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Bacteriological Profile, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns and Predictors of Bacteremia in Neonates with Clinical Sepsis at KCMC Hospital, Northern Tanzania

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2024年第4期14卷 647-668页

作者： Nyemo P. Kwanga Aisa Shayo Rune Philemon Arnold Likiliwike Mselle Mathew Elise Kimambo phillip mrindoko Grace Kinabo Levina Msuya Hans Maro Raimos Olomi Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College Moshi Tanzania Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre Moshi Tanzania UNICEF Tanzania Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Background: Despite a significant decline in neonatal deaths in the last 20 years (5 million in 1990 to 2.4 million in 2019), the risk of death is still high, especially in developing countries. In Tanzania, neonatal sepsis is the third leading cause of neonatal death, accounting for 25% of all deaths. The rising global threat of antimicrobial resistance and the rising burden of neonatal death due to neonatal sepsis have been of great concern and have delayed progress toward reaching SDG goal 3.2 by 2030. This study aims to determine the bacteriological profile, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and predictors of bacteremia among neonates with clinical sepsis at KCMC Hospital in Northern Tanzania. Methodology: This study had a cross-sectional design conducted at KCMC Hospital, Northern Tanzania. The study population was neonates admitted to the neonatal unit at KCMC Hospital. Data were collected using questionnaires and blood cultures from neonates. Frequencies and proportions were used to summarize categorical variables, while continuous variables were summarized using mean and standard deviation. The frequencies and proportions of bacteria isolated and the antimicrobial susceptibility results were analyzed and compared using Pearson’s chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test where applicable. Modified Poisson regression model was used to determine factors associated with positive blood culture. Results: Out of 411 neonates with a clinical diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, 175 (42.9%) had positive blood cultures. Gram-positive bacteria were most frequently isolated at 52.3%, and gram-negative bacteria were 47.7%. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (30.7%) and Staphylococcus aureus (19.9%) were the predominant gram-positive isolates. Gram-negative isolates were Klebsiella spp 47 (26.7%), E. coli 10 (5.7%), and Citrobacter spp 10 (5.1%). The gram-positive isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and ceftazidime, whereas the gram-negative were sensi

关键词： Bacteriological Profile Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns Clinical Sepsis Neonates

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Molecular dynamics study of water diffusion in an amphiphilic block copolymer with large difference in the blocks＇ glass transition temperatures

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2017年第3期11卷 440-447页

作者： Yang Zhou phillip Choi Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Edmonton AB T6G 1H9 Canada

Isothermal-isobaric molecular dynamics simu- lation was used to study the diffusion mechanism of water in polyurethane-block-poly（N-isopropyl acrylamide）（PU- block-PNIPAm） with a hydrophobic PU/hydrophilic PNIPAm mass ratio of 1.4 to 1 at 298 K and 450 K. Here, the experimental glass transition temperature （Tg） of PU is 243 K while that of PNIPAm is 383 K. Different amounts of water up to 15 wt-% were added to PU-block- PNIPAm. We were able to reproduce the specific volumes and glass transition temperatures （250 K and 390 K） of PU- block-PNIPAm. The computed self-diffusion coefficient of water increased exponentially with increasing water concentration at both temperatures （i.e., following the free volume model of Fujita）. It suggested that water diffusion in PU-block-PNIPAm depends only on its fractional free volume despite the free volume inhomo- geneity. It is noted that at 298 K, PU is rubbery while PNIPAm is glassy. Regardless of temperature, radial distribution functions showed that water formed clusters with sizes in the range of 0.2-0.4 nm in PU-block- PNIPAm. At low water concentrations, more clusters were found in the PU domain but at high water concentrations, more in the PNIPAm domain. It is believed that water molecules diffuse as clusters rather than as individual molecules.

关键词： molecular dynamics simulation amphiphilic block copolymer free volume water diffusivity fujita model

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Opportunities and challenges for a Golden Age of chemical engineering

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2014年第1期8卷 1-7页

作者： phillip R. WESTMORELAND Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7905 USA

Chemical engineering is entering a new Golden Age of practice, thought, and impact, accompanied by great new opportunities and challenges. Five aspects mark this development： a new abundance of hydrocarbons; the evolution of biology into a molecular science; the ubiquity of powerful computational tools; the trend in manufacturing to be more process-oriented; and the systems approach that is part of ChE education from its first stages. There are important technical challenges, including technology creation and environmental impact, but just as important are new appreciation for and attention to challenges that require societal dialogues about com- plexity, uncertainty, and evolving and sometimes contra- dictory requirements. Crucial to all these impacts is enhancing the identity of what the profession is. That must be based on recognizing that the core of chemical engineering is applying molecular sciences to create value and advance the quality of life.

关键词： hydrocarbons biotechnology computation,cyberinfrastructure manufacturing environmental

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Development of a Long-Term Operational Optimization Model for a Building Energy System Supplied by a Geothermal Field

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Journal of Thermal Science 2022年第5期31卷 1293-1301页

作者： KÜMPEL Alexander STOFFEL phillip MÜLLER Dirk RWTH Aachen University E.ON Energy Research CenterInstitute for Energy Efficient Buildings and Indoor ClimateAachen 52074Germany

In order to reduce energy consumption and CO_(2) emissions in the building sector, more and more renewable energy sources are integrated into energy systems. Especially geothermal fields combined with heat pumps are able to supply buildings with heat and cold at low carbon emissions. However, using geothermal fields as heat and cold source influences the ground temperature. Consequently, the ground temperature can change dramatically over a building’s lifetime, leading to less efficient operation of the energy system. Therefore, a sustainable operation is required to ensure the long-term efficiency of geothermal fields. In this paper, we develop an optimization model to derive operating strategies for an efficient long-term operation of a building energy system coupled to a geothermal field. The investigated energy system is the main building of the *** Energy Research Center in Aachen, Germany, which includes a heat pump, two boilers, a combined heat, and power unit, a glycol cooler, and a geothermal field with 41 probes. For each component, we develop energy-based sub-models, which are connected to form the overall system. The geothermal field is modeled by using a g-functions approach as well as a simplified resistance-capacitance approach. To achieve short computing times and realize an optimization horizon of several years, the optimization problem is formulated as mixed-integer linear programming(MILP). The developed model is optimized regarding two different objectives: the minimization of energy costs and the minimization of long-term temperature changes in the ground. Conclusions for an efficient and sustainable operation of the field, especially for the cooling supply, can be derived from the optimization results. It is shown that a state of equilibrium should be aimed to achieve an energy-efficient operation, in which the temperature of the field is close to the initial ground temperature.

关键词： geothermal energy building energy systems operational optimization long-term operation

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Cloud-Based Optimal Control of Individual Borehole Heat Exchangers in a Geothermal Field

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Journal of Thermal Science 2022年第5期31卷 1253-1265页

作者： STOFFEL phillip KÜMPEL Alexander MÜLLER Dirk RWTH Aachen University E.ON Energy Research CenterInstitute for Energy Efficient Buildings and Indoor Climate52074 AachenGermany

Integrating renewable energy sources is a crucial component in reducing CO_(2) emissions in the building sector. In particular, shallow geothermal energy is expected to play a significant role in the regenerative energy supply of buildings. An effective control strategy for the geothermal field is crucial to reduce the overall energy consumption. This paper analyzes the benefits of controlling an existing field’s individual borehole heat exchangers(BHE) using nonlinear model predictive control(NMPC) and moving horizon estimation. The considered geothermal field consists of 41 BHEs and is used for heating and cooling. Each BHE is equipped with temperature sensors for in-and outflow and has individually controllable valves, while a central hydraulic pump feeds all BHEs. The sensor measurements are accessed through a cloud platform, enabling also set point writing for the pump speed and the valve positions. To control the BHEs individually, we propose a two-stage process. In the calibration stage, a moving horizon estimator estimates the actual borehole and ground temperatures for each BHE. In the second stage, first, a nonlinear model predictive controller optimizes the number of active BHEs necessary to meet the buildings’ energy demand. With the estimated ground temperatures as a basis, it is determined which BHEs shall be(de)-activated. The active BHEs are fed with a fixed volume flow of 24 L/min to ensure turbulent heat transfer. To reduce the power usage of the pumps, an optimal control problem based on a simple hydraulic model of the geothermal field is used. The methodology is analyzed through simulations first and then validated experimentally. The results show that half or more of the BHEs could be deactivated most of the time, leading to 67% savings in electricity consumption by the hydraulic pump. The experimental validation confirms the high energy saving potential of the proposed methodology, reducing the consumption of electrical energy by 71%. Additiona

关键词： geothermal energy moving horizon estimation model predictive control operation optimization optimal control

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From bench to bedside： bipolar androgen therapy in a pilot clinical study

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2015年第5期17卷 767-768页

作者： Qing Zhang phillip J Gray Department of Internal Medicine Singapore General Hospital Singapore Department of RadiationOncology Massachusetts General Hospital HarvardMedical School Boston MA USA

Prostate cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death in Europe andthe United States and is an emerging problem in Asia despite significant improvements in available treatments over the last few decades. Androgen deprivation therapy （ADT） has been the core treatment of advance-staged disease since the discovery of prostate cancer＇s androgen dependence in 1941 by Huggins et al. Options for initial medical treatment include gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues such as leuprolide （LHRH agonist） and degarelix （LHRH antagonist） and androgen receptor （AR） binding agents such as bicalutamide. Although most patients will initially respond to either surgical or medical castration, there is almost always progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer （CRPC） necessitating treatment with more novel agents. However, even drugs such as abiraterone and enzalutamide, two next-generation agents used commonly in metastatic CRPC, have failed to demonstrate persistent efficacy in most patients.

关键词： advance-staged next-generation bicalutamide

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Temperature-dependent development of Xyleborus fornicatus （Coleoptera： Scolytidae）, the shot-hole borer of tea in Sri Lanka： Implications for distribution and abundance

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Insect Science 2007年第4期14卷 301-308页

作者： RAVINDRA SAMPATH WALGAMA MYRON phillip ZALUCKI SchoolofIntegrativeBiology UniversityofQueenslandSt.LuciaQueensland4072Australia

The effect of temperature on the rate of development of Xyleborus fornicatus （Eichh.） was determined by rearing individuals under a range of constant temperatures （15 - 32℃）. Rates of development changed in a linear fashion over a wide range of temperatures. Estimates of lower development thresholds were obtained for eggs （15.7±0.5℃）, larvae （15.8±0.8℃） and pupae （14.3±1.4℃） and the degree days （DD） for development were 70±4.4, 95±8.5 and 72±5.1 DD, respectively. Optimum temperature for development was around 30~C for all stages. Temperature fluctuation in cooler High Country areas （above 1400 m） with a mean temperature around 15℃ seems to be critical for the development of the pest, which may be responsible for the near absence of pest in those areas. Temperature fluctuations （18- 30℃） in the Mid Country region （600- 1200 m） favor the development of the pest compared to development under constant conditions. The altitudinal distribution of the shot-hole borer across tea growing areas in Sri Lanka is, therefore, mainly governed by temperature.

关键词： damage levels degree-days developmental thresholds tea growing regions

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Public Risk Perception Attitude and Information-Seeking Efficacy on Floods:A Formative Study for Disaster Preparation Campaigns and Policies

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2020年第5期11卷 592-601页

作者： Do Kyun David Kim T.phillip Madison Department of Communication University of Louisiana at LafayetteLafayette.LA 70503USA

Floods are among the most frequent and devastating natural hazards and disasters in many southern states in the United *** study examined the relationship and reciprocal predictability between two theoretical constructs-risk perception attitude(RPA)and informationseeking efficacy(ISE)——in regard to pluvial *** addition,this study extended these theoretical constructs to investigate differences in RPA and ISE among potential audience segments,providing practitioners with applicable insights for designing effective flood prevention and risk management *** of data from 716 residents in south Louisiana revealed a statistically strong relationship between RPA and *** research also identified specific audience segments that would benefit from an increase in RPA and ISE concerning *** meaningful findings infonn a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of the relationship between RPA and ISE and guide future disaster preparation campaigns and policies.

关键词： Communication campaign Disaster preparation Flood victims Information-seeking efficacy Pluvial flood Risk perception attitude

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Origin of Phosphorite Nodules of Lebedinsky Iron Deposit in Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) of the Russian Platform

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Journal of China University of Geosciences 2005年第2期16卷 170-177,182页

作者： Tourba Kamaye phillip Romanovitch Faculty of Earth Resources China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Department of Mineral ResourcesMoscow State Geological Prospecting AcademyMoscow 17873Russia

Phosphorite has become increasingly important as the raw material for phosphatic fertilizer. Phosphorite nodules are widespread in the Kursk complex deposit (Russian platform). Genesis of these nodules has long been a matter of debate, and this has hampered understanding of the mechanism and controls in the formation of the nodules. In this paper, we report the petrographical, mineralogical, and geochemical data of the Lebedinsky phosphorite nodules. Petrographic study reveals complex phosphatic cement resulting in the replacement of apatite minerals around quartz grains. The main mineral composition consists of quartz, phosphate minerals (apatite, francolite mainly), feldspar, iron hydroxides and carbonate minerals. These results, when combined with available data, are used to address the origin of the phosphorite nodules. The nodules are characterized by the universal presence of biogenic and chemical signatures which is phosphorus crown around crystal grains. The structure of the nodules is massive. Their texture is depicted by basaltic cement and concretion, which consists mainly of apatite and its varieties, with general formula: Ca_10 (PO_4, CO_3) 6(F,OH,Cl). Variation of mineralogy appears dependent on geological setting. Microscopic observations of biogenic fossils in Lebedinsky phosphorite favor a chemical and biogenic origin of phosphorites. Weathering has been suggested to be capable of liberating as much as 20 %-35 % P_2O_5 from sedimentary rocks. Previous investigations demonstrate that weathering of the Proterozoic substratum was the main cause in the formation of Fe, Mo, Mn, Pb, Zn, and P in the Russian platform. We therefore suggest that both weathering and biochemical processes have been positive in the formation of the Lebedinsky phosporite nodules. However, whether continental weathering or oceanic bio-chemical processes are more relevant in the phosphorite accumulation remains undetermined.

关键词： nodular phosphorite Kursk magnetic anomaly Russian platform weathering bio-chemical process

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Modeling hydrologic responses using multi-site and single-site rainfall generators in a semi-arid watershed

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2022年第2期10卷 177-187页

作者： Ying Zhao Mark A.Nearing David phillip Guertin State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of the Water Cycle in River Basins China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower ResearchBeijing100048China USDA-Agricultural Research Service Southwest Watershed Research CenterTucsonAZ85719USA School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of ArizonaTucsonAZ85719USA

Hydrologic response in a watershed is driven by ***-site rainfall generators can be used to model watersheds using spatially varied rainfall inputs to better analyze how the rainfall variability affects runoff *** study adopted both a single-site rainfall generator(CLIGEN)and a multi-site rainfall generator to generate two rainfall data sequences,which were then used to drive the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)for runoff *** 148-km2 Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed and its two sub-watersheds were selected to evaluate the hydrologic *** calibration was done against measured runoff in the *** showed that the single-site and multi-site rainfall generators gave similar results regarding annual ***,the multi-site generator performed much better than the single-site generator in both mean summer flow and for the different return period *** runoff derived from the single-site generator was significantly over-estimated in all three *** for the multi-site generator,the derived runoff was satisfactorily predicted in the smaller watersheds but only overestimated in the largest *** indicated that in small to medium sized watersheds,the spatial variability of rainfall could play an important role for hydrologic response because of the heterogeneity of convective rainfall in this semi-arid region,which makes the application of multi-site rainfall generator a better option than the single-site generator.

关键词： Rainfall generator Hydrologic response Watershed modeling Semi-arid Spatial variability Runoff

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