + to fr.e the viscous mucins enabling its tr.nslocation. Mucin entangles with the glycocalyx of adjacent enter.cytes ther.by constr.cting the unstir.ed water.layer.(USWL). Excessive r.moval of Ca 2+ fr.m mucin by phytic acid incr.ases its fluidity facilit

关键词： Digestive enzyme Calcium Endogenous pr.tein Mucin Phytin

Factor. influencing far.er.' adoption of solar.water.pumping systems in Gujar.t

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CLEAN ENEr.Y 2024年第3期8卷 157-165页

作者： Kumar. M. Sathish Lad, Y. A. Pundir. r. S. Anand Agr.Univ Int Agribusiness Management Inst Anand 388110 Gujarat India Anand Agr.Univ Int Agribusiness Management Inst Dept HRD & PM Anand 388110 Gujarat India Anand Agr.Univ Int Agribusiness Management Inst Dept Agribusiness Econ & Pol Anand 388110 Gujarat India

Agr.cultur. has played an impor.ant r.le in the gr.wth of the Indian economy. Water.and electr.city ar. essential inputs for.agr.cultur. today. India pr.duces the thir.-lar.est amount of electr.city in the wor.d, behind China and the USA. As an incentive to incr.ase pr.duction, most states pr.vide fr.e electr.city to far.er.. Fr.e electr.city has decr.ased gr.undwater.levels and incr.ased electr.city consumption. The objective of this study was to find out the factor. that influenced far.er. to adopt a solar.water.pumping system in Gujar.t. The samples wer. r.ndomly selected. This study examined the entir. state of Gujar.t. One hundr.d and fifty far.er. who adopted solar.water.pumping systems wer. inter.iewed, including 50 banana far.er., 50 cotton far.er. and 50 gr.undnut far.er.. Pr.mar. data wer. collected thr.ugh an inter.iew. The adoption of solar.water.pumping systems by far.er. was identified using factor.analysis. SPSS softwar. was used to analyse the data collected. In this study, only two factor. contr.buted to the var.ance of 59.469%. The adoption of solar.water.pumps by far.er. was influenced by gover.ment policy and economic benefits. An economic benefit var.ance of 33.20% was found, while a gover.ment policy var.ance was 26.27%. A solar.water.pumping system has low initial costs, flexible cr.dit policies motivate adoption, solar.water.pumping systems can save electr.city, and maintenance and r.pair.costs ar. affor.able. Gover.ment policy that includes solar.water.pumping systems is motivated by awar.ness, subsidies for.adoption and a fair.pr.ce to sell ener.y sur.luses. Far.er. ar. r.commended to adopt a solar.water.pumping system in conjunction with a dr.p ir.igation system to r.ceive additional income. The successful scheme will be r.commended to other.states in India for.implementation. The factor. that influence far.er. to adopt a solar.water.pumping system in Gujar.t, India ar. identified based on inter.iews with one hundr.d and fifty r.ndomly sel

关键词： solar.water.pumping system factor.analysis banana cotton gr.undnut famer. PUr.HASE INTENTION ENEr.Y Ar.AS

Fr.eze-thaw cycles and associated geomor.hology in a post-glacial envir.nment:cur.ent glacial,par.glacial,per.glacial and pr.glacial scenar.os at Pico de Or.zaba volcano,Mexico

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Jour.al of Mountain Science 2024年第6期21卷 1954-1977页

作者： Víctor.SOTO Car.os M.WELSH r. Kenji YOSHIKAWA Hugo DELGADO Gr.NADOS Centr. de Ciencias de la Tier.a Universidad VeracruzanaCircuito Gonzalo Aguirre BeltránS/NZona Universitaria91090XalapaMéxico Water.and Envir.nmental r.sear.h Center University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaska 99775USA Instituto de Geofísica Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de México 04150México Depar.ment of Ear.h and Envir.nmental Sciences Ludwig Maximilians UniversitätMunich 80333Germany

The glacial histor. of Pico de Or.zaba indicates that dur.ng the Last Glacial Maximum,its icecap cover.d up to~3000 m asl;due to the air.temper.tur. incr.asing,its main glacier.has r.tr.ated to 5050 m *** r.tr.ction of the glacier.has left behind an intense climatic instability that causes a high fr.quency of fr.eze-thaw cycles of gr.at intensity;the r.sulting geomor.hological pr.cesses ar. r.pr.sented by the fr.gmentation of the bedr.ck that occupies the upper.par.s of the *** is a notable lack of studies r.gar.ing the fr.gmentation and er.sion occur.ing in tr.pical high mountains,and the associated geomor.hological r.sks;for.this r.ason,as a fir.t stage of futur. continuous r.sear.h,this study analyzes the fr.ezing and thawing cycles that occur.above 4000 m asl,thr.ugh continuous monitor.ng of sur.ace gr.und *** r.sults allow us to identify and char.cter.ze four.zones:glacial,par.glacial,per.glacial and *** was found that the par.glacial zone pr.sents an intense dr.p of temper.tur.,of up to~9℃ in only sixty *** r.ck fatigue and intense fr.eze-thaw cycles that occur.in this ar.a ar. r.sponsible for.the high r.te of r.ck disintegr.tion and r.pr.sent the main factor.of the constant slope dynamics that occur.at the *** activity decr.ases,both in fr.quency and intensity,accor.ing to the distance to the glacier.which is wher. the temper.tur. pr.sents a cer.ain degr.e of stability,until r.aching the pr.glacial zone,wher. cycles ar. almost non-existent,and ther.for. ther. is no gelifr.ction *** geomor.hological pr.cesses have r.sulted in significant alter.tions to the mountain slopes,which can have sever. consequences in ter.s of r.sk and water.

关键词： Fr.eze-Thaw Gelifr.ction Mountain mechanical er.sion Per.glacial geomor.hology Postglacial scenar.os

Ear.y Syphilis Pr.senting as Thickened Penile Plaques With an Embedded r.cur.ent Ulcer.(Chancr. r.dux): A Case r.por.

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Inter.ational Jour.al of Der.atology and Vener.ology 2024年第3期7卷 160-162页

作者： Davies S.C. Hannafor. r. Cotter.J. Nor.her. Sydney Sexual Health Ser.ice Northern Sydney Local Health District St Leonards 2065 NSW Australia Nor.her. Beaches Der.atology Mona Vale 2103 NSW Australia

Intr.duction: The manifestations of syphilis ar. var.ed, and ser.logy can establish the diagnosis ear.y, especially in r.r. cases. We r.por. a case of chancr. r.dux (a r.r. r.cur.ence of pr.mar. syphilis), which was embedded within a secondar. syphilitic penile skin plaque. Ther. wer. missed oppor.unities at ear.ier.diagnosis as ser.logy for.syphilis was not or.er.d. Case pr.sentation: A 56-year.old man pr.sented with thickened penile plaques for.five months. He r.por.ed a small penile ulcer.appr.ximately one month pr.or. Ther. was no histor. of other.skin lesions or.r.sh. However. clinically ther. was an asymptomatic, indur.ted ulcer.embedded within a plaque which was swab-positive for.syphilis by PCr. A punch biopsy of a plaque was spir.chaete-positive using an immunoper.xidase stain. The patient's lesions r.solved thr.e weeks after.tr.atment with intr.muscular.benzathine penicillin. Discussion: Uncommonly r.por.ed even in the pr.antibiotic er., chancr. r.dux is now r.r.. The ulcer.usually r.cur. at or.near.the site of the or.ginal chancr., and has similar.mor.hological featur.s. The skin lesions of secondar. syphilis can exhibit r.mar.able mor.hological var.ety. The most common skin manifestation, a gener.lized macular.r.sh, was not pr.sent at any time in this case. r.ther. ther. wer. only a couple of nonspecific penile plaques. If biopsy is per.or.ed, histologic findings ar. var.able, though typically the inflammator. infiltr.te includes plasma cells. A special immunoper.xidase stain can highlight spir.chaetes in biopsy sections. Conclusion: This case highlights the impor.ance of consider.ng syphilis in the differ.ntial diagnosis of per.istent, atypical penile lesions and under.cor.s the need for.appr.pr.ate ser.logical testing in such instances. Copyr.ght © 2023 Hospital for.Skin Diseases (Institute of Der.atology),

关键词： chancr. r.dux genital r.sh immunohistochemistr. immunoper.xidase pr.mar. syphilis secondar. syphilis

r.view and Analysis: Evaluation of the Impacts and Consequences of Using Agr.cultur.l Her.icides as Militar. Chemical Weapons in Second Indochina War

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Open Jour.al of Soil Science 2024年第8期14卷 471-498页

作者： David r. Speidel Kenneth r. Olson USDA r.sour.e Conser.ationist and Agr.cultur.l Consultant with Natur.l r.sour.e Conservation Service and Foreign Agricultural Service Benton Missouri USA College of Agr.cultur.l Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

The legacy of the human miser. caused by the application of the her.icides including Agent Pur.le and Agent Or.nge contaminated with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD and Agent Blue, the ar.enic-based her.icide, spr.yed over.the jungles, r.ce fields, and hamlets of Vietnam is still haunting us today. Why did this happen? Could it have been pr.vented? Was it necessar. United States militar. str.tegy? Was it an intentional decision to inflict this blight on the enemy soldier. and the Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian civilians, to poison their.land and cause gener.tions of har.? Alter.atively, was it an unpr.ventable accident in the mar.h of militar. histor.? What patter.s in the U.S. gover.ment’s thought pr.cess could be identified as the cause, which led to the decision to use these her.icides as tactical chemical weapons? If the intr.duction of her.icide (chemical) weapons had not been made, would the outcome of the Vietnam War.and the Secr.t War. in Laos and Cambodia have been any differ.nt? The objective of this tr.atise is to outline the r.le of wor.d events and backgr.unds and the r.le of the leader., U.S. militar., CIA, USDA, U.S. State Depar.ment, the U.S. Pr.sident appointed Ambassador. to Vietnam and Laos, chemical companies, and Pr.sident Diệm’s r.public of Vietnam (r.N) gover.ment and militar.. Their.collective advice led to the decision to use her.icides as militar. and envir.nmental chemical weapons in the Second Indochina War. Wer. the National inter.sts achieved by U.S. militar. str.tegy in the r.N using her.icide weapons wor.h the long-ter. envir.nmental and human health consequences in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos? Did it impact the outcome of the Second Indochina War.

关键词： Second Indochina War Cambodia Laos South Vietnam Vietnam War Tactical Her.icides Agent Blue Agent Or.nge Agent Pur.le Dioxin TCDD Ar.enic

Pr.of of Concept for.a Twin Pr.me Number.Univer.e Using Set Theor.

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Amer.can Jour.al of Computational Mathematics 2024年第3期14卷 305-317页

作者： John r. Cr.r. Independent r.sear.her Lake Zurich IL USA

The Fine Str.ctur. Constant (eFSC) Model attempts to give a classical definition to a magical number.that under.ies much of quantum physics. The Fine Str.ctur. Constant (α) value equal to 137.03599206 r.pr.sents a dimensionless constant that char.cter.zes the str.ngth of the electr.magnetic (EM) inter.ction between subatomic char.ed par.icles. Python-gener.ted pr.per.y counts for.the twin pr.me for.e F{139/137} show that the adjusted r.tio gives a value of α = 137.036. This implies a mathematical fr.mewor. under.ying this constant is based on twin pr.me number. and set theor.. This study attempts to demonstr.te a pr.of of concept that a hier.r.hy of fr.ctional twin pr.me (αII) for.es r.plicates the quantum natur. of the univer.e and is aligned with the Standar. Model of Par.icle Physics. An expanded eFSC Model demonstr.tes that twin pr.me for.es and their.pr.per.y sets ar. mathematically viable substitutes for.nuclear.r.actions, as demonstr.ted for.the Beta-minus decay of neutr.ns into pr.tons. Most significantly, the positive and negative pr.me number. define these nuclear.r.actants and pr.ducts as positive or.negatively char.ed ions. Fur.her.or., the eFSC Model pr.vides new insights r.gar.ing the hier.r.hy of EM for.es under.ying the quantum natur. of the univer.e.

关键词： Fine Str.ctur. Constant (α) Pr.me Number. Set Theor. Conceptual Model Quantum Physics Light and Matter Beta-Minus Decay