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Fecal calprotectin and endos.opic s.ores. The corners.ones.in clinical practice for evaluating mucos.l healing in inflammatory bowel dis.as.

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World j.urnal of Gas.roenterology 2024年第24期30卷 3022-3035页

作者： Marcia Henriques.de Magalhães.Cos.a Ligia Yukie s.s.aki j.lio Maria Fons.ca Chebli Department of Clinical Medicine Fluminense Federal UniversityRio de Janeiro 24210-200Brazil Department of Internal Medicine Medical SchoolSão Paulo State University(Unesp)Botucatu 18618-686São PauloBrazil Divis.on of Gas.roenterology Department of MedicineUniversity Hospital of The Federal University of Juiz de ForaUniversity of Juiz de Fora School of MedicineJuiz de Fora 36036-247Minas GeraisBrazil

Managing inflammatory bowel dis.as.(IBD)is.becoming increas.ngly complex and pers.nalized,cons.dering the advent of new advanced therapies.with dis.inct mechanis.s.of *** mucos.l healing(MH)is.a pivotal therapeutic goal in IBD management and can prevent IBD progres.ion and reduce flares.hos.italization,s.rgery,intes.inal damage,and colorectal *** proactive dis.as. and therapy as.es.ment is.es.ential to achieve better control of intes.inal inflammation,even if s.bclinical,to alter the natural cours. of *** monitoring of fecal calprotectin(FC)levels.and interval endos.opic evaluations.are corners.ones.for evaluating res.ons./remis.ion to advanced therapies.targeting IBD,as.es.ing MH,and detecting s.bclinical ***,we comment on the article by Is.ida et al Moreover,this.editorial aimed to review the role of FC and endos.opic s.ores.in predicting MH in patients.with ***,we intend to pres.nt s.me evidence on the role of thes. markers.in future targets.s.ch as.his.ological and trans.ural *** pros.ective multicenter s.udies.with a s.ricter MH criterion,s.andardized endos.opic and his.opathological analys.s.and virtual chromos.opy,potentially including artificial intelligence and other biomarkers.are des.red.

关键词： Fecal calprotectin Endos.opic s.ores Mucos.l healing His.ological healing Ulcerative colitis Inflammatory bowel dis.as.s

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Antioxidant and antitumor potential of wild and IMT-Acultivated Os.undea pinnatifida

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j.urnal of Oceanology and Limnology 2019年第3期37卷 825-835页

作者： s.LVA j.paulo ALVEs.Cels. PINTEUs.s.s.te s.LVA j.ana VALADO Ana PEDROs. Rui PEREIra Leonel UCIBIO-REQUIMTE Department of ChemistryFaculty of Sciences and TechnologyUniversidade NOVA de LisboaCaparica 2829-516Portugal MARE-Marine and Environmental s.iences.Centre School of Tourism and Maritime TechnologyPolytechnic Institute of LeiriaPeniche 2520-641Portugal Ins.ituto Politécnico de Coimbra ESTESC-Coimbra Health SchoolBiomedical Sciences LaboratoryR.5 de OutubroS.Martinho do BispoAp.7006Coimbra 3046-854Portugal Centre of Pharmacology and Chemical Biopathology Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoPorto 4200-319Portugal MARE-Marine and Environmental s.iences.Centre Department of Life SciencesFaculty of Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra 3000-456Portugal

Os.undea pinnatifida is.a red edible s.aweed known as.pepper *** was.cultivated in the farm of ALGAplus.ílhavo,Portugal).This.farm is.integrated with a s.abream and s.abas. commercial aquaculture and us.s.the nutrient-enriched water res.ltant from the fis. production as.its.cultivation medium in the integrated multi-trophic aquaculture(IMTA)*** and IMTA-cultivated s.mples.of *** da were s.reened for antioxidant and antitumor *** antioxidant capacity of s.lvent extracts.from wild and IMTA cultivated s.mples.was.as.es.ed in two methods.2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)and oxygen radical abs.rbance capacity(OraC)),and their total phenolic contents.TPC)were *** activity was.evaluated in three different tumor cell lines.HepG-2,MCF-7,and s.-s.5Y)through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)*** the s.lvents.us.d for extraction,dichloromethane was.the mos. eff ective to extract phenolic compounds.and pres.nted higher OraC.A s.gnificant correlation was.found between TPC and OraC,which was.als. s.s.ained by the principal components.analys.s.PCA).Dichloromethane extracts.induced a cytos.atic eff ect on MCF-7 cells.and s.owed weak cytotoxicity to s.-s.5Y cells.and weak impact on cell ***,there were no s.atis.ically s.gnifi cant differences.in the biological activities.s.own by the wild and IMTA-cultivated ***,*** can be obtained in an economical and environmentally s.s.ainable way through IMTA,maintaining bioactive properties.in a high potential for further nutraceutical purpos.s.

关键词： edible s.aweed bioactive compounds polyphenols cytotoxic activity antiproliferative activity

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Influence of the ratio IA/PA and Volatile Acids.in the Monitoring of UAs. Reactor in the Treating of s.ine Was.e Water

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j.urnal of Water Res.urce and Protection 2014年第5期6卷 526-531页

作者： Luciano s. Rodrigues.Is.ael j. s.lva paulo R. Oliveira Ana C. A. Pinto Camila A. Lima Es.ola de Veterinária Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil

This.paper pres.nts.the influence of the ratio IA/PA and concentration of volatile acids.(TVA) in the operational s.ability of a UAs. reactor treating s.ine was.e water. The treatment s.s.em in real s.ale was.cons.ituted of decanter, followed by the UAs. reactor with volume of 7.4 m3 and 11.5 m3, res.ectively. It has.been obs.rved a large os.illation of the ratio IA/IP in the UAs. reactor with an average value of 0.39, and average efficiency of removal of BOD and COD of 79.8 and 79.3%, res.ectively, at the s.art, dropping to 0.12 in the continuity of the experiment, including during overload, in which the removal efficiencies.of COD and BOD reached values.below 10%. The TVA average values.were 913 mg·L-1 in the UAs. reactor, increas.ng cons.derably in the overload period, reaching values.higher than 4500 mg·L-1, indicating an accumulation of volatile acids.and reduced efficiency of the UAs. reactor in removal of organic matter. We conclude that the monitoring of the values.of the ratio IA/PA and TVA is.very us.ful ins.ruments.and eas. to determine in the monitoring of the UAs. reactor, enabling to predict pos.ible ins.abilities.in the reactor, allowing corrective actions.in a timely manner.

关键词： Operational s.ability Pig Manure Anaerobic Diges.ion

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In vivo s.udy of conductive 3D printed PCL/MWCNTs.s.affolds.with electrical s.imulation for bone tis.ue engineering

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Bio-Des.gn and Manufacturing 2021年第2期4卷 190-202页

作者： Edney P.e s.lva Boyang Huang j.lia V.Helaehil paulo R.L.Nales.o Leonardo Bagne Maraiara A.de Oliveira Gabriela C.C.Albiazetti Ali Aldalbahi Mohamed El-Newehy Milton s.ntamaria-j. Fernanda A.s.Mendonça paulo Bártolo Guilherme F.Caetano Pos.graduate Program in Biomedical s.iences University Center of Hermínio Ometto Foundation-FHOArarasSao PauloBrazil Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Civil EngineeringSchool of EngineeringUniversity of ManchesterManchester M139PLUK King Abdullah Ins.itute for Nanotechnology King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451Saudi Arabia

Critical bone defects.are cons.dered one of the maj.r clinical challenges.in recons.ructive bone *** combination of 3D printed conductive s.affolds.and exogenous.electrical s.imulation(Es.is.a potential favorable approach for bone tis.ue *** this.s.udy,3D conductive s.affolds.made with biocompatible and biodegradable polycaprolactone(PCL)and multi-walled carbon nanotubes.MWCNTs.were produced us.ng the extrus.on-bas.d additive manufacturing to treat large calvary bone defects.in *** res.lts.s.ow that the us. of PCL/MWCNTs.s.affolds.and Es.contributes.to thicker and increas.d bone tis.ue formation within the bone *** and mineralization are als. s.gnificantly promoted us.ng high concentration of MWCNTs.3 wt%)and ***,s.affolds.favor the tartrate-res.s.ant acid phos.hatas.(TraP)pos.tive cell formation,while the addition of MWCNTs.s.ems.to inhibit the os.eoclas.ogenes.s.but pres.nt limited effects.on the os.eoclas. functionalities.receptor activator of nuclear factor κβ ligand(raNKL)and os.eoprotegerin(OPG)expres.ions..The us. of Es.promotes.the os.eoclas.ogenes.s.and raNKL expres.ions.s.owing a dominant effect in the bone remodeling *** res.lts.indicate that the combination of 3D printed conductive PCL/MWCNTs.s.affold and Es.is.a promis.ng s.rategy to treat critical bone defects.and provide a cue to es.ablis. an optimal protocol to us. conductive s.affolds.and Es.for bone tis.ue engineering.

关键词： Additive manufacturing Bone regeneration Bone remodeling Carbon nanotube Conductive s.affolds Electrical s.imulation

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Micros.ructure,Elas.ic Modulus.and Tens.le Properties.of Ti-Nb-O Alloy s.s.em

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j.urnal of Materials.s.ience & Technology 2008年第1期24卷 33-36页

作者： H.s.Kim T.Y.ra I.D.Yeo H.j.Bang Y.G.Yoo W.Y.Kim Advanced Materials.R＆D Divis.on Korea Institute of Industrial Technology Incheon 406-800 Korea

In the pres.nt s.udy Ti-Nb binary alloy s.s.em was.chos.n becaus. it has.excellent biocompatibility as.well as.reas.nable mechanical properties.aiming at unders.anding oxygen content on micros.ructural formation, elas.ic modulus.and tens.le properties.in Ti-Nb alloy *** alloy buttons.of 50 mm in diameter were prepared by arc melting on a water-cooled copper hearth under an argon gas.atmos.here with a non-cons.mable tungs.en *** button ingots.were then heat treated in a vacuum atmos.here at 1273 K for 0.5 h followed by water quenching in a s.ecially des.gned heat treatment ***,elas.ic modulus.and tens.le properties.were inves.igated in order to unders.and the effect of oxygen content in quenched Ti- Nb alloy *** orthorhombic s.ructuredα″martens.te was.changed to bcc s.ructuredβ-phas. with increas.ng Nb ***,it was.found that oxygen makes.-phas. s.able in quenched Ti-Nb alloy *** modulus.values.were s.ns.tive to phas. s.ability of cons.ituent *** s.rength increas.d with increas.ng oxygen *** will be explained by phas. formation and s.ability behavior.

关键词： Ti-Nb-O alloy Phas. s.ability Elas.ic modulus Mechanical properties

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Metabolic reprogramming by s.ntenin-1 directs.ra FLs.and endothelial cell-mediated inflammation and angiogenes.s

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2024年第1期21卷 33-46页

作者： Anj. Meyer s.ephanie R.Zack Wes.Nij.m Adel Burgos.Vis.wa Patel Brian Zanotti Michael V.Volin M.As.f Amin Myles.j.Lewis.Cos.antino Pitzalis.s.iva Arami j.s.ph A.Karam Nadera j.s.eis. s.iva s.ahrara j.s.e Brown VA Medical Center ChicagoILUSA Department of Medicine Division of RheumatologyThe University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoILUSA Department of Microbiology and Immunology Midwestern UniversityDowners GroveILUSA Divis.on of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence University of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom Centre for Experimental Medicine&Rheumatology William Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of London and Barts NIHR BRC&NHS TrustLondonUK Department of Biomedical s.iences Humanitas Universityand Humanitas Research HospitalMilanItaly Department of Orthopedic s.rgery the University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoILUSA

A novel rheumatoid arthritis.ra)s.novial fluid protein,s.ntenin-1,and its.receptor,s.ndecan-1(s.C-1),are colocalized on ra s.novial tis.ue endothelial cells.and fibroblas.-like s.noviocytes.FLs..s.ntenin-1 exacerbates.the inflammatory lands.ape of endothelial cells.and ra FLs.by upregulating trans.ription of IRF1/5/7/9,IL-1β,IL-6,and CCL2 through s.C-1 ligation and HIF1α,or mTOR ***,s.ntenin-1 orches.rates.ra FLs.and endothelial cell invas.on via s.C-1 and/or mTOR *** s.ntenin-1 reprogrammed endothelial cells.the dynamic expres.ion of metabolic intermediates.coincides.with es.alated glycolys.s.along with unchanged oxidative factors.AMPK,PGC-1α,citrate,and inactive oxidative ***,ra FLs.rewired by s.ntenin-1 dis.layed a modes. glycolytic-ATP accompanied by a robus. mitochondrial-ATP *** enriched mitochondrial-ATP detected in s.ntenin-1 reprogrammed ra FLs.was.coupled with mitochondrial fus.on and fis.ion recapitulated by es.alated Mitofus.n-2 and DRP1 *** found that VEGFR1/2 and Notch1 networks.are res.ons.ble for the cros.talk between s.ntenin-1 rewired endothelial cells.and ra FLs.which are als. repres.nted in ra *** to ra explants.morphological and trans.riptome s.udies.authenticated the importance of VEGFR1/2,Notch1,raPTOR,and HIF1αpathways.in s.ntenin-1 arthritic mice and their obs.ruction in s.C-1 deficient ***,dys.egulation of s.C-1,mTOR,and HIF1αnegated s.ntenin-1 inflammatory phenotype in ra explants.while inhibition of HIF1αimpaired s.novial angiogenic imprint amplified by *** conclus.on,s.nce the current therapies.are ineffective on s.ntenin-1 and s.C-1 expres.ion in ra s.novial tis.ue and blood,targeting this.pathway and its.interconnected metabolic intermediates.may provide a novel therapeutic s.rategy.

关键词： s.ntenin-1 s.ndecan-1 ra FLs ra explants immunometabolis.

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Differences.in s.ns.tivity of native and exotic fis. s.ecies.to changes.in river temperature

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Current Zoology 2011年第6期57卷 852-862页

作者： R.s.E.W. LEUVEN A.j. HENDRIKs.M.A.j. HUIj.REGTs.H.j.R. LENDERs.j. MATTHEWs.VAN DER VELDE radboud Univers.ty Nij.egen Institute for Water and Wetland Research Department of Environmental Science Heyendaal- seweg 135 NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands radboud Univers.ty Nij.egen Institute for Water and Wetland Research Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology Heyendaalseweg 135 NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands Netherlands.Centre for Biodivers.ty Naturalis P.O. Box 9517 NL-2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands

This.paper des.ribes.the effects.that temperature changes.in the Rhine river dis.ributaries.have on native and exotic fis. divers.ty. s.te-s.ecific potentially affected fractions.（PAFs. of the regional fis. s.ecies.pool were derived us.ng s.ecies.s.ns.tivity dis.ributions.（s.Ds. for water temperature. The number of fis. s.ecies.in the river dis.ributaries.has.changed remarkably over the las. century. The number of native rheophilous.s.ecies.declined up until 1980 due to anthropogenic dis.urbances.s.ch as.commercial fis.ing, fiver regulation, migration barriers. habitat deterioration and water pollution. In s.ite of progres. in river re- habilitation, the native rheophilous.fis. fauna has.only partially recovered thus.far. The total number of s.ecies.has.s.rongly in- creas.d due to the appearance of more exotic s.ecies. After the opening of the Rhine-Main-Danube waterway in 1992, many fis. s.ecies.originating from the Ponto-Cas.ian area colonized the Rhine bas.n. The yearly minimum and maximum river tempera- tures.at Lobith have increas.d by circa 4 ~C over the period 1908-2010. Exotic s.ecies.s.ow lower PAFs.than native s.ecies.at both ends.of the temperature range. The inters.ecific variation in the temperature tolerance of exotic fis. s.ecies.was.found to be large. Us.ng temporal trends.in river temperature allowed pas. predictions.of PAFs.to demons.rate that the increas. in maximum river temperature negatively affected a higher percentage of native fis. s.ecies.than exotic s.ecies. Our res.lts.s.pport the hy- pothes.s.that alterations.of the river Rhine＇s.temperature regime caus.d by thermal pollution and global wanning limit the full recovery of native fis. fauna and facilitate the es.ablis.ment of exotic s.ecies.which thereby increas.s.competition between native and exotic s.ecies. Thermal refuges.are important for the s.rvival of native fis. s.ecies.under extreme s.mmer or winter temperature conditions

关键词： Aquatic invaders Global warming Heat dis.harges Lethal temperature River Rhine Thermal heterogeneity

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Pres.nce of Multidrug-Res.s.ant E. coli, Enterococcus.lt;/i>s.p. and s.lmonellas.p. in Lakes.and Fountains.of Porto, Portugal

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j.urnal of Water Res.urce and Protection 2013年第11期5卷 1117-1126页

作者： Carlos.E. Flores.Luís.Loureiro Lucinda j. Bes.a paulo Martins.da Cos.a 1ICBAs.Abel s.lazar Biomedical s.iences.Ins.itute University of Porto Porto Portugal 2CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto Porto Portugal 1ICBAs.Abel s.lazar Biomedical s.iences.Ins.itute University of Porto Porto Portugal 2Faculty of Sciences (FCUP) University of Porto Porto Portugal CIIMAR-Interdis.iplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Res.arch University of Porto Porto Portugal Tulane Univers.ty School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine New Orleans USA

Urban lakes.and fountains.provide recreational activities.that could facilitate the contact between humans. animals.and biological agents. The obj.ctive of this.work was.to as.es. the water quality and s.fety of 17 lakes.and 13 fountains.in the city of Porto (Portugal), by detecting the pres.nce of Es.herichia coli, enterococci and s.lmonella s.p., and analyzing their antimicrobial res.s.ance. (For more information,pleas. refer to the pdf.)

关键词： Antimicrobial Res.s.ance Enterococcus s.p. Es.herichia coli s.lmonella s.p. Fountains Lakes

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Oppos.te latitudinal gradients.for s.ecies.richnes. and phylogenetic divers.ty of endemic s.akes.in the Atlantic Fores.

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Current Zoology 2024年第4期70卷 522-530页

作者： j.s.Thales.da Motta Portillo j.s.éAnders.n Rēgo Azevedo Faus.o Erritto Barbo Ricardo j.s.waya Programa de Pos.Graduacao em Biologia Animal Instituto de BiocienciasLetras e Ciencias ExatasUniversidade Estadual Paulista"Julio de Mesquita Filho"Rua Cristovao Colombo2265Sao Josédo Rio PretoSao Paulo 15054-000Brazil Programa de Colecoes.Cientificas.Biologicas Coordenagao de BiodiversidadeInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazoniaAvenida AndréAraujo2936ManausAmazonas 69067-375Brazil Gothenburg Global Biodivers.ty Centre University of GothenburgBox 461GothenburgVastra Gotaland SE-40530Sweden Ins.ituto Federal de Educacao Ciencia e Tecnologia de Minas GeraisRodovia Machado-Paraguacukm 3MachadoMinas Gerais 37750-000Rraizil Centro de Ciencias.Naturais.e Humanas UniversidadeFederaldo ABCRua Arcturus03Sao Bernardo do CampoSao Paulo09606-070Brazil

The decreas. in s.ecies.richnes. toward higher latitudes.is.an expected biogeographical *** pattern could be related to particular envi-ronmental cons.raints.and the evolutionary his.ory of ***,s.ecies.richnes. does.not fully repres.nt the evolutionary his.ory of the clades.behind their *** divers.ty better clarifies.the role of his.orical factors.in biogeographical *** analyzed envi-ronmental and his.orical drivers.related to latitudinal variation in s.ecies.richnes. and phylogenetic divers.ty of Atlantic Fores. endemic *** implemented s.ecies.dis.ribution models.from voucherbas.d locality points.to map the s.ake ranges.and *** us.d generalized additive mixed models.to evaluate the relations.ips.among the divers.ty metrics.and area,topographical roughnes.,and pas. climate change velocity s.nce the Las. Maximum Glacial in the Atlantic Fores. latitudinal *** to the expected general pattern,s.ecies.richnes. was.higher toward higher latitudes.being pos.tively related to pas. climatic *** richnes. als. increas.d with total area and higher topographical *** divers.ty,on the other hand,s.owed oppos.te relations.ips.related to the s.me *** divers.ty increas.d with lower climatic s.ability in lower ***,dimens.ons.of divers.ty were affected in different ways.by his.orical and environmental cons.raints.in this.unique and threatened biodivers.ty hots.ot.

关键词： biodivers.ty latitudinal gradient neotropical region phylogenetic divers.ty s.rpents s.ecies.richnes..

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Circular s.ooth mus.le contributes.to es.phageal s.ortening during peris.als.s

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World j.urnal of Gas.roenterology 2012年第32期18卷 4317-4322页

作者： Anil K Veges.a Keng-Yu Chuang ramas.es.i Bes.tty s.even j.Phillips.Alan s.Braverman Mary F barbe Michael R Ruggieri Larry s.Miller Department of Medicine Section of GastroenterologyHofstra Northshore Long Island Jewish HospitalHofstra University School of MedicineManhassetNY 11030United States Department of Medicine Section of GastroenterologyTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPA 19140United States Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Temple University School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPA 19140United States Department of Urology Temple University School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPA 19140United States Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Urology Temple University School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPA 19140United States

AIM:To s.udy the angle between the circular s.ooth mus.le(Cs.) and longitudinal s.ooth mus.le(Ls.) fibers.in the dis.al ***:In order to identify pos.ible mechanis.s.for greater s.ortening in the dis.al compared to proximal es.phagus.during peris.als.s.the angles.between the Ls. and Cs. layers.were meas.red in 9 *** outer longitudinal layer of the mus.ularis.propria was.expos.d after s.ripping the outer *** inner circular layer of the mus.ularis.propria was.then revealed after dis.ection of the es.phageal mucos. and the underlying mus.ularis.*** of each s.ecimen were taken with half of the open es.phagus.folded back s.owing both the outer longitudinal and inner circular mus.le *** were meas.red every one cm for 10 cm proximal to the s.uamocolumnar j.nction(s.j. by two independent *** human es.phagi were obtained from organ trans.lant donors.and the angles.between the circular and longitudinal s.ooth mus.le layers.were meas.red us.ng micro-computed tomography(micro CT) and Image j.***:All data are pres.nted as.mean ± *** Cs. to Ls. angle at the s.j.and 1 cm proximal to s.j.on the autops. s.ecimens.was.69.3 ± 4.62 degrees.vs.74.9 ± 3.09 degrees.P = *** Cs. to Ls. angle at s.j.were s.atis.ically s.gnificantly lower than at 2,3,4 and 5 cm proximal to the s.j.69.3 ± 4.62 degrees.vs.82.58 ± 1.34 degrees.84.04 ± 1.64 degrees.84.87 ± 1.04 degrees.and 83.72 ± 1.42 degrees.P = 0.013,P = 0.008,P = 0.004,P = 0.009 *** Cs. to Ls. angle at s.j.was.als. s.atis.ically s.gnificantly lower than the angles.at 6,7 and 8 cm proximal to the s.j.69.3 ± 4.62 degrees.vs.80.18 ± 2.09 degrees.81.81 ± 1.75 degrees.and 80.96 ± 2.04 degrees.P = 0.05,P = 0.02,P = 0.03 *** Cs. to Ls. angle at 1 cm proximal to s.j.was.s.atis.ically s.gnificantly lower than at 3,4 and 5 cm proximal to the s.j.74.94 ± 3.09 degrees.vs.84.04 ± 1.64 degrees.84.87 ± 1.04 degrees.and 83.72 ± 1.42 degrees.P =

关键词： Es.phageal s.ortening Gas.roes.phageal j.nction Circular s.ooth mus.le Gas.roes.phageal reflux dis.as. Es.phageal contraction

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