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Development and Application of Integrated Indicators for Assessing Healthcare Waste Management Systems in Kenyan Hospitals

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第4期14卷 1080-1120页

作者： Muriithi Jackson Githinji paul mwangi Njogu Zipporah Nganga Mohamed Karama Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (ITROMID) Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Academic Research and Student Affairs South Eastern Kenya University Kitui Kenya School of Public Health Amref International University Nairobi Kenya

Healthcare waste management (HCWM) is an important aspect of healthcare delivery globally because of its hazardous and infectious components that have potential for adverse health and environmental impacts. The paper introduces a set of indicators for assessing HCWM systems in hospitals. These indicators are: HCWM policies and standard operating procedures, management and oversight, logistics and budget support, training and occupational health and safety, and treatment, disposal and waste treatment equipment housing. By plotting a mark on a continuum which is defined as good and poor on the extremes and is connected with all other marks in a spoke arrangement, it’s possible to describe a baseline for HCWM in any specific hospital. This baseline can be used to improve awareness of the actors and policy-makers, compare the same hospital at a different point in time, to compare observations by different evaluators and to track improvements. Results suggest that in Kenya, the application of such indicators is useful for evaluating which priorities should be addressed to improve outcomes in HCWM systems. Systematic sampling technique was used to identify and collect data by use of observational checklist, interviews, visual verification and review of documents and a HCWM assessment tool. The objective is to suggest an integrated management tool as a method to identify prevailing problems with a HCWM system. The method can be replicated in other contexts worldwide, with a focus on the developing world. The integrated indicators focus on management of HCW and not its potential impact on human health and environment, an area recognized to be critical for future research.

关键词： Developing Countries HCW Management Indicators Management Tools

Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Healthcare Waste Incinerators’ Bottom Ash from Five County Hospitals in Kenya

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2024年第3期15卷 318-337页

作者： Muriithi Jackson Githinji paul mwangi Njogu Zipporah Nganga Mohamed Karama Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (ITROMID) Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Academic Research and Student Affairs South Eastern Kenya University Kitui Kenya Public Health and Epidemiology Umma University Kajiado Kenya

Health-care waste contains potentially harmful microorganisms and compounds which can infect and affect hospital patients, healthcare workers, the general public and environment. Therefore, management of health care waste requires safe handling, treatment and disposal procedures. While incineration reduces the volume and quantity of waste for final disposal, it leads to the production of fly and bottom ashes laden with toxic incomplete combustion products such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins, furans and heavy metals. This exposes workers who handle and dispose the bottom ashes, hospital patients, the general public and environment. The goal of this study was to determine the total and individual levels of 16 most prevalent and toxic PAHs. Bottom ash samples were collected from incinerators in five county hospitals in Kenya, namely;Moi-Voi, Narok, Kitale, Makindu and Isiolo. Bottom ash samples were collected over a period of six months from the five hospitals. The samples were then sieved, homogenised and stored at 4°C in amber coloured glass containers. The PAHs were extracted using 30 ml of a hexane-acetone solvent (1:1) mixture by ultrasonication at room temperature (23°C) for 45 minutes. The PAHs were then analyzed with a GC-MS spectrophotometer model (Shimadzu GCMS-QP2010 SE) connected to a computer work station was used for the PAHs analysis. The GC-MS was equipped with an SGE BPX5 GC capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm) for the separation of compounds. Helium was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 15.5 ml/minute and 14.5 psi. 1 μl of the sample was injected at 280°C, split mode (10:1). The oven programming was set for a total runtime of 40 minutes, which included: 100°C (2-minute hold);10°C /min rise to 200°C;7°C /min rise to 249°C;3°C /min rise to 300°C (2-minute hold). The interface temperature was set at 290°C. Analysis was done in Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM) mode and the peak areas of each of the PAHs were collected from

关键词： PAHs GC-MS Healthcare Wastes Disposal Incinerator Bottom Ash

An annotated checklist of mammals of Kenya

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Zoological Research 2019年第1期40卷 3-52页

作者： Simon Musila Ara Monadjem paul W.Webala Bruce D.Patterson Rainer Hutterer Yvonne A.De Jong Thomas M.Butynski Geoffrey mwangi Zhong-Zheng Chen Xue-Long Jiang Mammalogy Section Department of Zoology National Museums of Kenya Department of Biological Sciences University of Swaziland Mammal Research Institute Department of Zoology & Entomology University of Pretoria Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management Maasai Mara University Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Leibniz-Institut für Biodiversit?t der Tiere Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program School of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Karatina University Sino-African Joint Research Center Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences

Kenya has a rich mammalian fauna. We reviewed recently published books and papers including the six volumes of Mammals of Africa to develop an up-to-date annotated checklist of all mammals recorded from Kenya. A total of 390 species have been identified in the country, including 106 species of rodents,104 species of bats, 63 species of even-toed ungulates(including whales and dolphins), 36 species of insectivores and carnivores, 19 species of primates,five species of elephant shrews, four species of hyraxes and odd-toed ungulates, three species of afrosoricids, pangolins, and hares, and one species of aardvark, elephant, sirenian and hedgehog. The number of species in this checklist is expected to increase with additional surveys and as the taxonomic status of small mammals(e.g., bats, shrews and rodents) becomes better understood.

关键词： Checklist Rodents Bats Ungulate Carnivores Shrews Kenya

Assessment of the Social, Economic and Environmental Aspects of Solid Waste Management in Selected Open Dumpsites in Kenya

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(A) 2015年第9期4卷 490-493页

作者： Kenneth Kamumbu Mugo James Muraya Gichanga Gatebe Erastus paul mwangi Njogu Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IEET) Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) Nairobi 00100 Kenya Department of Chemistry Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUA 19 Nairobi 00100 Kenya

The most prevalent way of disposing solid waste in most of the developing countries is open dumping which is the easiest and considered to be the cheapest method of removing waste from the immediate environment. The increasing awareness on public health and environment quality concerns are expected to provide the impetus that is needed to develop and implement a sustainable approach to manage solids. An inventory of these locations, the types of waste handled and management processes for waste products will aid in the assessment of the polluting capability of such sites. This paper discusses research experiences gathered during a study that was undertaken in three Kenya dumpsites to explore the potential for utilising the waste for energy generation in a low-income economy and at the same time, address worsening disposal challenges.

关键词： Solid waste dumpsites management.

Towards Increasing Data Availability for Meteorological Services: Inter-Comparison of Meteorological Data from a Synoptic Weather Station and Two Automatic Weather Stations in Kenya

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American Journal of Climate Change 2021年第3期10卷 300-316页

作者： Richard Muita paul Kucera Stella Aura David Muchemi David Gikungu Samuel mwangi Martin Steinson paul Oloo Nicholas Maingi Ezekiel Muigai Mwaura Kamau Kenya Meteorological Department Institute for Meteorological Training and Research Nairobi Kenya University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/National Centre for Atmospheric Research (UCAR/NCAR) Boulder USA

Meteorological data is useful for varied applications and sectors ranging from weather and climate forecasting, landscape planning to disaster management among others. However, the availability of these data requires a good network of manual meteorological stations and other support systems for its collection, recording, processing, archiving, communication and dissemination. In sub-Saharan Africa, such networks are limited due to low investment and capacity. To bridge this gap, the National Meteorological Services in Kenya and few others from African countries have moved to install a number of Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) in the past decade including a few additions from private institutions and individuals. Although these AWSs have the potential to improve the existing observation network and the early warning systems in the region, the quality and capacity of the data collected from the stations are not well exploited. This is mainly due to low confidence, by data users, in electronically observed data. In this study, we set out to confirm that electronically observed data is of comparable quality to a human observer recorded data, and can thus be used to bridge data gaps at temporal and spatial scales. To assess this potential, we applied the simple Pearson correlation method and other statistical tests and approaches by conducting inter-comparison analysis of weather observations from the manual synoptic station and data from two Automatic Weather Stations (TAHMO and 3D-PAWS) co-located at KMD Headquarters to establish existing consistencies and variances in several weather parameters. Results show there is comparable consistency in most of the weather parameters between the three stations. Strong associations were noted between the TAHMO and manual station data for minimum (r = 0.65) and maximum temperatures (r = 0.86) and the maximum temperature between TAHMO and 3DPAWS (r = 0.56). Similar associations were indicated for surface pressure (r = 0.99) and R

关键词： Meteorological Data Manual Weather Station Automatic Weather Station Correlation

Validation of a Swahili version of the World Health Organization 5-item well-being index among adults living with HIV and epilepsy in rural coastal Kenya

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Global Health Research and Policy 2018年第1期3卷 102-108页

作者： Esther Chongwo Derrick Ssewanyana Carophine Nasambu Patrick N.Mwangala paul M.mwangi Moses K.Nyongesa Charles R.Newton Amina Abubakar Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast Kenya Medical Research Institute(KEMRI)P.O Box 230KilifiKenya Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies Utrecht UniversityP.O Box 801403508TCUtrechtThe Netherlands Department of Public Health Pwani UniversityP.O Box 195KilifiKenya Department of Psychiatry Warneford HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxford OX37JXUK

Objective:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the World Health Organization’s five item well-being index(WHO-5)when administered to adults living with HIV or epilepsy in a rural setting at the coast of ***:A case control study design was conducted among 230 adults aged 18-50 years,who comprised 147 cases(63 living with epilepsy and 84 living with HIV)and 83 healthy *** participants were administered to a faceto-face interview during which they completed the Swahili version of WHO-5 well-being index,the Major Depression Inventory(MDI)and responded to some items on their socio-demographic *** to assess internal consistency,construct validity,discriminant validity,and convergent validity of the Swahili version of WHO-5 well-being index was conducted.A multivariate regression was carried out to assess the association between psychological wellbeing(assessed using Swahili version of WHO-5 well-being index)and having a chronic illness(HIV or epilepsy).Results:The Swahili version of WHO-5 well-being index demonstrated good internal consistency with Cronbach alpha ranges of 0.86-0.88 among the three study *** tool had good discriminant validity.A one factor structure of the tool was obtained from confirmatory factor analysis(overall Comparative Fit Index=1.00,Tuckler Lewis Index=1.01,Root Mean Square of Error Approximation=0.00).Living with HIV or epilepsy in comparison to being a healthy control was significantly associated with greater odds of having sub-optimal psychological ***:Our findings demonstrate that the Swahili version of WHO-5 well-being index has good psychometric properties and is appropriate for use to evaluate psychological well-being among adults living with chronic conditions such as HIV or epilepsy from a rural low resource setting in *** its brevity and ease of use,the Swahili version of WHO-5 well-being index could potentially be used by lay wor

关键词： Wellbeing Validation HIV Epilepsy Psychometrics WHO-5 item index