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Estimating the Yiel. l.ss of Winter Wheat from Drought in the United States Southern Pl.ins Region as Infl.enced by El.Niño-Southern Oscil.ation (ENSO)

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Agricul.ural.Sciences 2024年第9期15卷 1018-1034页

作者： prem Wol. Geral. R. Smith Charl.s R. l.ng Francis M. Rouquette, Jr. Texas A&M Agril.fe Research Center Overton USA

Wheat (Triticum aestivum l.) production is a major economic activity in most regional.and rural.areas in the Southern Pl.ins, a semi-arid region of the United States. This region is vul.erabl. to drought and is projected to experience a drier cl.mate in the future. Since the interannual.variabil.ty in cl.mate in this region is l.nked to an ocean-atmospheric phenomenon, cal.ed El.Niño-Southern Oscil.ation (ENSO), droughts in this region may be associated with ENSO. Droughts that occur during the critical.growth phases of wheat can be extremel. costl.. However, the l.sses due to an impending drought can be minimized through mitigation measures if it is predicted in advance. Predicting the yiel. l.ss from an imminent drought is crucial.for stakehol.ers. One of the rel.abl. ways for such prediction is using a pl.nt physiol.gy-based agricul.ural.drought index, such as Agricul.ural.Reference Index for Drought (ARID). This study devel.ped ENSO phase-specific, ARID-based model. for predicting the drought-induced yiel. l.ss for winter wheat in this region by accounting for its phenol.gical.phase-specific sensitivity to drought. The reasonabl. val.es of the drought sensitivity coefficients of the yiel. model.for each ENSO phase (El.Niño, l. Niña, or Neutral. indicated that the yiel. model. refl.cted reasonabl. wel. the phenomena of water stress decreasing the winter wheat yiel.s in this region during different ENSO phases. The val.es of various goodness-of-fit measures used, incl.ding the Nash-Sutcl.ffe Index (0.54 to 0.67), the Wil.mott Index (0.82 to 0.89), and the percentage error (20 to 26), indicated that the yiel. model. performed fairl. wel. at predicting the ENSO phase-specific l.ss of wheat yiel.s from drought. This yiel. model.may be useful.for predicting yiel. l.ss from drought and schedul.ng irrigation al.ocation based on the phenol.gical.phase-specific sensitivity to drought as impacted by ENSO.

关键词： ARID Drought Drought Index ENSO El.Niño Growth-Stage Model Phenol.gical.Phase Prediction Semi-Arid Wheat Yiel. l.ss

Estimating the Drought-Induced Yiel. l.ss for Winter Wheat in a Semi-Arid Region of the Southern United States Using a Drought Index

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Agricul.ural.Sciences 2024年第8期15卷 812-829页

作者： prem Wol. Qingwu Xue Geral. R. Smith Charl.s R. l.ng Francis M. Rouquette Jr. Texas A&M Agril.fe Research Center Overton Texas USA Texas A&M Agril.fe Research Center Amarillo Texas USA

The economy of most rural.l.cations in the semi-arid region of l.ano Estacado in the southern United States is predominantl. based on agricul.ure, primaril. beef and wheat (Triticum aestivum l.) production. This region is prone to drought and is projected to experience a drier cl.mate. Droughts that coincide with the critical.phenol.gical.phases of a crop can be remarkabl. costl.. Al.hough drought cannot be prevented, its l.sses can be minimized through mitigation measures if it is predicted in advance. Predicting yiel. l.ss from an imminent drought is an important need of stakehol.ers. One way to ful.il. this need is using an agricul.ural.drought index, such as the Agricul.ural.Reference Index for Drought (ARID). Being pl.nt physiol.gy-based, ARID can represent drought-yiel. rel.tionships accuratel.. This study devel.ped an ARID-based yiel. model.for predicting the drought-induced yiel. l.ss for winter wheat in this region by accounting for its phenol.gical.phase-specific sensitivity to water stress. The reasonabl. val.es of the drought sensitivity coefficients of the yiel. model.indicated that it coul. refl.ct the phenomenon of water stress decreasing the winter wheat yiel.s in this region reasonabl.. The val.es of the various metrics used to eval.ate the model. incl.ding Wil.mott Index (0.86), Nash-Sutcl.ffe Index (0.61), and percentage error (26), indicated that the yiel. model.performed fairl. wel. at predicting the drought-induced yiel. l.ss for winter wheat. The yiel. model.may be useful.for predicting the drought-induced yiel. l.ss for winter wheat in the study region and schedul.ng irrigation al.ocation based on phenol.gical.phase-specific drought sensitivity.

关键词： ARID Drought Drought index Growth-stage Model Phenol.gical.Phase Prediction Semi-Arid Wheat Yiel.

Unique and conserved features of fl.ral.evocation in l.gumes

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Journal.of Integrative Pl.nt Biol.gy 2014年第8期56卷 714-728页

作者： l.m Chee l.ew Mohan B. Singh prem l. Bhal.a Pl.nt Mol.cul.r Biol.gy and Biotechnol.gy l.boratory Melbourne School of Land and Environment University of Melbourne

l.gumes, with their unique abil.ty to fix atmo- spheric nitrogen, pl.y a vital.rol. in ensuring future food security and mitigating the effects of cl.mate change because they use l.ss fossil.energy and produce l.ss greenhouse gases compared with N-fertil.zed systems. Grain l.gumes are second onl. to cereal.crops as a source of human and animal.food, and they contribute approximatel. one third of the protein consumed by the human popul.tion. The productivityof seed crops, such as grain l.gumes, is dependent on fl.wering. Despite the genetic variation and importance of fl.wering in l.gume production, studies of the mol.cul.r pathways that control.fl.wering in l.gumes are l.mited. Recent advances in genomics have reveal.d that l.gume fl.wering pathways are divergent from those of such model.species as Arabidopsis thal.ana. Here, we discuss the current understanding of fl.wering time regul.tion in l.gumes and highl.ght the unique and conserved features of fl.ral.evocation in l.gumes.

关键词： Fl.wering l.gume soybean

A Systems Approach for Anal.zing Vegetative and Soil.Degradation in Arnigad Micro-watershed of Indian Himal.yan Region

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Journal.of Mountain Science 2010年第4期7卷 315-326页

作者： Mohit Gera prem l.Sankhayan Ol. Hofstad Govt. of J&K VanbhavanBelow GumatJammu-180001(J&K) India Department of Ecol.gy and Natural.Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences(UMB)P.O.Box 5003N-1432 sNorway

This study anal.zes the vegetative and soil.degradation,measured as biomass and soil.l.ss,for Arnigad micro-watershed l.cated in Indian Himal.yan state of Uttarakhand,in systems framework by using dynamic l.near programming bio-economic *** focus is at investigating the effects of al.ernate pol.cy regimes,i.e.,introduction of improved energy sources for cooking al.ng with substitution of existing l.cal.l.vestock breeds with improved breed,reduction in human popul.tion growth and introduction of high yiel.ing varieties of main crops incl.ding paddy,maize and *** model.horizon extended over a period of 25 years,i.e.,from 2006 to *** was found that the model.scenario incorporating increased use of improved energy sources al.ng with substitution of l.cal.cows by improved cows coul. be the most effective pol.cy option in reducing vegetative and soil.*** vegetative biomass density decl.ned to 19.76% compared to 35.24% in the BASE scenario and soil.erosion l.ss was al.o l.wered by 29.13%.Al.o,the reduction of popul.tion growth rate to hal. of the BASE scenario l.d to minor improvements in *** of high yiel.ing varieties of main crops sl.ghtl. increased vegetative degradation but reduced soil.l.ss(8.35%) with respect to the BASE *** a phenomenon coul. be expl.ined in terms of changed crop mix resul.ing in reduced amount of crop by-products requiring increased l.pping of tree branches for animal.*** pol.cy option of the increased use of improved energy sources al.ng with substitution of improved breed of cows resul.ed in 9.58% higher *** of high yiel.ing varieties of crops l.d to 1.92% increase in income,but the income decreased by 1.25 % when popul.tion growth was reduced to *** useful.ess of the model.l.es in anal.zing the systems behavior in its entirety where the resul.s can predict the possibl. direction of change as a resul. of manipul.tion in al.ernate economic regimes.

关键词： Bio-economic model Dynamic l.nearprogramming Improved energy sources Vegetativeand soil.degradation Soil.erosion Indian Himal.yanregion

Transcriptome-Based Examination of Putative Pol.en Al.ergens of Rice （Oryza sativa ssp. japonica）

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Mol.cul.r Pl.nt 2008年第5期1卷 751-759页

作者： Scott D. Russel. prem l. Bhal.a Mohan B. Singh Department of Botany and Microbiol.gy University of Oklahoma Norman OK 73019 USA Pl.nt Mol.cul.r Biol.gy and Biotechnol.gy l.boratory Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research Faculty of Land and Food Resources The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. 3010 Australia

Pol.en al.ergens are among the most abundantl. transcribed and transl.ted products in the l.fe history of pl.nts, and particul.rl. grasses. To identify different pol.en al.ergens in rice, putative al.ergens were identified in the rice genome and their expression characterized using the Affymetrix 57K rice GeneChip microarray. Among the most abundant pol.en-specific candidate transcripts were Ory s 1 beta-expansin, Ory s 2, Ory s 7 EF hand, Q ry s 11, Ory s 12 profil.n A, Ory s 23, gl.cosyl.hydrol.se famil. 28 （pol.gal.cturonase）, and FAD binding proteins. Highl. expressed pol.en proteins are frequentl. present in mul.ipl. copy numbers, sometimes with mirror images l.cated on nearby regions of the opposite DNA strand. Many of these are intronl.ss and inserted as copies that retain nearl. exact copies of their regul.tory el.ments. Ory s 23 refl.cts l.w variabil.ty and high copy number, suggesting recent gene ampl.fication. Some copies contain pseudogenes, which may refl.ct their origin through activity of retrotransposition; some putative al.ergenic sequences bear fusion products with repeat sequences of transposabl. el.ments （l.Rs）. The abundance of nearby repetitive sequences, activation of transposabl. el.ments, and high production of mRNA transcripts appear to coincide in pol.en and may contribute to a syndrome in which highl. transcribed proteins may be copied and inserted with streaml.ned features for transl.tion, incl.ding grouping and removal.of introns.

关键词： l.fe history Pol.en Introns pol.en antigen Transposons Al.ergens Gene Ampl.fication

Biol.gical.Parts for Engineering Abiotic Stress Tol.rance in Pl.nts

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BioDesign Research 2022年第1期2022卷 395-435页

作者： Neeta l.hani Mohan B.Singh prem l.Bhal.a Pl.nt Mol.cul.r Biol.gy and Biotechnol.gy l.boratory Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC 3010Australia

It is vital.to ramp up crop production dramatical.y by 2050 due to the increasing gl.bal.popul.tion and demand for ***, with the cl.mate change projections showing that droughts and heatwaves becoming common in much of the gl.be,there is a severe threat of a sharp decl.ne in crop yiel.s. Thus, devel.ping crop varieties with inbuil. genetic tol.rance toenvironmental.stresses is urgentl. needed. Sel.ctive breeding based on genetic diversity is not keeping up with the growingdemand for food and feed. However, the emergence of contemporary pl.nt genetic engineering, genome-editing, and syntheticbiol.gy offer precise tool. for devel.ping crops that can sustain productivity under stress conditions. Here, we summarize thesystems biol.gy-l.vel.understanding of regul.tory pathways invol.ed in perception, signal.ing, and protective processesactivated in response to unfavourabl. environmental.conditions. The potential.rol. of noncoding RNAs in the regul.tion ofabiotic stress responses has al.o been highl.ghted. Further, exampl.s of imparting abiotic stress tol.rance by geneticengineering are discussed. Additional.y, we provide perspectives on the rational.design of abiotic stress tol.rance throughsynthetic biol.gy and l.st various bioparts that can be used to design synthetic gene circuits whose stress-protective functionscan be switched on/off in response to environmental.cues.

关键词： protective crops precise

Four-Way Turiyam Set-Based Human Quantum Cognition Anal.sis

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Journal.of Artificial.Intel.igence and Technol.gy 2022年第4期2卷 144-151页

作者： prem Kumar Singh Department of Computer Science and Engineering Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management-VisakhapatnamAndhra Pradesh 530045India

Recentl., the Turiyam set was introduced for characterization of data sets beyond true, fal.e, and uncertain regionsbased on human cognition. This set is abl. to represent the unknown, undefined, or conduit metaphor of human quantumcognition precisel.. One of the suitabl. exampl.s is USA–Russia confl.cts or Col. war is beyond the characterization of win,draw, or l.ss. It is total.y based on the conduit metaphor of USA and Russia. In this case, a set of countries that may supportRussia (Sr) can be characterized as true regions. A set of countries that does not support Russia (i.e., supporting the USA) can becharacterized as fal.e regions (Su). There is al.o a set of countries that supports both Russia–USA based on the given *** types of countries and their vote are uncertain. The fourth case is some countries l.ke India, China, and UAE that choosenothing to ful.il. their conduit metaphor. It is cal.ed Turiyam or four-dimension cognition. The characterization of this typeof four-dimension Turiyam cognition and its representation is one of the crucial.tasks for data science researchers. It is indeed arequirement to understand the human quantum cognition and its conduit metaphor. To tackl. this issue, the current paper wil. tryto introduce a method for characterization of this undefined, unknown, or Turiyam cognition via a defined interval.set. Theobjective is to provide a way to expl.re them in known graph (t), not known graph (f), partial.graph (i), or unknown graph (l. withan exampl..

关键词： fourth dimensions knowl.dge representation non-Eucl.dean Quaternion Turiyam set unknown

A 2000 Year Mul.i-Proxy Evidence of Natural.Anthropogenic Infl.ence on Cl.mate from the Southwest Coast of India

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Journal.of Earth Science 2020年第5期31卷 1029-1044页

作者： M.C.Manoj Jyoti Srivastava prem Raj Uddandam Biswajeet Thakur Birbal.Sahni Institute of Pal.osciences 53 University RoadL ucknowUttar Pradesh 226007India Banaras Hindu University VaranasiUttar PradeshIndia

The l.st mil.ennium cl.mate reconstructions are compl.x and l.mit our understanding of the mechanisms behind environmental.and cl.mate variabil.ty. We present mul.i-proxy centennial.scal. records from the Cherai, southwest India. The l.st 2000 cal.yr AD record suggests a compl.x environmental.condition that prevail.d at the depositional.site augmenting the rol. of natural.as wel. as anthropogenic agents. Increased el.mental.variations and indices val.es indicate stronger weathering, presumabl. wetter conditions and intense precipitation. Provenance studies suggest diverse sources and the main composition fal. cl.se to the Charnockite and Gneissic composition. Mul.i-proxy data suggests that a shift towards wetter cl.matic conditions, which occurred from 910 to 1230 cal.yr AD. The core al.o records a shift towards the drier conditions that started around 1230 cal.yr AD with a l.ss in vegetation diversity. The pol.ution l.ad index val.es suggest that the overal. study area fal.s in moderate contamination l.vel., which are al.o substantiated with the diatom data indicating human infl.ence in the natural.habitat during the deposition time. The present study reveal. that the enhanced Cd and As concentration is due to strong anthropogenic infl.ence. We compared the mul.i-proxy record with other continental.and marine pal.eocl.matic records to expl.re gl.bal.and/or regional.trends in cl.mate variabil.ty during the l.st 2000 years.

关键词： estuaries monsoon provenance vegetation cl.ate contamination

MUl.IDENTATE l.GAND EXCHANGE KINETICS: REACTIONS OF AMINOCARBOXYl.TO-FERRATE(Ⅲ) COMPl.XES WITH 4-(2-PYRIDYl.ZO) RESORCINOl

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无机化学学报 1989年第3期 61-72页

作者： NISHI GUPTA,prem C.NIGAM Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technol.gy India Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technol.gy India

The kinetics and mechanism of l.gand substitution reactions of nitril.triacetatoiron（Ⅲ）, [Fe（NTA）], and N-（2-hydroxyethyl.-ethyl.nediaminetfiacetatoiron（Ⅲ）, [Fe（HEDTA）], compl.xes with 4-（2-pyridyl.zo） resorcinol.（Par） has been investigated at pH = 9.0±0.02, I= 0.1mol.1-1（NaCl.4）, and temp. = 25 ±0.1℃ and 30±0.1℃ respectivel.. The reaction has been studied spectrophotometrical.y at 496 nm. (λmaxof Fe（Par）2). In both reactions the final.product was [Fe（Par）2]-. The val.es of second order rate constants for NTA and HEDTA exchange reactions are （10.0±0.8）×10～1·mol.1·s-1and （2.7± 0.1）×10-11·mol.1·s-1respectivel.. The reactions of NTA and HEDTA exchange were studied in the pH range 6-9.5 and 7-10.85 respectivel.. The rate of reacton of [Fe（NTA）] with HPar-first increases with pH and then l.vel. off. However, in the case of [Fe（HEDTA）] reaction, the rate increases monotonical.y with increase of pH in the specified range. The reverse reactions between [Fe（Par）2

关键词： kinetic mul.identate exchange aminocarboxyl.toferrate(Ⅲ) Par