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Flight Behavioural Responses for African Ungulates across Species and Vegetation Covers in a Trophy Hunting Ecosystem: A Case Study from Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania

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Open Journal of Ecology 2023年第8期13卷 525-535页

作者： Ezra Peter Mremi Felister Michael Mombo Michael Muganda peadar brehony Michael Honorati Kimaro Department of Wildlife Management Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania Department of Forest and Environmental Economics Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Tanzania Research and Conservation Organization Morogoro Tanzania GELIFES Institute University of Groningen Groningen Netherlands

Trophy hunting has severe consequences on wild animals’ behaviors, which in return has implications for affecting wildlife populations. The Selous Game Reserve is a protected area in Tanzania that has been subjected to commercial trophy hunting for decades, and information about the effects of trophy hunting on animals’ welfare is still scarce. The Flight Initiating Distance (FID) can be a good measure to evaluate the welfare of animals and the level of risk perception towards anthropogenic disturbances, including trophy hunting. The study used linear mixed models to assess the flight responses of twelve commonly hunted species in the Selous game reserve (S.G.R.). The study compared animal vigilance between species, vegetation types, and group size. The FID varied between species, with which more vigilance was observed in zebras, elands, wildebeests, and sable antelopes. The study found a significant influence of vegetation cover on individual species’ FID. Further, the study found a significant influence of group size on animals’ vigilance (L. M. M., 95% CI = 0.590 - 4.762), in which there was a decrease in FID with an increase in group size for wildebeests. At the same time, other species, such as buffaloes, eland, hartebeests, and zebras, had their FIDs increasing with the increase in group size. We conclude that the impact of trophy hunting on savannah ungulates varies between species, vegetation covers, and group size of individual species. Regulatory authorities should consider minimum approach distances by trophy hunters in different vegetation cover to reduce animal biological disturbances.

关键词： Trophy Hunting Animal Behavior Flight Initiating Distance Vegetation Types Wildlife Species

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Community Perceptions and Socio-Demographic Influence on Trophy Hunting in Rungwa Game Reserve, Tanzania

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Open Journal of Ecology 2023年第9期13卷 606-620页

作者： Fenrick F. Msigwa Felister M. Mombo peadar brehony Michael H. Kimaro Department of Forest and Environmental Economics Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania Tanzania Research and Conservation Organization Morogoro Tanzania Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK GELIFES Institute University of Groningen Groningen Netherlands

The trophy hunting industry in Tanzania plays a significant role in wildlife conservation as well as economic and community development. Trophy hunting has been conducted in Rungwa Game Reserve (RGR) for several decades;however, the trophy hunting opinions from the local communities living adjacent to the reserve are not well documented. This study aimed to assess the awareness and attitudes of local communities living adjacent to Rungwa Game Reserves toward trophy hunting. Furthermore, the study assessed factors that influenced the opinions of participants by using structural equation modeling. We used semi-structured interviews and key informant interviews in the three villages adjacent to RGR. The local communities are aware of existing hunting operations around the game reserves. The study found positive attitudes among local communities toward trophy hunting, only if local people accrue benefits from hunting operations. The community’s attitudes towards trophy hunting varied across household size and occupation. Education and household position had an indirect influence on the community’s attitude. Our findings suggest that socio-demographic variables are important to consider when assessing awareness and attitudes toward trophy hunting. Local communities are willing to support trophy hunting operations if the benefits obtained from hunting are significant and it can improve wildlife conservation and their livelihood. In conclusion, trophy hunting is important to local communities living adjacent to protected areas, and banning them may have a significant impact on their livelihood and wildlife conservation. Therefore, it is recommended that conservation policies and interventions consider the dual significance of trophy hunting, fostering strategies that balance socio-economic benefits for communities and wildlife conservation.

关键词： Trophy Hunting Rungwa Game Reserve Community Awareness Trophy Hunting Attitude Socio-Demographic Variables

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Process stability and microbial community composition in pig manure and food waste anaerobic co-digesters operated at low HRTs

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2017年第3期11卷 53-65页

作者： Conor Dennehy peadar G. Lawlor Gillian E. Gardiner Yan Jiang Paul Cormican Matthew S. McCabe Xinmin Zhan Department of Civil Engineering College of Engineering and Informatics National University of Ireland Galway Ireland Teagasc Pig Development Department Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre Fermoy Ireland Department of Science Waterford Institute of Technology Waterford Ireland Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre Dunsany Meath Ireland

This study assessed the effects of reducing hydraulic retention times （HRTs） from 21 days to 10.5 days when anaerobically co-digesting pig manure and food waste. Continuously stirred tank reactors of 3.75 L working volume were operated in triplicate at 42℃. Digester HRT was progressively decreased from 21 to 15 days to 10.5 days, with an associated increase in organic loading rate （OLR） from 3.1 kg volatile solids （VS）·m^-***^-1 to 5.1 kg VS·m^***-1 to 7.25 kg VS.m^-3·day^-1. Reducing HRT from 21 days to 15 days caused a decrease in specific methane yields and VS removal rates. Operation at a HRT of 10.5 days initially resulted in the accumulation of isobutyric acid in each reactor. High throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that this increase coincided with a shift in acidogenic bacterial populations, which most likely resulted in the increased isobutyric acid concentrations. This may in turn have caused the increase in relative abundance of Clocamonaceae bacteria, which syntrophically degrade non-acetate volatile fatty acids （VFAs） into H2 and CO2. This, along with the increase in abundance of other syntrophic VFA oxidizers, such as Spiorchatetes, suggests that VFA oxidation plays a role in digester operation at low HRTs. Reducing the HRT to below 21 days compromised the ability of the anaerobic digestion system to reduce enteric indicator organism counts below regulatory limits.

关键词： Biogas Sequencing Clocamonaeeae Spiorchatetes Isobutyrate Biosafety

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Greenhouse gas emissions from different pig manure management techniques： a critical analysis

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2017年第3期11卷 3-18页

作者： Conor Dennehy peadar G. Lawlor Yan Jiang Gillian E. Gardiner Sihuang Xie Long D Nghiem Xinmin Zhan Civil Engineering College of Engineering and lnformatics National University of Ireland Galway Ireland Teagasc Pig Development Department Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre Fermoy Ireland Department of Science Waterford Institute of Technology Waterford Ireland Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia

Manure management is the primary source of greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions from pig farming, which in turn accounts for 18% of the total global GHG emissions from the livestock industry. In this review, GHG emissions （N20 and CH4 emissions in particular） from individual pig manure （PGM） management practices （European practises in particular） are systematically analyzed and discussed. These manure management practices include manure storage, land application, solid/liquid separation, anaerobic digestion, composting and aerobic wastewater treatment. The potential reduction in net GHG emissions by changing and optimising these techniques is assessed. This review also identifies key research gaps in the literature including the effect of straw covering of liquid PGM storages, the effect of solid/liquid separation, and the effect of dry anaerobic digestion on net GHG emissions from PGM management. In addition to identifying these research gaps, several recommendations including the need to standardize units used to report GHG emissions, to account ~br indirect N20 emissions, and to include a broader research scope by conducting detailed life cycle assessment are also discussed. Overall, anaerobic digestion and compositing to liquid and solid fractions are best PGM management practices with respect to their high GHG mitigation potential.

关键词： CH4N2O Storage Anaerobic digestion Composting Separation

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飞蜂窝基站实现了家庭无线互连

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今日电子 2009年第3期 42-43页

作者： Thomas Cameron peadar Forbes ADI公司

可以想象有一种设备，它能够在家庭范围内提供高质量的电话服务，允许家庭成员之间不受限制地进行语音和数据交流，而每月只需要很低的费用。Femto基站通常是指飞蜂窝（Femtocell，也称为毫微微小区），它具有很多功能。这种小型无线设... 详细信息

可以想象有一种设备，它能够在家庭范围内提供高质量的电话服务，允许家庭成员之间不受限制地进行语音和数据交流，而每月只需要很低的费用。Femto基站通常是指飞蜂窝（Femtocell，也称为毫微微小区），它具有很多功能。这种小型无线设备放置在家庭或办公室内，可以提高本地无线覆盖。

关键词：家庭成员蜂窝基站无线互连无线设备电话服务数据交流无线覆盖微小区

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