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Low-level retention forestry, certification, and biodiversity: case Finland

Ecological Processes 2019年第1期8卷 580-592页

作者： Timo Kuuluvainen Henrik Lindberg Ilkka Vanha-Majamaa petri keto-tokoi Pekka Punttila Department of Forest Sciences University of HelsinkiP.O.Box 27FI-00014 HelsinkiFinland Häme University of Applied Sciences P.O Box 230FI-13100 HämeenlinnaFinland Natural Resources Institute Finland(Luke) Latokartanonkaari 9FI-00790 HelsinkiFinland Tampere University of Applied Sciences PO Box 21FI-33521 TampereFinland Finnish Environment Institute Latokartanonkaari 11FI-00790 HelsinkiFinland

In managed forests,leaving retention trees during final harvesting has globally become a common approach to reconciling the often conflicting goals of timber production and safeguarding biodiversity and delivery of several ecosystem services.In Finland,the dominant certification scheme requires leaving low levels of retention that can benefit some specific species.However,species responses are dependent on the level of retention and the current low amounts of retention clearly do not provide the habitat quality and continuity needed for declining and redlisted forest species which are dependent on old living trees and coarse woody debris.Several factors contribute to this situation.First,the ecological benefits of the current low retention levels are further diminished by monotonous standwise use of retention,resulting in low variability of retention habitat at the landscape scale.Second,the prevailing timber-oriented management thinking may regard retention trees as an external cost to be minimized,rather than as part of an integrated approach to managing the ecosystem for specific goals.Third,the main obstacles of development may still be institutional and policy-related.The development of retention practices in Finland indicates that the aim has not been to use ecological understanding to attain specific ecological sustainability goals,but rather to define the lowest level of retention that still allows access to the market.We conclude that prevailing retention practices in Finland currently lack ecological credibility in safeguarding biodiversity and they should urgently be developed based on current scientific knowledge to meet ecological sustainability goals.

关键词： Boreal forest Ecological sustainability Legacy structure Forest dynamics Forest certification Forest structure PEFC certification

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