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Fairness in machine learning: definition, testing,debugging, and application

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2024年第9期67卷 41-61页

作者： Xuanqi GAO Chao SHEN Weipeng JIANG Chenhao lIN qian lI qian WANG Qi lI Xiaohong GuAN Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Cyber Science and Engineering Wuhan University Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace Tsinghua University

In recent years, artificial intelligence technology has been widely used in many fields, such as computer vision, natural language processing and autonomous driving. Machine learning algorithms, as the core technique of AI, have significantly facilitated people's lives. However, underlying fairness issues in machine learning systems can pose risks to individual fairness and social security. Studying fairness definitions, sources of problems, and testing and debugging methods of fairness can help ensure the fairness of machine learning systems and promote the wide application of artificial intelligence technology in various fields. This paper introduces relevant definitions of machine learning fairness and analyzes the sources of fairness problems. Besides, it provides guidance on fairness testing and debugging methods and summarizes popular datasets. This paper also discusses the technical advancements in machine learning fairness and highlights future challenges in this area.

关键词： artificial intelligence security machine learning security machine learning fairness model testing model debugging

A path planning algorithm for a crop monitoring fixed-wing unmanned aerial system

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2024年第8期67卷 5-23页

作者： longhao qian Yi lok lO Hugh Hong-tao l.u Institute of Aerospace Studies University of Toronto Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong

With the growing demand for automation in agricul.ure, industries increasingly rely on drones to perform crop monitoring and surveillance. In this regard, fixed-wing unmanned aerial systems(uASs)are viable platforms for scanning a large crop field, given their payload capacity and range. To achieve maximum coverage without landing for battery replacement, an algorithm for producing a minimal required energy survey path is essential. Hence, an energy-aware coverage path planning algorithm is proposed *** constraints for a fixed-wing uAS to fly at low altitudes while achieving full coverage of the crop field are first analyzed. Then, the full path is decomposed into straight-line and u-turn primitives. Finally, an algorithm to cal.ulate a combination of straight-line segments and u-turns is proposed to obtain the path with minimum required energy consumption. The genetic algorithm is used to efficiently determine the order of the straight-line paths to traverse. Case studies show that the proposed algorithm can produce planning results for a convex-polygon-shaped crop field.

关键词： aerial survey energy minimization fixed-wing uAS genetic algorithm path planning

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Multi-faceted spatio-temporal network for weather-aware air traffic flow prediction in multi-airport system

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2024年第7期37卷 301-316页

作者： Kaiquan CAI Shuo TANG Shengsheng qian Zhiqi SHEN Yang YANG School of Electronic and Information Engineering Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China State Key laboratory of CNS/ATM Beijing100191China Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Research Institute for Frontier Science Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China

As one of the core modules for air traffic flow management,Air Traffic Flow Prediction(ATFP)in the Multi-Airport System(MAS)is a prerequisite for demand and capacity balance in the complex meteorological *** to the challenge of implicit interaction mechanism among traffic flow,airspace capacity and weather impact,the Weather-aware ATFP(Wa-ATFP)is still a nontrivial *** this paper,a novel Multi-faceted Spatio-Temporal Graph Convolutional Network(MSTGCN)is proposed to address the Wa-ATFP within the complex operations of ***,a spatio-temporal graph is constructed with three different nodes,including airport,route,and fix to describe the topology structure of ***,a weather-aware multi-faceted fusion module is proposed to integrate the feature of air traffic flow and the auxiliary features of capacity and weather,which can effectively address the complex impact of severe weather,e.g.,***,to capture the latent connections of nodes,an adaptive graph connection constructor is *** experimental results with the real-world operational dataset in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area,China,validate that the proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art machine-learning and deep-learning based baseline approaches in performance.

关键词： Air traffic control Graph neural network Multi-faceted information Air traffic flow prediction Multi-airport system

Exact solutions for magnetohydrodynamic nanofluids flow and heat transfer over a permeable axisymmetric radially stretching/shrinking sheet

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Chinese Physics B 2024年第2期33卷 108-114页

作者： u.S.Mahabaleshwar G.P.Vanitha l.M.Pérez Emad H.Aly I.Pop Department of Studies in Mathematics Davangere UniversityShivagangothriDavangereIndia Departamento de F´ısica FACIUniversidad de Tarapac´aCasilla 7DAricaChile Department of Mathematics Faculty of EducationAin Shams UniversityRoxyCairoEgypt Department of Mathematics Babes-Bolyai University400084 Cluj-NapocaRomania

We report on the magnetohydrodynamic impact on the axisymmetric flow of Al_(2)O_(3)/Cu nanoparticles suspended in H_(2)O past a stretched/shrinked *** the use of partial differential equations and the corresponding thermophysical characteristics of nanoparticles,the physical flow process is *** resultant nonlinear system of partial differential equations is converted into a system of ordinary differential equations using the suitable similarity *** transformed differential equations are solved *** of the magnetic parameter,solid volume fraction and stretching/shrinking parameter on momentum and temperature distribution have been analyzed and interpreted *** skin friction and Nusselt number were also *** addition,existence of dual solution was deduced for the shrinking sheet and unique solution for the stretching ***,Al_(2)O_(3)/H_(2)O nanofluid flow has better thermal conductivity on comparing with Cu/H_(2)O ***,it was found that the first solutions of the stream are stable and physically realizable,whereas those of the second ones are unstable.

关键词： magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid stretching/shrinking sheet axisymmetric flow analytical solution suction/injection

SwiftTheft: A Time-Efficient Model Extraction Attack Framework Against Cl.ud-Based Deep Neural Networks

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Chinese Journal of Electronics 2024年第1期33卷 90-100页

作者： Wenbin YANG Xueluan GONG Yanjiao CHEN qian WANG Jianshuo DONG School of Cyber Science and Engineering Wuhan University School of Computer Science Wuhan University College of Electrical Engineering Zhejiang University

With the rise of artificial intelligence and cl.ud computing, machine-learning-as-a-service platforms,such as Google, Amazon, and IBM, have emerged to provide sophisticated tasks for cl.ud applications. These proprietary models are vulnerable to model extraction attacks due to their commercial value. In this paper, we propose a time-efficient model extraction attack framework called Swift Theft that aims to steal the functionality of cl.ud-based deep neural network models. We distinguish Swift Theft from the existing works with a novel distribution estimation algorithm and reference model settings, finding the most informative query samples without querying the victim model. The selected query samples can be applied to various cl.ud models with a one-time selection. We evaluate our proposed method through extensive experiments on three victim models and six datasets, with up to 16 models for each dataset. Compared to the existing attacks, Swift Theft increases agreement(i.e., similarity) by 8% while consuming 98% less selecting time.

关键词： Performance evaluation Cl.ud computing Analytical models Computational modeling Estimation Artificial neural networks Artificial intelligence

Brain circuits for retching-like behavior

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National Science Review 2024年第1期11卷 145-160页

作者： lifang Huo Zhimin Ye Meiling l.u Ziqing He Meizhu Huang Dapeng li qian Wu qian Wang Xiaoqun Wang Peng Cao Ji Dong Congping Shang School of Basic Medical Sciences Guangzhou National Laboratory The Fifth Afflliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University Bioland laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong laboratory) Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection Capital Medical University State Key laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and learning IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Beijing Normal University Changping life Science laboratory National Institute of Biological Sciences

Nausea and vomiting are important defensive responses to cope with pathogens and toxins that invade the body. The nucl.us of the solitary tract(NTS) is important for initiating these responses. However, the molecular heterogeneities and cel.ular diversities of the NTS occlude a better understanding of these defensive responses. Here, we constructed the single-nucl.us transcriptomic atlas of NTS cells and found multiple populations of NTS neurons that may be involved in these defensive responses. Among these, we identified Calbindin1-positive(Calb1+) NTS neurons that are molecularly distinct from Tac1+*** Calb1+neurons are critical for nausea and retching induced by cereulide; an emetic toxin secreted by Bacil.us Cereus. Strikingly, we found that cereulide can directly modulate vagal sensory neurons that innervate Calb1+NTS neurons, a novel mechanism distinct from that for nausea and retching induced by Staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Together, our transcriptomic atlas of NTS neurons and the functional analyses revealed the neural mechanism for cereulide-induced retching-like behavior. These results demonstrate the molecular and cel.ular complexities in the brain that underlie defensive responses to the diversities of pathogens and toxins.

关键词： vomiting nausea nucl.us of the solitary tract Calbindin1 neural circuits

Mechanical properties and fracture surface roughness of thermally damaged granite under dynamic splitting

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Deep underground Science and Engineering 2024年第1期3卷 103-116页

作者： Yijin qian Peng Jia Songze Mao Jialiang lu School of Resources and Civil Engineering Northeastern UniversityShenyangChina

In order to understand the mechanical properties and the fracture surface roughness characteristics of thermally damaged granite under dynamic splitting,dynamic Brazilian splitting tests were conducted on granite samples after thermal treatment at 25,200,400,and 600℃.Results show that the dynamic peak splitting strength of thermally damaged granite samples increases with increasing strain rate,showing obvious strain‐rate *** increasing temperature,thermally induced cracks in granite transform from intergranular cracks to intragranular cracks,and to a transgranular crack *** induced damages reduce the dynamic peak splitting strength and the maximum absorbed energy while increasing the peak radial *** fracture mode of the thermally damaged granite under dynamic loads is mode Ⅱ splitting *** using the axial roughness index Z2 a,the distribution ranges of the wedge‐shaped failure zones and the tensile failure zones in the fracture surfaces under dynamic Brazilian splitting can be effectively *** radial roughness index Z_(2)^(r)is sensitive to the strain rate and *** shows a linear correlation with the peak splitting strength and the maximum absorbed energy and a linear negative correlation with the peak radial strain.Z_(2)^(r)can be used to quantitatively estimate the dynamic parameters based on the models proposed.

关键词： dynamic splitting fracture surface roughness granite strain rate thermal treatment

Development of RPA-Cas12a-fluorescence assay for rapid and reliable detection of human bocavirus 1

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Animal Models and Experimental Medicine 2024年第2期7卷 179-188页

作者： Weidong qian Xuefei Wang Ting Wang Jie Huang qian Zhang Yongdong li Si Chen School of Food and Biological Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and TechnologyXi'anP.R.China Department of Dermatology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenP.R.China Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention NingboP.R.China Medical College of Shenzhen university ShenzhenP.R.China

Human bocavirus(HBoV)1 is considered an important pathogen that mainly affects infants aged 6–24 months,but preventing viral transmission in resource-limited regions through rapid and affordable on-site diagnosis of individuals with early infection of HBoV1 remains somewhat ***,we present a novel faster,lower cost,reliable method for the detection of HBoV1,which integrates a recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA)assay with the CRISPR/Cas12a system,designated the RPA-Cas12a-fluorescence *** RPA-Cas12a-fluorescence system can specifically detect target gene levels as low as 0.5 copies of HBoV1 plasmid DNA per microliter within 40 min at 37℃without the need for sophisticated *** method also demonstrates excellent specificity without cross-reactivity to non-target ***,the method was appraised using 28 clinical samples,and displayed high accuracy with positive and negative predictive agreement of 90.9%and 100%,***,our proposed rapid and sensitive HBoV1 detection method,the RPA-Cas12a-fluorescence assay,shows promising potential for early on-site diagnosis of HBoV1 infection in the fields of public health and health *** established RPA-Cas12a-fluorescence assay is rapid and reliable method for human bocavirus 1 *** RPA-Cas12a-fluorescence assay can be completed within 40 min with robust specificity and sensitivity of 0.5 copies/μl.

关键词： CRISPR-Cas12a detection human bocavirus 1 on-site diagnosis recombinase polymerase amplification

Porous TiFe_(2) intermetallic compound fabricated via elemental powder reactive synthesis

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International Journal of Minerals,Metal.urgy and Materials 2024年第4期31卷 764-772页

作者： qian Zhao Zhenli He Yuehui He Yue Qiu Zhonghe Wang Yao Jiang State Key laboratory of Powder Metal.urgy Powder Metallurgy Research InstituteCentral South UniversityChangsha 410083China

Porous intermetallics show potential in the field of filtration and separation as well as in the field of ***,porous Ti Fe2intermetallics were fabricated by the reactive synthesis of elemental *** phase transformation and pore formation of porous TiFe2intermetallics were investigated,and its corrosion behavior and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)performance in alkali solution were *** TiFe2intermetallics with porosity in the range of 34.4%-56.4%were synthesized by the diffusion reaction of Ti and Fe elements,and the pore formation of porous TiFe2intermetallic compound is the result of a combination of the bridging effect and the Kirkendall *** porous TiFe2samples exhibit better corrosion resistance compared with porous 316l stainless steel,which is related to the formation of uniform nanosheets on the surface that hinder further corrosion,and porous TiFe2electrode shows the overpotential of 220.6 and 295.6 mV at 10 and 100 mA·cm-2,suggesting a good catalytic *** synthesized porous Fe-based intermetallic has a controllable pore structure as well as excellent corrosion resistance,showing its potential in the field of filtration and separation.

关键词： TiFe2 intermetallic compound porous materials reactive synthesis corrosion behavior hydrogen evolution reaction