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Towards automated validation of charted soundings:Existing tests and limitations

Geo-Spatial Information Science 2019年第4期22卷 290-303,I0006页

作者： Christos Kastrisios Brian Calder Giuseppe Masetti peter holmberg Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/UNH-NOAA Joint Hydrographic Center University of New HampshireDurhamNHUSA U.S.Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNational Ocean ServiceOffice of Coast SurveyHydrographic Survey DivisionSeattleWAUSA

The nautical chart is one of the fundamental tools in navigation used by mariners to plan and safely execute *** compilation follows strict cartographic constraints with the most prominent being that of the ***,the cartographer is called to make the selection of the bathymetric information for portrayal on charts in a way that,at any location,the expected water depth is not deeper than the source *** validate the shoal-biased pattern of selection two standard tests are used,*** triangle and edge *** date,some efforts have been made towards the automation of the triangle test,but the edge test has been largely *** the context of research on a fully automated solution for the compilation of charts at different scales from the source information,this paper presents an algorithmic implementation of the two tests for the validation of selected *** a case study with real-world data,it presents the improved performance of the implementation near and within depth curves and coastlines and points out the importance of the edge test in the validation *** also presents the,by definition,intrinsic limitation of the two tests as part of a fully automated solution and discusses the need for a new test that will complement or supersede the existing ones.

关键词： Automated nautical cartography nautical chart generalization chart safety constraint sounding generalization nautical surface test sounding selection category zone of confidence

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Influence of staff number and internal constellation on surgical site infection in an operating room

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Particuology 2014年第2期12卷 42-51页

作者： Sasan Sadrizadeh Ann Tammelin peter Ekolind Sture holmberg Division of Fluid and Climate Technology School of Architecture ang the Built EnvironmentKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden Department of Medicine Solna(MedS)Unit of Infectious DiseasesKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden CEO Avidicare ABLundSweden

Prediction of bacteria-carrying particle （BCP） dispersion and particle distribution released from staffmem- bers in an operating room （OR） is very important for creating and sustaining a safe indoor environment. Postoperative wound infections cause significant morbidity and mortality, and contribute to increased hospitalization time. Increasing the number of personnel within the OR disrupts the ventilation airflow pattern and causes enhanced contamination risk in the area of an open wound. Whether the amount of staffwithin the OR influences the BCP distribution in the surgical zone has rarely been investigated. This study was conducted to explore the influence of the number of personnel in the OR on the airflow field and the BCP distribution. This was performed by applying a numerical calculation to map the airflow field and Lagrangian particle tracking （LPT） for the BCP phase. The results are reported both for active sampling and passive monitoring approaches. Not surprisingly, a growing trend in the BCP concentration （cfu/ms） was observed as the amount of staff in the OR increased. Passive sampling shows unpredictable results due to the sedimentation rate, especially for small particles （5-10 i^m）. Risk factors for surgical site infections （SSls） must be well understood to develop more effective prevention programs.

关键词： Air quality Surgical site infection Airborne particle control Hospital operating room Ventilation system

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