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The Moder. Pr.blems of Sustainable Use and Management of Ir.igated Lands on the Example of the Bukhar. r.gion (Uzbekistan)

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Jour.al of Water.r.sour.e and Pr.tection 2015年第12期7卷 956-971页

作者： r. kulmatov A. r.sulov D. kulmatova B. r.zilhodjaev M. Gr.ll Depar.ment of Applied Ecology National University of Uzbekistan Tashkent Uzbekistan Depar.ment of Applied Ecology National University of Uzbekistan Tashkent Uzbekistan Pedagogical Univer.ity Named after.Nizami Tashkent Uzbekistan Faculty of Geogr.phy University of Marburg Marburg Germany

The Centr.l Asian lowlands ar. char.cter.zed by an ar.d and continental climate. At the same time, the lar.e str.ams and r.ver. have been pr.viding water.for.the development of flour.shing oases and extensive ir.igated far.ing ar.as. Bukhar. is one of those oases. The population of 1.7 mln. and especially the agr.cultur.l sector.(with an ir.igated ar.a of 275,000 ha) use a consider.ble amount of water. But as the flat topogr.phy does not pr.vide sufficient natur.l dr.inage, water.logging and r.ising gr.undwater.tables have become ser.ous pr.blems for.the agr.cultur.l pr.ductivity. The combination of the high salinity of the ir.igation water.and the gener.us application of fer.ilizer. leads to a widespr.ad soil salinization. Excessive leaching is supposed to r.duce the top soil salinity, but as the dr.inage system is only cover.ng a small por.ion of the ir.igated ar.as and is in need of maintenance, this pr.cess only contr.butes to the ongoing salinization and the r.duction of soil fer.ility and cr.p yields. The data pr.sented her. for.the year. 2000 to 2013 indicate that the gr.undwater.table is r.sing thr.ughout the r.gion while the gr.undwater.salinity is decr.asing. The soil salinity on the other.hand is, after.an impr.vement dur.ng the fir.t half of the study per.od, slightly incr.asing since 2009, which also is r.flected in the slight wor.ening of the condition of the r.claimed land dur.ng the same per.od.

关键词： Water r.sour.es Water Quality Ir.igation Far.ing Gr.undwater Soil Salinization Uzbekistan Centr.l Asia

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Challenges for.the sustainable use of water.and land r.sour.es under.a changing climate and incr.asing salinization in the Jizzakh ir.igation zone of Uzbekistan

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Jour.al of Ar.d Land 2020年第1期12卷 90-103页

作者： r.shid kulmatov Jasur.MIr.AEV Jilili ABUDUWAILI Bakhtiyor.KAr.MOV State Key Labor.tor. of Deser. and Oasis Ecology Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and GeographyChinese Academy of SciencesUrumqi 830011China National Univer.ity of Uzbekistan Tashkent 100170Uzbekistan CAS r.sear.h Center.for.Ecology and Envir.nment of Centr.l Asia Urumqi 830011China Univer.ity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Tashkent Institute of Ir.igation and Agr.cultur.l Mechanization Engineer. Tashkent 100000Uzbekistan

Jizzakh Pr.vince in Uzbekistan is one of the lar.est ir.igated ar.as in Centr.l Asia without natur.l *** combination with ar.dity,climate change and extensive ir.igation pr.ctices,this has led to the widespr.ad salinization of agr.cultur.l *** aim of this study was to identify oppor.unities to impr.ve the r.clamation status of the ir.igated ar.a and how best to effectively use the water.r.sour.es in Jizzakh Pr.vince based on investigations conducted between 1995 and 2016.A database of field measur.ments of gr.undwater.levels,miner.lization and soil salinity conducted by the pr.vincial Hydr.-Geological r.clamation Expeditions was used in the *** total gr.undwater.miner.lization was deter.ined using a por.able electr.c conductometer.Pr.gr.ss 1T)and the chlor.de concentr.tion was deter.ined using the Mohr.*** soil salinity analyses wer. conducted by applying two differ.nt methods:(1)the extr.ction and assessment of the soluble salt content,and(2)using an SM-138 conductivity sensor.applied to a 1:1 mixtur. of soil sample and *** analyses of the monitor.ng r.sults and the salt balance in the"ir.igation water.soil–dr.inage water.system clear.y demonstr.ted that the condition of the ir.igated land in the pr.vince was not significantly *** these conditions,the stability of cr.p yields is achieved mainly thr.ugh the use of lar.e volumes of ***,excess amounts of miner.l fer.ilizer. can also cause the salinization of *** aver.ge gr.undwater.salinization value in most of the ir.igated land(75.3%)fluctuated between 1.1 and 5.0 g/L,while the values wer. less than 1.0 g/L in 13.1%of the land and in the r.nge of 5.1–10.0 g/L in 10.5%of the *** the per.od of 1995–2016 the salinization level of the ir.igated land in Jizzakh Pr.vince incr.ased slightly and the ar.a could be divided into the following classes:no salinity(17.7%of the total ar.a),low salinity(51.3%),moder.te salinity(29.0%),and high salinity(2.0%).De

关键词： ir.igation gr.undwater.level salinity soil salinization salt balance Uzbekistan

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Addr.ssing global change challenges for.Centr.l Asian socio-ecosystems

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Fr.ntier. of Ear.h Science 2012年第2期6卷 115-121页

作者： Jiaguo QI Temir.ek S. BOBUSHEV r.shid kulmatov Pavel Gr.ISMAN Gar.k GUTMAN Michigan State Univer.ity East Lansing MI 48823 USA Amer.can Univer.ity of Centr.l Asia Bishkek 720040 Kyrgyzstan National Univer.ity of Uzbekistan Tashkent 100027 Uzbekistan UCAr.Pr.ject Scientist at NOAA National Climatic Data Center Asheville NC 28801 USA NASA Land Use and Land Cover.Claange Pr.gr.m Washington DC 20546 USA

Centr.l Asia is one of the most vulner.ble r.gions on the planet ear.h to global climate change, depending on ver. fr.gile natur.l r.sour.es. The Soviet legacy has left the five countr.es （Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyr.yzstan, Tur.menistan, and Uzbekistan） with a highly integr.ted system but they ar. facing gr.at challenges with tensions that hinder.r.gional coor.ination of food and water.r.sour.es. With incr.asing climate var.ability and war.ing tr.nd in the r.gion, food and water.secur.ty issues become even mor. cr.cial now and, if not addr.ssed pr.per.y, could affect the r.gional stability. The long-ter. dr.ver. of these two most cr.tical elements, food and water. ar. climate change; the immediate and pr.bably mor. dr.stic factor. affecting the food and water.secur.ty ar. land uses dr.ven by institutional change and economic incentives. As a feedback, changes in land use and land cover.have dir.ctly implications on water.uses, food pr.duction, and lifestyles of the r.r.l community in the r.gion. r.gional and inter.ational effor.s have been made to holistically under.tand the cause, extent, r.te and societal implications of land use changes in the r.gion. Much of these have been under.tood, or.under.investiga- tion by var.ous pr.jects, but solutions or.r.sear.h effor. to develop solutions, to these ur.ent r.gional issues ar. lacking. This ar.icle, ser.es as an intr.duction to the special issue, pr.vides a br.ef over.iew of the challenges facing the Centr.l Asian countr.es and var.ous inter.a- tional effor.s in place that r.sulted in the publications of this special issue.

关键词： Centr.l Asia climate change land use andland cover.change water.and food secur.ty

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Heavy Metals Concentr.tion and Speciation in Ar.d Zone r.ver. （Amudar.a and Syr.ar.a） of Centr.l Asia

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Jour.al of Envir.nmental Science and Engineer.ng 2010年第8期4卷 36-45页

作者： r.A. kulmatov M. Hojamber.iev Depar.ment of Applied Ecology National University of Uzbekistan Vuzgorodok Tashkent 1 00174 Uzbekistan

The ar.d zone r.ver. Amudar.a and Syr.ar.a ar. located in Centr.l Asia and ar. subjected to the influx of differ.nt kinds of natur.l and anthr.pogenic pollutants. The concentr.tions and speciation of heavy metals, namely, Hg, Cr. Cd, Co, U, Zn, Sc, Fe, Br. Au, and Sm. in the Amudar.a and Syr.ar.a r.ver. water.in the ter.itor. of Uzbekistan wer. investigated by applying the neutr.n-activation analysis and thr.ugh exper.mental modeling using appr.pr.ate r.dionuclides. The heavy metals speciation in the r.ver. water.was separ.ted in cationic, anionic, and a combination of colloidal and neutr.l for.s. The exper.mental r.sults showed that heavy metals in the Amudar.a and Syr.ar.a r.ver. water.migr.te as a complex set of suspended solids, cationic, anionic, and a combination of colloidal neutr.l for.s. The r.tio of neutr.l and colloidal for.s aver.ges appr.ximately 40% for.the major.ty of the investigated heavy metals, and the shar. of neutr.l and colloidal for.s of heavy metals in the Syr.ar.a r.ver.water.is slightly less than in the Amudar.a r.ver.water.（10-20%）, which might be due to dischar.e of water.fr.m agr.cultur.l and industr. sector. into the r.ver.

关键词： Amudar.a Syr.ar.a contamination heavy metals speciation neutr.n-activation analysis.

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Pr.blems of Sustainable Use and Management of Water.and Land r.sour.es in Uzbekistan

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Jour.al of Water.r.sour.e and Pr.tection 2014年第1期6卷 35-42页

作者： r.shid kulmatov Depar.ment of Applied Ecology National University of Uzbekistan Tashkent Uzbekistan

In this paper. the pr.blems of r.tional use, pr.tection and management of water.and ir.igated land r.sour.es of Uzbekistan ar. discussed. Uzbekistan is using mor. than 50% water.r.sour.es of the r.gion and ther.for. it’s mor. vulner.ble to the pr.blems of water.deficiency and pollution caused by mismanagement, use of outdated technologies, and climate change impact. Utilization of water.r.sour.es on main br.nches of economy (ir.igation, industr. and dr.nking water.supply) fr.m 2000-2009 and in some cases beyond this per.od was analyzed. Based on the data analyzed, the conditions of ir.igated land degr.dation in Uzbekistan ar. estimated. The r.sults of this analysis suggest sever.l possibilities towar. a sustainable use of ir.igated lands: i) r.duction of the gr.undwater.table depth;ii) decr.ase of the level of miner.lization of gr.undwater. and iii) impr.vement of amelior.tive conditions of ir.igated lands. The causes r.sulting in degr.dation of the ir.igated lands and pr.ctical measur.s on the r.duction of salinization of the ir.igated lands ar. also r.commended.

关键词： Water r.sour.es Ir.igated Lands Salinization Miner.lization Uzbekistan

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Assessment of Water.Quality of the Tr.ns-Boundar. Zar.fshan r.ver.in the Ter.itor. of Uzbekistan

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Jour.al of Water.r.sour.e and Pr.tection 2013年第1期5卷 17-26页

作者： r.shid kulmatov Chr.stian Opp Michael Gr.ll Dilafr.z kulmatova Depar.ment of Applied Ecology National University of UzbekistanTashkentUzbekistan Depar.ment of Geogr.phy Philipps-Universitat MarburgMarburgGermany

The Zar.fshan r.ver.is a main tr.ns-boundar. r.ver.of the Ar.l Seabasin. As the main water.r.sour.e, the Zar.fshan r.ver.water.is mainly used by the r.publics ofTajikistanandUzbekistan. We explor.d the tr.nds of space-time pollution of r.ver.water.with ammonium, nitr.tes, phosphates, biological oxygen demand (ВОD), fluor.ne and some heavy metals at seven water.sampling points along theZar.fshanr.ver.inUzbekistan. The exper.mental data showed that the water.quality of the Zar.fshanr.ver.in 2002-2009 has under.one a consider.ble tr.nsfor.ation, even by the length of the r.ver. The chemical composition of the Zar.fshan r.ver.water.under.ent changes due to the agr.cultur.l collector.dr.inage dischar.es and the sewage of the cities of Samar.and and Navoi. The water.pollutants of the Zar.fshan r.ver. as a con- sequence of the agr.cultur.l pollution, consisted of miner.lization, ammonium, nitr.te, phosphate, and pesticides. Ther.for., it is necessar. to monitor.the chemical composition of the lar.e agr.cultur.l collector.dr.inage dischar.es into the r.ver. The main sour.es of the heavy metals (pr.mar.ly ar.enic and zinc) in the Zar.fshan r.ver.water.wer. pr.bably or. pr.cessing manufactur.s located inter.itor.ofTajikistan.

关键词： Tr.ns-Boundar. r.ver Zar.fshan r.ver Water.Pollution Water.Dischar.e Collector.Dr.inage Dischar.e Sewage

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Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Water.r.sour.es of Aydar.Ar.asay Lakes System (AALS)

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Jour.al of Water.r.sour.e and Pr.tection 2013年第10期5卷 941-952页

作者： r.shid kulmatov Nodir.ek Mullabaev Asqar.Nigmatov Dilafr.z kulmatova Jobir.Sobir.v Depar.ment of Applied Ecology National University of Uzbekistan Tashkent Uzbekistan Labor.tor. of Hydr.biology and Ichthyology Institute of Genofund of Flora and Fauna Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences Tashkent Uzbekistan

The Aydar.Ar.asay Lakes System (AALS) is an ar.ificial lake system which was cr.ated in 1969 by diver.ing flood water.fr.m Char.ar.a r.ser.oir. It has developed into a wetland of 4000 km2 ar.a r.cognized by the r.msar.Convention as of global impor.ance. It is not only a r.fuge for.bir.s and wildlife but also has seen the emer.ence of fisher. and tour.sm since. Under.tanding of its behavior.with r.spect to the quantitative and qualitative aspects of water.r.sour.es is impor.ant for.futur. use and management, especially for.fur.her.development of fisher. and ecotour.sm. The factor. influencing changes in quantity and quality of ААLS water.wer. studied between 1993 and 2011. Star.ing fr.m 1993 the water.level and water.volume of the lake pr.gr.ssively incr.ased. The spatio-tempor.l distr.butions of pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonium, nitr.te, nitr.te, phosphate, chlor.de, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) dur.ng 2003-2005 and 2009-2011 wer. deter.ined. On the basis of the conducted hydr.logical and hydr.-chemical r.sear.h fisher. development in ААLS is r.commended. The question is posed what r.quir.ments have to be in met in the futur. in or.er.to guar.ntee the pr.longed existence of the lake at a suitable water.quality.

关键词： Aydar.ul-Ar.asay Lakes System (AALS) Water Quality Quantitative Assessment Hydr.logy Fisher.

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乌兹别克斯坦水资源变化及其对供给压力的影响

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南水北调与水利科技（中英文） 2021年第1期19卷 75-82页

作者：于静洁阮宏威史尚渝王平 KHIKMATOV Fazliddin kulmatov r.shid 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地水循环及地表过程重点实验室北京100101 中国科学院大学北京100049 乌兹别克斯坦国立大学乌兹别克斯坦塔什干700174

梳理文献资料,结合农业、遥感和气象水文产品数据,分析乌兹别克斯坦水资源变化及水资源供给压力。分析表明:自1980年以来,乌兹别克斯坦年平均取水量由59亿m3增至102亿m3,灌溉农业消耗了90%以上的水资源;尽管1992年以来耕地面积总体呈下... 详细信息

梳理文献资料,结合农业、遥感和气象水文产品数据,分析乌兹别克斯坦水资源变化及水资源供给压力。分析表明:自1980年以来,乌兹别克斯坦年平均取水量由59亿m3增至102亿m3,灌溉农业消耗了90%以上的水资源;尽管1992年以来耕地面积总体呈下降态势(200km2/a),且高耗水作物种植比重下降(-3.24%),但受气候变暖的影响(0.31℃/(10a)),单位面积作物需水量持续增加(3.27mm/a),导致总的需水量仍呈增加态势(2.75亿m3/a);与此同时,上游来水量减少以及上游国家用水的增加,将进一步加剧区域水资源短缺及供给压力。为应对水资源问题,乌兹别克斯坦需加强水管理,改进灌溉技术,提高用水效率,同时,需寻求完善跨境河流水资源分配与管理的途径。该研究有助于增进对乌兹别克斯坦水资源问题的认识,并为应对该问题提供科学依据,以及为"一带一路"合作发展提供支撑。

关键词：气候变化人类活动水资源乌兹别克斯坦跨境河流中亚

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乌兹别克斯坦灌溉农业发展及其对生态环境和经济发展的影响

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干旱区地理 2021年第6期44卷 1810-1820页

作者：李琦李发东王国勤乔云峰 r.shid kulmatov 彭宇 Sayidjakhon KHASANOV 刘洪光何新林杨广中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室北京100101 石河子大学水利建筑工程学院新疆石河子832000 中国科学院大学北京100049 联合国环境署-国际生态系统管理伙伴关系北京100101 乌兹别克斯坦国立大学乌兹别克斯坦塔什干100170 塔什干灌溉和农业机械化工程研究所乌兹别克斯坦塔什干100000

乌兹别克斯坦作为中亚干旱区重要的农业大国,由于其独有的气候条件,灌溉是决定其农业生产的主要控制因素,因此,研究其灌溉农业发展历程对于保障农业生产与自然环境安全具有重要意义。通过查阅乌兹别克斯坦灌溉农业发展领域的相关文献,... 详细信息

乌兹别克斯坦作为中亚干旱区重要的农业大国,由于其独有的气候条件,灌溉是决定其农业生产的主要控制因素,因此,研究其灌溉农业发展历程对于保障农业生产与自然环境安全具有重要意义。通过查阅乌兹别克斯坦灌溉农业发展领域的相关文献,结合联合国粮食及农业组织、联合国数据检索系统等官方网站提供的资料数据,总结灌溉农田面积、人口、主要作物产量及农业产值等数据的变化规律,阐述了乌兹别克斯坦灌溉农业的发展历程,分析讨论由农业灌溉引起的一系列环境问题及其对社会经济的影响。结果表明:(1)由于气候干旱少雨,乌兹别克斯坦灌溉用水主要来自阿姆河及锡尔河,下游河道径流量及咸海蓄水量持续下降,暴露河床内大量松散沉积物并导致频繁的沙尘天气。(2)乌兹别克斯坦整体农业灌溉技术较为落后,过度引水使得部分地表径流汇聚在灌区低洼地带,抬升地下水位,最终引发严重的区域土壤盐渍化,故全面推广先进灌排技术,是该国未来灌溉农业与生态环境健康发展的主要方向。(3)农业生产是乌兹别克斯坦重要的经济来源,对国内生产总值有显著的正向影响。此研究可为干旱区农业发展及水资源管理提供借鉴。

关键词：灌溉干旱区农业棉花小麦乌兹别克斯坦中亚

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1990-2019年中亚五国干旱状况时空变化特征及大气涛动驱动分析

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中国生态农业学报（中英文） 2021年第2期29卷 312-324页

作者：彭宇李发东徐宁 r.shid kulmatov 高克昌王国勤张永勇乔云峰李艳红杨涵郝帅李琦 Sayidjakhon Khasanov 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室北京100101 中国科学院大学北京100049 石河子大学水利建筑工程学院石河子832000 乌兹别克斯坦国立大学塔什干100170 华南理工大学广州510006 联合国环境署-国际生态系统管理伙伴计划北京100101 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地水循环及地表过程重点实验室北京100101 新疆师范大学乌鲁木齐830054

咸海的迅速萎缩导致中亚五国的干旱问题引起了科学界的特别关注。为厘清中亚五国近30年来水分条件状况,探究影响其变化的气候驱动要素,本文使用帕默尔干旱指数(PDSI)对1990—2019年中亚五国干旱时空变化特征进行评估,并结合交叉小波变... 详细信息

咸海的迅速萎缩导致中亚五国的干旱问题引起了科学界的特别关注。为厘清中亚五国近30年来水分条件状况,探究影响其变化的气候驱动要素,本文使用帕默尔干旱指数(PDSI)对1990—2019年中亚五国干旱时空变化特征进行评估,并结合交叉小波变换揭示了大气涛动对其干旱状况的驱动影响。结果表明:中亚五国的干旱指数呈现周期性交替变化,年际变化率增大;夏秋旱、冬春湿的季节性干旱特征减弱,不同时间段的PDSI变异程度加剧,并表现出2018年后进入新一轮干期的可能。干旱程度总体呈现自西南向东北逐渐减轻、自东南山区向中西部平原逐步加重的格局;1990—2019年干旱重心由西南内陆腹地向哈萨克斯坦中西部地区转移,帕米尔和西天山山脉干旱程度呈波动上升态势。青藏高原指数(TPI)对PDSI变化表现出明显的驱动作用,在1990—2019年整个时间序列上均有较高的周期性强度,拥有1~3年(1995—2000年)、4~5年(2010—2015年)和8~10年(2015—2019年)3个明显年际尺度的震荡周期。总之,1990—2019年中亚五国整体干旱状况趋好,干旱变异程度加剧,干旱空间分异明显,TPI在年际尺度上是驱动PDSI变化的大气涛动要素。

关键词：帕默尔干旱指数(PDSI) 中亚五国干旱驱动力大气涛动交叉小波分析

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