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Phyton-International Journal of experimental Botany 2020年第3期89卷 743-764页

作者： Thatsanee Luangharn Samantha C.Karunarathna Peter E.Mortimer Kevin D.Hyde Jianchu Xu Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of east Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming650201China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China east and Central Asia Regional Office World Agroforestry Centre(ICRAF)Kunming650201China Centre for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyKunming650201China Center of excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai57100Thailand

Ganoderma is a genus of medicinally and economically important mushrooms in the family Ganodermataceae.Ganoderma species are popular medicinal mushrooms and their health benefits are well-documented.Ganoderma is a cosmopolitan genus that is widely distributed in both tropical and temperate regions.This genus is characterized by its unique laccate or non-laccate species with double-walled basidiospores.Here,we report on eight collections of G.gibbosum collected during surveys in Kunming,Yunnan Province,China.The specimens are described and illustrated based on macro-and micro-morphological characteristics.Total DNA of the eight G.gibbosum strains were extracted using the Biospin Fungal extraction Kit following manufacturer protocol.Amplification of the Internal Transcribed Spacer(nrITS)region was carried out using ITS5/ITS4 primers and LROR/LR5 for the nuclear ribosomal large subunit 28S rDNA gene(LSU).Phylogenetic analysis with closely related species to G.gibbosum showed that all eight collections grouped with G.gibbosum with 100%bootstrap support.Phylogenetic similarity and morphological variations within the eight collections of G.gibbosum are discussed.

关键词： Chinese medicine medicinal mushroom morphology phylogeny

A review of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China with an emphasis on species richness in southwest China

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Studies in Fungi 2022年第1期7卷 143-175页

作者： Hongbo Jiang Rungtiwa Phookamsak Sinang Hongsanan Darbhe J.Bhat Peter E.Mortimer Nakarin Suwannarach Pattana Kakumyan Jianchu Xu Centre for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201YunnanChina Honghe Center for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesHonghe County 654400YunnanChina CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of east Asia(KLPB) Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanChina School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand World Agroforestry Centre East and Central Asia Office132 Lanhei RoadKunming 650201YunnanChina Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization Faculty of ScienceChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand Department of entomology&Plant Pathology Faculty of AgricultureChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic engineering College of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060GuangdongChina Formerly Department of BotanyGoa UniversityGoa 403206India No.128/1-J Azad Housing SocietyCurcaP.O.Goa Velha 403108India Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201YunnanChina Department of Biology Faculty of ScienceChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand

Bamboos not only provide socio-economic benefits to communities within the region,but also provide ecosystem services such as soil-water conservation,stabilization of sandy soils and restoration of soil nutrients.Bambusicolous ascomycetes refer to ascomycetous fungi living on any substrate of bamboo.As the largest group of fungi on bamboo,they play a significant ecological value in species composition and the structure of the fungal community,circulation of materials and energy flow of nutritional elements.In an effort to document the bambusicolous Ascomycota found in China,we assessed all major sources of academic literature,journal papers,and the USDA database(https://nt.***.gov/fungaldatabases/fungushost/fungushost.cfm)for reports of these fungi from China.As a result,we produced a systematic and comprehensive checklist of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China.Current names of fungi,bamboo host name,bamboo substrate,details of collected localities,references and latest classification for every bambusicolous ascomycete in China are also provided.In addition,we focused on the species richness of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China with an emphasis on southwest China.

关键词： southwest details Bamboo

Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Sustainable Agriculture

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Circular Agricultural Systems 2021年第1期1卷 39-45页

作者： Douglas A.Schaefer Heng Gui Peter E.Mortimer Jianchu Xu Centre for Mountain Futures(CMF) Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanChina CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of east Asia(KLPB) Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanChina

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)provide benefits to most crop species via enhanced nutrient uptake,increased drought and abiotic stress resistance,and reduced effects of pathogens and pests.Much remains unclear regarding the specific mechanisms influencing these processes,and the critical roles of AMF are often overlooked in planning agroecological systems.There is growing consensus,however,around the important roles AMF play in improving plant resilience and crop yield while also enhancing the functioning of soil microbial communities.Heterogeneous practices across all scales complicate the successful integration of AMF in agroecological systems.AMF symbioses with crops are passive,or stimulated by incorporation of crop wastes in soil,soil inoculation with AMF spores,or the planting inoculated of seeds.Here we suggest that AMF can have highest beneficial impacts in areas with low levels of agrochemical inputs.We argue that areas with intensive agrochemical inputs can also be made more sustainable with AMF enhancements.

关键词： soil crops planting

Mushroom as a means of sustainable rural development in the Chin State,Myanmar

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Circular Agricultural Systems 2021年第1期1卷 31-36页

作者： Asanka R.Bandara Cin Khan Lian Jianchu Xu Peter E.Mortimer CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of east Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201YunnanP.R.China Centre for Mountain Futures(CMF) Kunming Institute of BotanyKunming 650201YunnanP.R.China east and Central Asia Regional Office World Agroforestry Centre(ICRAF)Kunming 650201YunnanP.R.China ArYoneOo Social Development Association Rroom-C1No.499–APyi Yeik Thar RoadYangon 11082Myanmar

Restricted access to quality crops and markets limits the capacity of rural communities to generate income in the mountainous regions of South and Southeast Asia,often resulting in the exploitation of forest systems,a subsequent decline in forest health,and the need for alternative means of income generation as well as forest restoration programmes.Cultivation of edible and medicinal mushrooms has been shown to be a feasible alternative source of income and also contributes to the household nutrition of rural and impoverished communities.There are a number of ongoing programmes in South and Southeast Asia currently implementing trainings and demonstrative practices for the cultivation of mushrooms at the village level.In this context,we implemented different cultivation strategies in selected rural areas in the Chin State,Myanmar.The cultivation strategies were to 1)introduce mushroom cultivation using locally sourced raw materials as substrates for rural communities unfamiliar with mushroom cultivation;and 2)improve the technical knowledge of those already experienced in mushroom cultivation in order to increase yield and minimize challenges in production systems.We introduced Pleurotus sp.cultivation to mushroom growers in the Chin state,Myanmar.These cultivation strategies will help further improve and develop mushroom industries in rural areas and contribute to rural development.In addition,we focused on cultivation systems that incorporate the use of crop residues and woody substrates in order to ensure a sustainable,integrated approach.

关键词： income forest cultivation

Root symbioses as belowground C pumps:a mitigation strategy against rising CO_(2)levels

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Circular Agricultural Systems 2021年第1期1卷 62-64页

作者： Peter E.Mortimer James Hammond Kevin D.Hyde Heng Gui Jianchu Xu Center for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201China International Livestock Research Institute(ILRI) PO Box 30709Nairobi 00100Kenya Centre of excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand CIFOR-ICRAF China Program World Agroforestry CenterKunming 650201China

Mycorrhizal and N-fixing root symbioses evolved at two points in the past when global CO_(2)was highest,consistent with the high demand these symbioses place on host C.Trees hosting both mycorrhiza and N-fixing bacteria are able to fix more atmospheric CO_(2)and grow at faster rates than non-symbiotic plants,or plants with only mycorrhiza.We argue that on the basis of this improved C capture,N-fixing trees act as C-pumps,sequestering C and locking it in biomass,thus,if properly managed,can contribute significantly towards the mitigation of rising CO_(2)levels.

关键词： Root (2) properly

Mushroom cultivation for soil amendment and bioremediation

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Circular Agricultural Systems 2021年第1期1卷 73-86页

作者： Yuwei Hu Peter E.Mortimer Kevin D.Hyde Pattana Kakumyan Naritsada Thongklang Centre for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201YunnanChina Center of excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang University57100 Chiang RaiThailand School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Mushroom Research Foundation 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T.Pa PaeA.Mae TaengChiang Mai 50150Thailand

Intensive crop production,use of pesticides,and unsustainable farming practices are known to cause land degradation and soil contamination.Both have led to a decline in biodiversity and changes in the functional groups of soil microorganisms.Although physicochemical methods have been used to apply soil amendments to agricultural land,mushroom cultivation in agricultural land for soil improvement have been poorly studied.In-field mushroom cultivation is considered a good strategy for improving soil quality by reducing the input of chemical fertilizers.In this paper,we list the edible mushroom species suitable for growing in fields and summarize the important role that mushroom field cultivation can play in soil erosion control,nutrient cycling,and the bioremediation of contaminants.Decomposition,symbiosis,assimilation,degradation,bioweathering,oxidation,biosorption,and bioconversion are all critical components of mushroom field cultivation.Research has shown that field mushroom cultivation contributes to nutritional bioavailability while also promoting the degradation of pollutants and formation of soil aggregates.Through soil amendment practices,a portion of agricultural waste can be converted into high-quality food and nutraceutical sources,and the remaining organic matter improves soil quality via fungal mycelial networks and the re-use of spent mushroom substrates.Only a small number of mushroom species have been used in the application of soil amendments in field conditions.This review shows the need for further research into specific mushroom species for achieving different soil amendment goals in order to balance agricultural development with sustainable land management.

关键词： soil cultivation cycling

Variation in forest soil fungal diversity along a latitudinal gradient

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Fungal Diversity 2014年第1期64卷 305-315页

作者： Ling-Ling Shi Peter E.Mortimer J.W.Ferry Slik Xiao-Ming Zou Jianchu Xu Wen-Ting Feng Lu Qiao Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenThe Chinese Academy of Sciences88 Xuefu RoadKunming 650223China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039China Centre for Integrative Conservation Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglunYunnanChina Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201China World Agroforestry Centre East Asia132 Lanhei RoadKunming 650201China College of Forest Resources and environment Nanjing Forestry University59 Longpan RdNanjing 210037China Institute for Tropical ecosystem Studies University of Puerto RicoP.O.Box 21910San JuanPR 00931-1910USA Department of ecology and environmental Science UmeåUniversity90187UmeåSweden

In forest ecosystems,plant communities shape soil fungal communities through the provisioning of carbon.Although the variation in forest composition with latitude is well established,little is known about how soil fungal communities vary with latitude.We collected soil samples from 17 forests,along a latitudinal transect in western China.Forest types covered included boreal,temperate,subtropical and tropical forests.We used 454 pyrosequencing techniques to analyze the soil communities.These data were correlated with abiotic and biotic variables to determine which factors most strongly influenced fungal community composition.Our results indicated that temperature,latitude,and plant diversity most strongly influence soil fungal community composition.Fungal diversity patterns were unimodal,with temperate forests(mid latitude)exhibiting the greatest diversity.Furthermore,these diversity patterns indicate that fungal diversity was highest in the forest systems with the lowest tree diversity(temperate forests).Different forest systems were dominated by different fungal subgroups,ectomycorrhizal fungi dominated in boreal and temperate forests;endomycorrhizal fungi dominated in the tropical rainforests,and non-mycorrhizal fungi were best represented in subtropical forests.Our results suggest that soil fungal communities are strongly dependent on vegetation type,with fungal diversity displaying an inverse relationship to plant diversity.

关键词： Soil Fungal communities Latitudinal gradient Abiotic factors Biotic factors Boreal,temperate,subtropical,and tropical forest Biodiversity pattern

Towards a natural classification of Ophiobolus and ophiobolus-like taxa;introducing three novel genera Ophiobolopsis, Paraophiobolus and Pseudoophiobolus in Phaeosphaeriaceae (Pleosporales)

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Fungal Diversity 2017年第6期87卷 299-339页

作者： Rungtiwa Phookamsak Dhanushka N.Wanasinghe Sinang Hongsanan Chayanard Phukhamsakda Shi-Ke Huang Danushka S.Tennakoon Chada Norphanphoun erio Camporesi Timur S.Bulgakov Itthayakorn Promputtha Peter E.Mortimer Jian-Chu Xu Kevin D.Hyde Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of east Asia(KLPB) Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanChina World Agro Forestry Centre East and Central Asia132 Lanhei RoadKunming 650201YunnanChina Center of excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Department of Biology Faculty of ScienceChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand A.M.B.Gruppo Micologico Forlivese“Antonio Cicognani”Via Roma 18Forlı`Italy A.M.B.Circolo Micologico“Giovanni Carini” C.P.314BresciaItaly Societa`per gli Studi Naturalistici della Romagna C.P.144BagnacavalloRAItaly Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops Yana Fabritsiusa Street2/28Krasnodar RegionSochiRussia 354002

Ophiobolus is a large genus of Phaeosphaeriaceae comprising more than 350 possible species,most of which are saprobes on herbaceous plants in europe and North America.Ophiobolus species are polyphyletic and the type of Ophiobolus is not represented in GenBank.Therefore,an increased taxon sampling of ophiobolus-like taxa and epitypification of the type species,O.disseminans is reported.Multigene phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU,SSU,TeF1-a and ITS sequence data position O.disseminans in a sister clade with O.ponticus and several entodesmium species in Phaeosphaeriaceae with high support.Therefore,entodesmium is synonymized under Ophiobolus.Premilcurensis with it type species,P.senecionis also clusters within the Ophiobolus clade and is synonymized under Ophiobolus.Ophiobolus rossicus sp.***.is introduced and a reference specimen is designated for O.ponticus.Other ophiobolus-like taxa(Ophiobolus sensu lato)can be distinguished as three main groups,which are introduced as new genera.Ophiobolopsis is introduced to accommodate the new species,Ophiobolopsis italica.The new genus Paraophiobolus is introduced to accommodate P.arundinis sp.***.and P.plantaginis comb.nov.This genus is characterized by hyaline to pale yellowish ascospores,some green-yellowish at maturity,with a swollen cell,terminal appendages and ascospores not separating into part spores.Pseudoophiobolus gen.***.is introduced to accommodate six new species and two new combinations,viz.Ps.achilleae,Ps.erythrosporus,Ps.galii,Ps.italicus,Ps.mathieui,Ps.rosae,Ps.subhyalinisporus and Ps.urticicola.Pseudoophiobolus is characterized by subhyaline to pale yellowish or yellowish ascospores,with a swollen cell,lack of terminal appendages and ascospores that do not separate into part spores and is related to Nodulosphaeria.An updated tree for Phaeosphaeriaceae based on multigene analysis is also provided.

关键词： 7 new combinations 11 new taxa Dothideomycetes epitypification

Towards a natural classification of Astrosphaeriella-like species;introducing Astrosphaeriellaceae and Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae fam.nov.and Astrosphaeriellopsis,gen.nov.

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Fungal Diversity 2015年第5期74卷 143-197页

作者： Rungtiwa Phookamsak Chada Norphanphoun Kazuaki Tanaka Dong-Qin Dai Zong-Long Luo Jian-Kui Liu Hong-Yan Su Darbhe J.Bhat Ali H.Bahkali Peter E.Mortimer Jian-Chu Xu Kevin D.Hyde Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of east Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanChina World Agroforestry Centre East Asia NodeHeilongtanKunming 650201People’s Republic of China School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Center of excellence in Fungal Research and School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Formerly Department of Botany Goa UniversityGoaIndia No.128/1-J Azad Housing SocietyCurcaGoa 403108India Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology GuizhouAcademy of Agricultural SciencesGuiyangGuizhouChina College of Agriculture&Biology Dali UniversityDali 671003YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences Hirosaki University3 Bunkyo-choHirosakiAomori 036-8561Japan Department of Botany and Microbiology College of ScienceKing Saud UniversityP.O.Box:2455Riyadh 1145Saudi Arabia CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information Beijing Institute of GenomicsChinese Academy of SciencesNo.1 Beichen West RoadChaoyang DistrictBeijing 100101People’s Republic of China

Astrosphaeriella sensu lato is a common genus occurring on bamboo,palms and stout grasses.Species of Astrosphaeriella have been collected from various countries in tropical,subtropical or temperate regions.In Asia,species have been collected in Brunei,China,Indonesia,Japan,Philippines and Vietnam.There have been several morphological studies on Astrosphaeriella,but molecular work and phylogenetic analyses are generally lacking.Taxa included in Astrosphaeriella were characterized in three main groups 1)typical Astrosphaeriella species(sensu stricto)having carbonaceous,erumpent,conical ascostromata 2)atypical Astrosphaeriella species(sensu lato)having immersed,coriaceous ascostromata with short to long papilla and 3)lophiostoma-like species having immersed ascostromata with slit-like openings.Some of the latter Astrosphaeriella species,having slit-like openings,have been transferred to Fissuroma and Rimora in Aigialaceae.In this study five type specimens of Astrosphaeriella were loaned from herbaria worldwide and re-examined and are re-described and illustrated.Collections of Astrosphaeriella were also made in Thailand and morphologically examined.Pure cultures were obtained from single spores and used in molecular studies.The asexual morph was induced on sterile bamboo pieces placed on water agar.Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU,SSU and TeF1 sequence data of astrosphaeriella-like species using Bayesian,Maximum parsimony(MP)and Randomized Accelerated Maximum Likelihood(RAxML)analyses were carried out.Phylogenetic analyses show that species of Astrosphaeriella can be distinguished in at least three families.Species of Astrosphaeriella sensu stricto with erumpent,carbonaceous ascostromata,form a strongly supported clade with Pteridiospora species and a new family,Astrosphaeriellaceae,is introduced to accommodate these taxa.The genera are revised and Astrosphaeriella bambusae,A.neofusispora,A.neostellata,A.thailandica,A.thysanolaenae and Pteridiospora chiangraiensis are introduced as new species.Astrosphaeriella

关键词： Asexual morph Bamboo Palm Pseudoastrosphaeriella Phylogeny Pleosporales Taxonomy

Prized edible Asian mushrooms: ecology, conservation and sustainability

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Fungal Diversity 2012年第5期56卷 31-47页

作者： Peter E.Mortimer Samantha C.Karunarathna Qiaohong Li Heng Gui Xueqing Yang Xuefei Yang Jun He Lei Ye Jiayu Guo Huili Li Phongeun Sysouphanthong Dequn Zhou Jianchu Xu Kevin D.Hyde Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201China World Agroforestry Centre East Asia132 Lanhei RoadKunming 650201China Institute of excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Mushroom Research Foundation 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T.Pa PaeA.Mae TaengChiang Mai 50150Thailand Centre for Mountain ecosystem Studies Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of Sciences650201KunmingChina Faculty of environmental Science and engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology68 Wenchang RoadYieryi StreetYunnan Province Kunming 650093China

Mushrooms can be found in forests worldwide and have long been exploited as resources in developed economies because of their important agro-industrial,medicinal and commercial uses.For less developed countries,such as those within the Greater Mekong Subregion,wild harvesting and mushroom cultivation provides a much-needed alternative source of income for rural households.However,this has led to over-harvesting and ultimately environmental degradation in certain areas,thus management guidelines allowing for a more sustained approach to the use of wild mushrooms is required.This article addresses a selection of the most popular and highly sought after edible mushrooms from Greater Mekong Subregion:Astraeus hygrometricus,Boletus edulis,Morchella conica,Ophiocordyceps sinensis,Phlebopus portentosus,Pleurotus giganteus,Termitomyces eurhizus,Thelephora ganbajun,Tricholoma matsuake,and Tuber indicum in terms of value,ecology and conservation.The greatest threat to these and many other mushroom species is that of habitat loss and over-harvesting of wild stocks,thus,by creating awareness of these issues we wish to enable a more sustainable use of these natural products.Thus our paper provides baseline data for these fungi so that future monitoring can establish the effects of continued harvesting on mushroom populations and the related host species.

关键词： Mushroom species Greater Mekong Sub-region Medicinal foods Non-timber forest products