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Requirement of a Homolog of Glucosidase Ⅱ β-Subunit for EFR-Mediated Defense Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana

Molecular Plant 2010年第4期3卷 740-750页

作者： Nina von Numers Mantas Survila Markku Aalto Martine Batoux pekka heino E. Tapio Palva Jing Li Division of Genetics Department of Biosciences Viikki Biocenter University of Helsinki POB 56 FIN-00014 Helsinki Finland The Sainsbury laboratory Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7UH United Kingdom

EFR is a plasma-membrane resident receptor responsible for recognition of microbial elongation factorTu （EF-Tu） and thus triggering plant innate immunity to fend off phytopathogens. Functional EFR must be subject to the endoplasmic reticulum quality control （ERQC） machinery for the correct folding and proper assembly in order to reach its final destination. Genetic studies have demonstrated that ERD2b, a counterpart of the yeast or mammalian HDEL receptor ERD2 for retaining proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum （ER） lumen, is required for EFR function in plants （Li et al., 2009）. In this study, we characterized the Arabidopsis glucosidase Ⅱ β--subunit via the H DEL motif against the non-redundant protein database. Data mining also revealed that the glucosidase Ⅱ β--subunit gene has a highly similar expression pattern to ERD2b and the other known ERQC components involved in EFR biogenesis. Importantly, the T-DNA insertion lines of the glucosidase Ⅱ β-subunit gene showed that EFR-controlled responses were substantially reduced or completely blocked in these mutants. The responses include seedling growth inhibition, induction of marker genes, MAP kinase activation, and callose deposition, trigged by peptide elf18, a full mimic of E F-Tu. Taken together, ourdata indicate a requirement of the glucosidase Ⅱ β-subunitfor EFR function.

关键词： Arabidopsis thaliana glucosidase Ⅱ β-subunit endoplasmic reticulum quality control EFR innate immunity.

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Fe-Si particles on the surface of blast furnace coke

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2015年第7期22卷 697-703页

作者： Stanislav S.Gornostayev Eetu-pekka Heikkinen Jyrki J.heino Timo M.J.Fabritius Process Metallurgy Group University of Oulu

This study investigates the surface of unpolished samples of blast furnace （BF） coke drilled from the tuyere zone, which hosts Fe-Si particles （mostly Fe3Si） that vary in size, shape, depth of submersion （penetration） into the coke matrix, and contact features with the surface. Based on the shape of the particles and the extent of their contact with the coke matrix, they have been grouped into three major types：（I） sphere-like droplets with limited contact area, （II） semi-spheres with a larger contact area, and （III） irregular segregations with a spherical surface, which exhibit the largest contact area among the three types of particles. Considering the ratio between the height （h） of the particles and half of their length at the surface level （/） along the cross-section, these three types can be characterized as follows：（I） h 〉/, （II） h ~/, and （1II） h 〈/. All the three types of particles can be found near each other. The shape and the extent of the contact depend on the de- gree of penetration of the material into the matrix, which is a function of the composition of the particles. Type （I） particles were initially saturated with Si at an earlier stage and, for that reason, they can react less with carbon in the coke matrix than type （II） and （III）, thereby moving faster through the coke cone. Thermodynamic calculations have shown that the temperature interval of 1250-1300~C can be consid- ered the starting point for Si entering into molten iron under quartz-dominated coke ash. Accordingly, the initial pick-up of Si by molten iron can be assumed to be mineral-related. In terms of BF practice, better conditions for sliding Fe-Si droplets through the coke cone are available when they come into contact with free SiO2 concentrated into small grains, and when the SiO2/∑MexOy mass ratio in the coke ash is high.

关键词： blast furnace practice metallurgical coke molten iron iron silicide

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Study of methods for endpoint aware inspection in a next generation firewall

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Cybersecurity 2022年第4期5卷 56-70页

作者： Jenny heino Antti Hakkala Seppo Virtanen Department of Computing University of TurkuTurkuFinland Forcepoint LLC HelsinkiFinland

Given the global increase in remote work with the COVID-19 pandemic and deperimeterization due to cloud deployment of next generation frewalls,the concept of a next generation firewall is at a breaking *** is becoming more dificult to define the barrier between the good and the *** provide the best security for an endpoint with minimal false positives or false negatives it is often necessary to identify the communicating endpoint application.n this study,we present an analysis of key research and methods for providing endpoint aware protection in the context of a next generation frewall We examine both academic research as well as state-of-the-art of the existing next generation firewall *** divide endpoint application identification into passive and active *** passive endpoint application identification,we study several traffc fingerprinting methods for different *** active methods we consider active scanning,endpoint metadata analysis and content injection and reference existing *** conclude that there are several open areas for future research,and that none of the considered methods is a silver bullet solution for endpoint aware inspection in the context of a next generation *** our best knowledge,this is the first study to examine current research and existing implementations of endpoint aware inspection.

关键词： Network traffc Endpoint identification NGFW Endpoint aware inspection

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