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作者：卡韩（SAMRAT khanal）东南大学

学位级别：硕士

目的:本研究的主要目的在于评估Ipilimumab联合Nivolumab对比Nivolumab单药治疗肿瘤患者发生免疫相关不良事件(irAEs)的风险。患者和方法:计算机检索PubMed、Web of science等数据库,检索时限均为各数据库建库其至2018年06月,筛选符合... 详细信息

目的:本研究的主要目的在于评估Ipilimumab联合Nivolumab对比Nivolumab单药治疗肿瘤患者发生免疫相关不良事件(irAEs)的风险。患者和方法:计算机检索PubMed、Web of science等数据库,检索时限均为各数据库建库其至2018年06月,筛选符合入组标准的随机对照试验,比较Ipilimumab联合Nivolumab对比Nivolumab单药治疗肿瘤患者的1-4级和3/4级irAEs。文献筛选及资料提取由两名研究者单独完成并交叉核对,如遇分歧,则咨询第三名研究者协助判断。计算其比值比(OR)和95%置信区间(95%CI)。结果:本研究纳入4个研究,共计2,946名患者。肿瘤类型包括肺癌和黑色素瘤。与Nivolumab单药治疗相比,联合Ipilimumab和Nivolumab治疗其1-4级和3/4级irAEs风险显著增加,如瘙痒,皮疹,腹泻,结肠炎,丙氨酸氨基转移酶升高和肺炎。结论:Ipilimumab和Nivolumab联合治疗增加晚期肿瘤患者的免疫相关不良事件发生率。

关键词：免疫相关不良事件肺癌黑色素瘤 ipilimumab nivolumab

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发展中国家的可再生能源:沼气的机遇和挑战

中国沼气 2015年第1期33卷 58-64页

作者： K C Surendra Devin Takara rew G Hashimoto Samir Kumar khanal 李谦 University of Hawaii Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering usa96822 农业部沼气科学研究所

能源对于现代社会至关重要,是社会经济发展最重要的指标之一。尽管科技不断发展,但仍然有约30亿人(主要集中在发展中国家的农村地区),继续通过在传统的炉灶中燃烧生物质资源(如柴薪、秸秆、动物粪便)的方式来满足烹饪的能源需求。这种... 详细信息

能源对于现代社会至关重要,是社会经济发展最重要的指标之一。尽管科技不断发展,但仍然有约30亿人(主要集中在发展中国家的农村地区),继续通过在传统的炉灶中燃烧生物质资源(如柴薪、秸秆、动物粪便)的方式来满足烹饪的能源需求。这种方式对环境、社会、经济、公众健康都带来极大负面影响。这些地区要实现可持续性发展,开发干净清洁、价格低廉的可再生能源就势在必行。把现有的生物质资源(动物粪便、秸秆、餐厨垃圾、绿色废弃物)提炼成更加清洁高效的能源载体(例如厌氧发酵产生的沼气),不仅具有提供清洁、可靠能源的独特潜力,同时又能保护当地和全球的环境。尽管沼气对发展中国家来说意义重大,但其面临着成本高、设备安装和维护专业知识缺乏等问题,因而在地理位置分散的社区难以广泛推广应用。因此,政府和非政府层面的通力协作就显得至关重要,从而促进沼气技术的更新改造和传播,开发尚未被开发的潜力。文章旨在通过分析沼气技术的现状、挑战和潜力,明确它在发展中国家未来的研究方向和发展传播路径。

关键词：厌氧消化沼气生物能源发展中国家温室气体粪便废弃物

Composition and Regeneration of Trees in the Community Forests of Lamjung District,Nepal

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2021年第5期12卷 658-668页

作者： Tilak Babu CHAPAGAI Dipak KHADKA Dinesh Raj BHUJU Narendra Raj khanal SHI Shi CUI Dafang Central Department of Environmental Science Tribhuvan UniversityKirtipur 44618Nepal Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm College of Forestry and Landscape ArchitectureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou 510642China Golden Gate International College Tribhuvan UniversityKathmandu 4059Nepal Environment Protection and Study Center Kathmandu 44600Nepal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology Lalitpur 3323Nepal Central Department of Geography Tribhuvan UniversityKirtipur 44618Nepal

The community forest program in Nepal is one of the successful conservation *** species in a forest ecosystem have a fundamental role in maintaining the vegetation structure,complexity,and *** study analyzes the composition and regeneration of tree species in five community forests(CFs)of the sub-tropical region,Lamjung district,Nepal for preparing baseline data for long-term research projects and helps the community to manage their CFs *** species data were generated by stratified random sampling using 35 quadrate plots(size:20 m x 20 m).The density of adult trees in the forests ranged from 575 Ind ha^(-1)(Tilahar CF)to 1196 Ind/ha(Deurali Thadopakha CF).The sapling ranged from 2533 Ind ha^(-1)(Tilahar CF)to 4000 Ind ha^(-1)(Thuliban CF)and seedling from 19583 Ind ha^(-1)(Tilahar CF)to 37500 Ind ha^(-1)(Thuliban CF).Similarly,the adult tree basal area varied from 28.34 m^(2) ha^(-1)(Tilahar CF)to 49 m^(2) ha^(-1)(Deurali CF).The adult tree diversity index(Shannon-Weiner’s H)also ranged from 1.08(Thuliban CF)to 1.88(Tilahar CF).The tree species such as Sapium insigne,Ficus benghalensis,Lagerstroemia parviflore,Albizia *** Pinus roxburghii were weak *** general,the forests have good regeneration status except for Tilahar Community Forest,but based on the DBH size class distribution diagram,there is no sustainable *** the five community forests the DBH size of adults was significantly different,and the DBH of Deurali Thadopakha was the *** only few species have good regeneration and most of the species have weak,poor to no *** dominancy of fewer species like Shorea robusta,Castanopsis indica,and Schima wallichii accordingly maintain the overall regeneration of tree of CFs,so further plantation needs to be done inside the CF by triage accordingly those species whose regeneration has poor.

关键词： community forest composition regeneration species tree

A geo-spatial database about the eco-environment and its key issues in South Asia

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Big Earth Data 2018年第3期2卷 298-319页

作者： Ainong Li Wei Deng Wei Zhao Bintao Liu Jianqiang Zhang Bo Kong Xi Nan Jinhu Bian Hriday Lal Koirala Hammad Gilani Vishwambhar Prasad Sati Pattiyage I.A.Gomes Narendra Raj khanal Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina Branch of Mountain Sciences Kathmandu Center for Research and EducationCASChengduChina Central Department of Geography Tribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal Institute of Space Technology IslamabadPakistan Department of Geography and Resource Management School of Earth SciencesMizoram UniversityAizawlIndia Department of Civil Engineering Institute of Information TechnologyMalabeSri Lanka

The South Asia has high variability in geographical features,climate,*** the rapid economic development and population growth,the increased pressure on natural resources,land degradation,water crisis,and climate change become the common concerns forthe countries in the *** get a deep and general idea about the land and water natural resources and environment in South Asia,a knowl-edge database was constructed based on the climatic condition,land use/cover,waterresources,water disasters,and *** sults presented a scientific insight regarding the spatio-temporal changing pattern of the eco-environ mental components in this *** assessments were performed for the floods,droughts,and geohazards which occurred with a high *** general,the big knowledge database established in this study would be helpful to aid the devel-opment of future policies and programs(like the Belt and Road Initiative)for environmental issues adaptation in the region,including initiatives for regional cooperation and capacity building in natural resources and environment management.

关键词： South Asia eco-environment water resource geohazard climate change assessment

Predicting the Impact of Climate Change on Vulnerable Species in Gandaki River Basin,Central Himalayas

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2022年第2期13卷 173-185页

作者： Raju RAI ZHANG Yili LIU Linshan Paras Bikram SINGH Basanta PAUDEL Bipin Kumar ACHARYA Narendra Raj khanal Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Kathmandu Center for Research and Education Chinese Academy of Sciences-Tribhuvan UniversityKathmandu 44613Nepal Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and UtilizationInstitute of ZoologyGuangdong Academy of ScienceGuangzhou 510260China Biodiversity Conservation Society Nepal Lalitpur 44700Nepal Department of Epidemiology School of Public HealthSun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275China

Gandaki River Basin(GRB)is an important part of the central Himalayan region,which provides habitat for numerous wild ***,climatic changes are making the habitat in this basin more *** paper aims to assess the potential impacts of climate change on the spatial distributions of habitat changes for two vulnerable species,Himalayan black bear(Ursus thibetanus laniger)and common leopard(Panthera pardus fusca),using the maximum entropy(Max Ent)species distribution *** occurrence locations were used along with several bioclimatic and topographic variables(elevation,slope and aspect)to fit the model and predict the potential distributions(current and future)of the *** results show that the highly suitable area of Himalayan black bear within the GRB currently encompasses around 1642 km^(2)(5.01%area of the basin),which is predicted to increase by 51 km^(2) in the future(2050).Similarly,the habitat of common leopard is estimated as 3999 km^(2)(12.19%of the GRB area),which is likely to increase to 4806 km^(2) in ***,the habitat of Himalayan black bear is predicted to increase in the eastern part(Baseri,Tatopani and north from Bhainse)and to decrease in the eastern(Somdang,Chhekampar),western(Burtibang and Bobang)and northern(Sangboche,Manang,Chhekampar)parts of the study ***,the habitat of common leopard is projected to decrease particularly in the eastern,western and southern parts of the basin,although it is estimated to be extended in the southeastern(Bhainse),western(Harichaur and northern Sandhikhark)and north-western(Sangboche)parts of the *** determine the habitat impact,the environmental variables such as elevation,Bio 15(precipitation seasonality)and Bio 16(precipitation of wettest quarter)highly contribute to habitat change of Himalayan black bear;while Bio 13(precipitation of wettest month)and Bio 15 are the main contributors for common ***,this study predicted that the suitable habita

关键词： climate change habitat change Himalayan black bear(Ursus thibetanus laniger) common leopard(Panthera pardus fusca) Gandaki River Basin

The Effect of High Day and Low Night Temperature on Pollen Production, Pollen Germination and Postharvest Quality of Tomatoes

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2013年第7期4卷 19-25页

作者： B.khanal A.Suthaparan A.B.Hückstadt A.B.Wold Leiv Mortensen H.R.Gislerod Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences The Norwegian University of Life SciencesAsNorway

Temperature integration where high day temperatures are compensated by lower night temperatures is one strategy that can be used to reduce energy consumption in greenhouses. Crop tolerance to temperature variation is a prerequisite for using such a strategy. Greenhouse experiments were conducted on tomatoes cvs, Capricia, Mecano and Cederico in order to investigate the effect of different day/night temperature regimes (24/17, 27/14 and 30/11℃) where the same mean temperature was maintained for the production and germination of pollen. In addition, fruit quality as determined by fruit firmness, dry matter content, soluble solids, titratable acids, and pH was examined at harvest and after seven and 14 days of storage. The 30/11℃ treatment significantly increased pollen production and germination compared to the 24/17℃ treatment, while the 27/14℃ treatment was generally in between the other two treatments. Fruits grown at the 27/14℃ treatment were significantly firmer, while fruits grown at 24/17℃ had higher dry matter content, soluble solids, and titratable acids compared to the other treatments. There were significant differences between cultivars with respect to firmness, dry matter, titratable acidity, and pH. The quality of the fruits changed during storage, but the storability of the tomatoes was not affected by preharvest temperature treatments. The overall conclusion was that the 27/14℃ treatment was superior to the other two temperature treatments with respect to the studied parameters.

关键词： Daily Mean Temperature Day Temperature(DT) Night Temperature(NT) Pollen Temperature Integration Dry Matter pH Titratable Acids Soluble Solids Postharvest Tomato

Variance in Clinical Profile and Use of Anticoagulants in Valvular and Non Valvular Atrial Fibrillation

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World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases 2020年第7期10卷 488-499页

作者： Smriti Shakya Arun Sayami Ratna Mani Gajurel Chandra Mani Poudel Hemant Shrestha Surya Devkota Sanjeev Thapa Rajaram khanal Department of Cardiology Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Centre (MCVTC) Institute of Medicine TUTH Kathmandu Nepal

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice that affects morbidity and mortality to a large extent. This study was intended to determine various clinical profile and etiological factors in valvular and non-valvular atrial fibrillation and evaluate the usage of anticoagulants in them in the settings of developing nation like ours. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional observational prospective study was conducted at Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Center, Institute of Medicine, Nepal for a period of sixteen months. All the patients with atrial fibrillation who were admitted in the cardiology department were included. The demographic profile, etiology, clinical features and the usage of anticoagulants were recorded. Results: A total of 175 patients with atrial fibrillation were enrolled in the study with 62% nonvalvular and 38% valvular cases. The overall mean age was 60 ± 16.79 years but among valvular atrial fibrillation, it was 47.9 ± 14.013 and among nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, it was 67.85 ± 13.507 years. Majority of patients were female (56%). Sixty percent were from outside Kathmandu valley. Rheumatic heart disease was the most common cause (38.9%) followed by dilated cardiomyopathy, systemic hypertension, degenerative valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, etc. The most common presentation was dyspnea. About 79% of valvular and 17% of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients were using anticoagulants. Conclusion: Atrial fibrillation was common in young females and rheumatic heart disease was the leading cause. Ther

关键词： Atrial Fibrillation Clinical Profile Anticoagulation

Are symptoms of anxiety and depression associated with colorectal screening perceptions and behaviors among older adults in primary care?

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2014年第2期4卷 78-89页

作者： Hind A. Beydoun Suraj khanal May A. Beydoun Alan B. Zonderman Ravinder Mohan Agatha Parks-Savage Department of Family Medicine Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk USA Graduate Program in Public Health Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk USA National Institute on Aging Baltimore USA Office of Graduate Medical Education Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk USA

Despite the existence of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening guidelines, population-based studies have consistently shown under-utilization of CRC screening procedures among older adults in the United States. We examined whether symptoms of anxiety and depression are associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) screening perceptions and behaviors among older adults in a primary care setting. A cross-sectional study was conducted by using a sample of 143 family medicine patients who completed an 88-item anonymous self-administered questionnaire covering symptoms of anxiety and depression as well as CRC screening perceptions (defined based on the Health Belief Model) and behaviors (defined as ever use of or adherence to CRC testing). Moderate-to-clinically significant anxiety and depressive symptoms were, respectively, prevalent in 47% and 42% of participants. Perceived benefits and barriers were the only Health Belief Model constructs associated with anxiety. Perceived barriers were positively associated with anxiety symptoms after adjustment for confounders, including age, gender, race/ ethnicity, marital status, education, smoking history, body mass index and self-rated health. By contrast, perceived benefits were negatively associated with anxiety symptoms only in the unadjusted model. Neither anxiety nor depression was associated with ever use of or adherence to CRC testing. Symptoms of anxiety, but not depression, may potentially influence CRC screening perceptions, with implications for behavioral interventions targeting CRC testing.

关键词： Anxiety Behavior Colorectal Cancer Depression Health Belief Model Perception Screening

Tectono-metamorphic discontinuities in the Greater Himalayan Crystalline,central Himalaya

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Tectono-metamorphic discontinuities in the Greater Himalayan...