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Development of Geothermal Resources in China: A Review

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Journal of Earth Science 2018年第2期29卷 452-467页

作者： Xiaobo Zhang qinhong hu School of Environmental Studies State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of Geosciences Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Texas at Arlington

Geothermal resources in China are distributed throughout the country, with hydrother- real systems of high temperature in the Tibet Autonomous Region, Yunnan Province and Taiwan Island and hydrothermal systems of low-medium temperature mainly in various sedimentary basins. Devel- opment and exploration of geothermal energy in China are below expectations. The purpose of this study is to comparatively review the characteristics （geology, hydrogeology, hydrochemistry and geo- physical data） of typical hydrothermal fields/areas and suggest development and utilization approaches in the future. Hydrothermal systems formed by mountain Hfting contain a considerable amount of en- ergy for geothermal power generation, especially in the Tibet Autonomous Region, Yunnan Province and Taiwan Island. However, geothermal water in the Tatun geothermal field has high TDS （total dis- solved solids）, an issue that requires more research to resolve this problem for power generation. The large storage of geothermal resources has been investigated in Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary basins; it is basically used for heating, bathing or greenhouse plantation. Moreover, hydrothermal resources of low-medium temperature can also be used in binary power plants. Although the enhanced geothermal systems （EGS） in China are promising, the resources have not yet been commercially exploited, because the emerging technologies （hydraulic fracturing） and concerns over environmental impacts （induced miero-seismicity） lead to slow development. On the contrary, shallow geothermal energy has been di- rectly utilized mainly for heating and cooling buildings. Cities like Beijing, Tianjin and Shenyang have established a series of ground-source heat-pump systems, which has led to a massive reduction of CO2 emission of 19.87×10^6 t.

关键词： geothermal energy potential exploitation and utilization China.

Porosity and Pore Networks in Tight Dolostone—Mudstone Reservoirs:Insights from the Devonian Three Forks Formation,Williston Basin,USA

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Journal of Earth Science 2022年第2期33卷 462-481页

作者： Adedoyin Adeyilola Stephan Nordeng qinhong hu Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science Central Michigan UniversityMount PleasantMI 48859USA Harold Hamm School of Geology and Geological Engineering University of North DakotaGrand ForksND 58202USA Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Texas at Arlington500 Yates StreetArlingtonTX 76019USA

This study was performed to evaluate pore systems of reservoir lithofacies within the Devonian Three Forks Formation in the Williston Basin through micro-scale pore *** lithofacies are from the Upper Three Forks section,which is a prominent drilling target within the BakkenThree Forks Petroleum *** from the Formation were examined by(1)physical core description,(2)petrographic thin section microscopy,(3)x-ray diffractometry(XRD)minerals analysis,(4)scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and(5)porosity measurements from helium porosimetry,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),gas adsorption and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP).These were done to provide better understanding of the local variations in pore structures and how such structures impact reservoir quality within the Three Forks *** reservoir lithofacies were identified and described,including laminated lithofacies,massive dolostone,mottled dolostone,massive mudstone,mottled mudstone,mudstone conglomerates,and brecciated *** show a diverse variation in mineralogical composition,pore types,porosity,and pore-size *** types of pores were identified:interparticle,intercrystalline,intracrystalline,vuggy,microfractures,and mudstone ***-rich lithofacies have abundant dolomite and less siliciclastic minerals such as quartz,feldspar,and *** also have relatively low porosity and generally larger pore size.A general positive trend exists between porosity with clay minerals and feldspar,in contrast to a negative trend with dolomite,and no clear relationship with quartz *** from the gas adsorption analysis,NMR and MIP pore-size distribution confirm an abundance of macropores(>50 nm in diameters)in dolostone dominated lithofacies while other lithofacies generally have abundant mesopores(2–50 nm).

关键词： dolostone mudstone porosity pores clay minerals dolomite lithofacies bakken-three forks petroleum system petroleum geology

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Leaching Behavior of Trace Elements in Coal Spoils from Yangquan Coal Mine, Northern China

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Journal of Earth Science 2016年第5期27卷 891-900页

作者： Xubo Gao Mo Xu qinhong hu Yanxin Wang State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection&College of Environment and Civil Engineering Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu 610059China Department of Earth and Environment Sciences University of Texas at AustinAustin TX76019USA

The long-term dumping of coal waste piles has caused serious environmental problems. Release of trace elements（including rare earth elements, REEs） from coal spoils gobs was investigated at Yangquan coal mine, Shanxi Province, China. X-ray diffraction（XRD） was used to analyze the mineral composition of the coal spoils. The minerals of the coal-spoil samples are mainly kaolinite and quartz, with a minor proportion of pyrite. The batch and column tests were employed to simulate the leaching behavior of trace elements from coal spoils. Elements V, Cr, Zn, As, Pb, and Cd are highly enriched in all coal spoils. The coal spoils also have elevated levels of Ga, Ge, Se, Sn, Hf, and Th. The leachate of coal spoils, fried coal spoils and CSFGM（coal spoils fire gas mineral） samples are acidic, with the p H values ranging between 3.0 and 6.6. The released elements with high concentrations（over 100 μg/L） include Fe, Mn, Co, Ni and Zn, while moderately-released elements are Cu, Se, Mo and As. A high content of heavy metals in batch-test leachate with CSFGM indicates an increased mobility of heavy metals in coal spoil combustion byproduct. Within the first hour washing with the electrolyte solution, a rapid rise of common cations, trace elements, and REEs content, as well as a drop of p H value, in effluent was observed. An increased leaching velocity favors the release of trace elements from coal spoils. In addition, the pulse input of precipitation led to more elements to be released than continuous leaching.

关键词： trace elements coal spoil contamination leaching column test.

Structure and Evolution of Clay-Organic Nanocomposites in Three Leading Shales in China

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Journal of Earth Science 2023年第3期34卷 824-837页

作者： Yuantao Gu Quan Wan Xiaoxia Li Tao Han Shuguang Yang qinhong hu School of Resources and Environment Henan University of EngineeringZhengzhou 451191China State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuiyang 550081China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas 76019USA

Organic matter(OM)in shales occurs as nanometer-sized intercalations with clay minerals that are termed as clay-organic nanocomposites;however,the OM occurrence in nanocomposites at different stages of maturation is still unclear,and the co-evolution process of OM and clay under burial is not well *** reveal the variation of OM occurrence and clarify the relationship between petroleum generation of OM&transformation of clay minerals in nanocomposites as a function of maturity,this study investigates the structure and clay-OM association in 44 samples from three leading shales at different maturity stages from two basins in China.A total of 15 samples of lacustrine shale from upper Triassic Yanchang Formation,15 samples of marine shale from Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation,and 14 samples of marine shale from Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation were analyzed based on organic geochemistry,X-ray diffraction(XRD),and field emission-scan electron microscopy(FE-SEM),focused ion beam(FIB)sample preparation and consequent high resolution-transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM)observations combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS).The results from this study show that most shale samples are organic-rich,and these three shales represent thermal evolutionary process from oil-window mature to overmature in a sequence of Triassic Yanchang,Silurian Longmaxi,and Cambrian Niutitang *** observations indicate that sub-parallel bands of clays and intermingling of detrital minerals(such as quartz)dominate the nanocomposites in the Yanchang *** for Longmaxi and Niutitang shales,abundant nanopores and pyrite nanoparticles are observed in nanocomposites with features of layered distributions of OM and clay *** structural investigation of nanocomposites shows that organic carbon between multi-layers dominates the OM occurrence in nanocomposites,which significantly extends the traditional opinion of OM-clay *** an oil-window ma

关键词： organic matter shale clay-organic nanocomposites structure hydrocarbons

Pore Structure Characteristics and Permeability of Deep Sedimentary Rocks Determined by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry

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Journal of Earth Science 2016年第4期27卷 670-676页

作者： Na Zhang Manchao He Bo Zhang Fengchao Qiao Hailong Sheng qinhong hu State Key Laboratory for Geo Mechanics and Deep Underground Engineering Beijing 100083China School of Mechanics Architecture and Civil EngineeringChina University of Mining and TechnologyBeijing 100083China Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Texas at ArlingtonArlington TX 76019USA

Pore structure characteristics of rock are a great concern for researchers and practitioners in rock mechanics and rock engineering fields. In this study, mercury intrusion porosimetry（MIP） was used to measure pore size distribution, as well as several important index parameters of pore structure, for seven common types of deep sedimentary rocks with a total of fifty rock samples. Results show a similar pore size distribution pattern of the rock samples in the same lithological group, but remarkable differences among different lithological groups. Among seven investigated rock types, mudstone has the smallest porosity of 3.37%, while conglomerate has the largest value of 18.8%. It is also found that the porosity of rock types with finer grain size is lower than those with coarser grain size. Meanwhile, a comparison of frequency distribution at ten intervals of pore-throat diameter among seven types of sedimentary rocks reveals that different rock types have different dominant pore-size ranges. Furthermore, permeability of the investigated sedimentary rock samples was derived based on MIP data using reported theoretical equations. Among seven rock types, mudstone has the lowest averaged permeability（3.64×10^（-6） mD） while conglomerate has the highest one（8.59×10^（-4） mD）. From mudstone to conglomerate, rock permeability increases with an increase of grain size, with only an exception of siltstone which has a relatively larger porosity value. Finally, regression analysis show that there is a good fitting（R^2=0.95） between permeability and porosity which could be easily used to derive reliable permeability values of similar kinds of engineering rocks.

关键词： sedimentary rock pore structure mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) pore size dis-tribution porosity permeability.

Petrophysical Characteristics of Silurian Mudstones from Central Taurides in Southern Turkey

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Journal of Earth Science 2021年第4期32卷 778-798页

作者： Zeynep Döner qinhong hu Mustafa Kumral Md Golam Kibria Hongguo Qiao Mengdi Sun Department of Geological Engineering Faculty of MinesIstanbul Technical UniversityIstanbul 34469Turkey Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Texas at ArlingtonArlington TX 76019USA Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources Ministry of EducationChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China

This study used a range of integrated and complementary experiments to examine porestructure,fluid-shale wetting characteristics,sample size-dependent porosity towards different fluids,and imbibition behavior,as well as the relationships between these properties and the mineralogy of Silurian mudstones in the Central Taurides of *** with different sample-sizes,the experiments consisted of helium pycnometry,low-pressure nitrogen physisorption isotherm,mercury intrusion porosimetry,fluid immersion porosimetry,liquid displacement,fluid droplet wettability and contact angle measurements,and spontaneous imbibition of fluids;four fluids with different hydrophilicity were used to assess the characteristics of fluid-shale interaction and its influence on *** show that studied mudstones can be grouped into three rock types:siliceous,carbonate-dominated,and mixed *** and mixed mudstones have higher porosities,pore-throat diameters,surface areas and tortuosities than the carbonate-dominated mudstones,regardless of sample sizes and fluids *** low permeabilities and medium pore-throat sizes for the siliceous and mixed mudstones,the wettability and imbibition results show that these mudstones are both oil-wet and moderately-to-high *** contrast,the carbonate-dominated mudstones exhibit oil-wet *** results indicate that studied siliceous and mixed mudstones in the Central Taurides seem to have appropriate petrophysical properties in the context of reservoir quality.

关键词： Silurian mudstones Central Taurides of Turkey petrophysical properties pore structure connectivity fractal dimension

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Simultaneous Separation and Quantification of Iron and Transition Species Using LC-ICP-MS

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2011年第6期2卷 675-682页

作者： qinhong hu 不详

Using liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS), this work investigates the simultaneous separation and quantification of seven transition metal species (Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd), based on a separation scheme published by Dionex company that used the spectrophotometric method for quantification. The LC-ICP-MS method overcomes the shortcomings of conventional ferrozine approaches of measuring Fe(II) and total Fe by two separate runs and calculating Fe(III) by the difference of two runs. The advantage is particularly evident in that organo-iron species are found to be the predominant iron species in many natural waters, and the difference method cannot measure the concentration of Fe(III) because ferrozine will not complex with organo-iron species. In the work reported here, the LC-ICP-MS method is successfully applied to the separation of dissolved iron species, as well as six other divalent transition metals in tap water, deionized water, river water, hot springs, and groundwater samples.

关键词： LC-ICP-MS Fe(II) Fe(III) Organo-Fe Transition Metals

A new method for evaluating the oil mobility based on the relationship between pore structure and state of oil

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Geoscience Frontiers 2023年第6期14卷 432-449页

作者： Longhui Bai Bo Liu Xiaofei Fu qinhong hu Qiuli huo Liu Wang Qiming Wang Li FuMehdi Ostadhassan Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Efficient Development Ministry of EducationNortheast Petroleum UniversityDaqing 163318China Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Texas at ArlingtonTX 76019USA Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China Research Institute of Exploration and Development of Daqing Oilfield Company Ltd. Daqing 163712China

An accurate evaluation of the shale oil mobility is crucial to its cost-effective *** study presents a method to assess shale oil mobility by integrating the pore structure and oil states ***,a set of three discrete organic extracts(EOM-A,B and C)were obtained by sequential *** relationships among the EOMs and the oil states were inferred from the group compositions and fluorescence properties of the produced shale oil(free state).The results showed that EOMs A and B represent free oil in the open and closed pores,respectively,while the EOM-C represents adsorbed ***,NMR T_(1)-T_(2)map is used to determine the T_(2-cutoff)values that indicate the pore size ranges of different oil *** oil resides mainly in larger pore space(T_(2)>0.5 ms),while the adsorbed oil in smaller pore space(0.2 ms0.5 and T_(2-cutoff)>1.0 ms suggest that the free oil in connected pores has the highest *** work can provide a reference for evaluating the shale oil potential and prospectivity in other regions.

关键词： Qingshankou Formation Sequential extraction NMR T_(1)-T_(2) Free and adsorbed oil Shale oil mobility

LA-ICP-MS Calibrations for Intact Rock Samples with Internal Standard and Modified Constant-Sum Methods

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2012年第2期3卷 168-174页

作者： Sheng Peng qinhong hu Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Texas at Arlington Arlington USA

Laser ablation coupled with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) calibration was conducted with multiple spot analyses on eleven intact rock samples using both an internal standard (IS) method and a modified constant-sum (MCS) method. Methods were then compared for reported bulk elemental composition of the rocks. The MCS method was based on the sum of eight major elements, which is spatially more stable than one single major ele-ment as used in the IS method, and is quite constant among different rock samples. Calibrations were performed with standard reference materials NIST SRM 610, 612, 614, and 616. Little difference was found between using a single standard and a set of standards, because of the good linearity shown by the reference materials. Comparison of the two calibration methods shows that the MCS method produced better and more stable results than the IS method for heterogeneous samples. With the MCS method, approximately 94% to 95% of the total measurements are within the range of ±100% relative deviation, compared with 82% to 86% with the IS method. The IS method resulted insubstantial overestimations for some rock samples (e.g., 648% for Basalt BCR-2 using NIST SRM 610 as the calibration standard), while the largest deviation with the MCS method was 216% for U in Eagle Ford shale #80 sample. For Quartz latite QLO-1, a relative homogeneous sample, the IS method generated slightly better results than the MCS method. Regardless of method, spatially heterogeneous distribution of elements in the intact rock at the scale of the laser spot is considered to be the main reason for the large relative deviations seen in our work compared to published results.

关键词： LA-ICP-MS Quantitative Calibration Internal Standard Method Modified Constant-Sum Method