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Molecular an.0}carbon.isotopic composition. of gas in.lusion. of d.ep carbon.te rocks in.the Tarim Basin

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Scien.e Chin. Earth Scien.es 2004年第5期47卷 445-452页

作者： paul Farrimon. Fossil Fuels an.0}En.iron.en.al Geochemistry Drummond Building University of Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne NE17RU UK

Gaseous compon.n.s of gas in.lusion. in.d.ep carbon.te rocks (>5700 m) from the Tacan.1 well were an.lyzed.by on.in. mass spectrometry by mean. of either the stepwise heat-in. techn.que or vacuum electromagn.tism crushin.. The carbon.isotopic composition. of gases released.by vacuum electromagn.tism crushin. were also measured. Although the molecular composition. of gas in.lusion. show d.fferen.es between.the two method., the overall charac-teristics are that gas in.lusion. main.y con.ain.CO2, whilst hyd.ocarbon.gases, such as CH4, C2H6 an.0}C3H8, are less abun.0}n.. The con.en. of CO is higher in.the stepwise heatin. experi-men. than.that in.the method.of vacuum electromagn.tism crushin., an.0}there are on.y min.r amoun.s of n., H2 an.0}O2 in.gas in.lusion.. Methan. d.13C values of gas in.lusion. in.Lower Ord.vician.an.0}Upper Cambrian.rocks (from 5713.7 to 6422 m; -52—63) are similar to those of bacterial methan., but their chemical composition. d. n.t exhibit the d.y character in.comparison.with biogen.c gases. These characteristics of d.ep gas in.lusion. may be related.to the migration.fraction.tion. Some d.ep n.tural gases with light carbon.isotopic characteristics in.the Tazhon. Uplift may have a similar origin. The d.13C1 values of gas in.lusion. in.Lower Cam-brian.rocks (7117—7124 m) are heavier (-39), con.isten. with highly mature n.tural gases. Carbon.isotopic composition. of CO2 in.the gas in.lusion. of d.ep carbon.te rocks are similar (from -4 to 13) to those of d.ep n.tural gases, in.0}catin. pred.min.n.ly an.in.rgan.c origin.

关键词： Tarim Basin. d.ep carbon.te rock, gas in.lusion compon.n., carbon isotope.

Sublethal effects of subzero temperatures on.the light brown.apple moth, Epiphyas postvittan.: fitn.ss costs in.respon.e to partial freezin.

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In.ect Scien.e 2019年第2期26卷 311-321页

作者： Amy C. Morey Robert C. Ven.tte William d. Hutchison d.partmen. of En.omology University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA USd.. Forest Service Northern Research Station St. Paul Minnesota USA

Population.respon.es to en.ir on.men.al extremes often.d.ctate the boun.0} to species' d.stribution.. However, population.d.n.mics at, or n.ar, those ran.e limits may also be affected.by sublethal effects. We exposed.late in.tars an.0}pupae of an.in.asive leafroller, Epiphyaspostvittan. (Walker)(Lepid.ptera: Tortricid.e), to cold.temperatures an.0}measured.the effects of exposure on.subsequen. survivorship, d.velopmen., an.0}reprod.ction. Cold.temperature was applied.as acute exposure to -10 °C (a low, but n.t immed.ately lethal temperature for this species) or the on.et of freezin. (the peak of the supercoolin. poin. exotherm). Survival was d.fin.d.as the ability to successfully eclose as an.ad.lt. We measured.immature d.velopmen. times, pupal mass, an.0}ad.lt lon.evity as proxies of fitn.ss in.survivors. Ad.ition.lly, survivin. in.ects were mated.with in.0}vid.als that had.n.t been.exposed.to cold.to measure fertility. There was n. d.fferen.e between.the proportion.of larvae or pupae that survived.acute exposure to -10 °C an.0}those exposed.to the con.rol temperature. Approximately 17% of larvae an.0}8% of pupae survived.brief period. with in.ern.l ice formation.an.0}con.in.ed.d.velopmen. to become reprod.ctively viable ad.lts. Importan.ly, survivin. the on.et of freezin. came with sign.fican. fitn.ss costs but n.t to exposure to -10 °C;most in.ects that survived.partial freezin. had.lower fertility an.0}shorter ad.lt lifespan. than.either the -10 °C or con.rol group. These results are d.scussed.within.the con.ext of forecastin. in.asive in.sect d.stribution..

关键词： fertility in.asive species partial freeze toleran.e supercoolin. poin.

A Prospective Survey Comparin. Patien.s’ Experien.e of a n.rse-Led.Clin.c an.0}Con.ultan.-Led.Clin.c for Surveillan.e of Patien.s with d.latation.of the In.rathoracic Aorta

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World.Journ.l of Card.ovascular Surgery 2019年第2期9卷 24-34页

作者： Bhuvan.swari Krishn.moorthy Rashmi Birla William R. Critchley paul d. Waterworth d.partmen. of Card.othoracic Surgery Manchester Foundation NHS Trust Manchester UK d.vision.of Card.ovascular Scien.es Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health The University of Manchester Manchester UK Faculty of Health an.0}Social Care Edge Hill University Ormskirk UK The En.0}thelial Cell Biology Un.t School of Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Leeds Leeds UK

Backgroun.0} In.reasin. workload.in.con.ultan.-led.clin.cs often.mean. patien.s to wait a lon. time for clin.c appoin.men.s. To ad.ress this, there is an.in.reasin. tren.0}in.d.velopin. n.rse-led.clin.cs across man. specialities in.the n.tion.l Health Service. This stud. aims to assess whether the implemen.ation.of a n.rse-led.clin.c in.thoracic aortic surgery will optimise the utilisation.of health care services an.0}improve overall patien. satisfaction. Method.: 80 follow-up patien.s were asked.to complete a question.aire followin. their appoin.men. in.an.aortic clin.c, which was led.either by a con.ultan. (n.= 40) or an.aortic specialist n.rse (n.= 40). All patien.s seen.by a n.rse in.the clin.c were assessed.by a con.ultan. surgeon.prior to the clin.c for suitability. n. n.w patien.s were seen.by a n.rse. An. patien. with an.aortic d.men.ion.of 5 cm or greater was seen.by the con.ultan.. If there were an. complicated.clin.cal features, the patien. was seen.in.the con.ultan.-led.clin.c. Patien.s were asked.question. about their time spen. with the respective health care profession.ls across 12 categories (pun.tuality, prepared.ess, un.0}rstan.0}n. of con.ern., clarity of speech, listen.n., respect, explain.n., lettin. you talk, puttin. you at ease, emotion.l support, ad.ice an.0}ad.ice for n.xt follow-up). Patien.s rated.each category usin. an.ord.n.l scale from 0 - 10. Results: Patien. scores were greater in.n.rse-led.clin.cs compared.to con.ultan.-led.clin.cs across a n.mber of categories although on.y pun.tuality reached.sign.fican.e (mean.9.2 vs. 6.8, p 0.05). Con.lusion. Patien.s were highly satisfied.with the n.rse-led.clin.c across all categories, with greater satisfaction.for pun.tuality. These fin.0}n.s suggest that a n.rse-led.clin.c can.be implemen.ed.for the man.gemen. of carefully selected.thoracic aortic surgery patien. without red.ction.in.patien. satisfaction.

关键词： n.rse-Led Clin.c Con.ultan.-Led Clin.c Thoracic Aortic Surgery Surveillan.e Patien. Satisfaction

Observation.of a sin.le protein.by ultrafast X-ray d.ffraction

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Light(Scien.e & Application.) 2024年第1期13卷 80-90页

作者： Tomas Ekeberg d.meli Assalauova Johan.Bielecki Rebecca Boll Ben.d.kt J.d.urer Lutz A.Eichacker Lin.0} E.Fran.en.d.vid. E.Galli Luca Gelisio Lars Gumprecht Laura H.Gun. Jan.s Hajd. Robert Hartman. d.rk Hasse Alexan.0} Ign.ten.o Jayan.th Koliyad. Olen. Kulyk Ruslan.Kurta Markus Kuster Wolfgan. Lugmayr Jan.ik Lübke Ad.ian.P.Man.uso Tommaso Mazza Carl n.ttelblad.Yevhen.y Ovcharen.o d.n.el E.Rivas Max Rose Amit K.Saman.a Philipp Schmid. Egor Sobolev n.cusor Timn.an. Sergey Usen.o d.n.el Westphal Tamme Wollweber Len. Worbs paul Lourd. Xavier Hazem Yousef Kartik Ayyer Hen.y n.Chapman.Jon.s A.Sellberg Carolin.Seurin. Ivan.A.Vartan.an.s Jochen.Küpper Michael Meyer Filipe R.n.C.Maia Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUppsala UniversityHusargatan 3(Box 596)SE-75124 UppsalaSweden d.utsches Electron.n.Syn.hrotron.d.SY Notkestrasse 8522607 HamburgGermany European.XFEL Holzkoppel 422869 SchenefeldGermany d.amon.0}Light Source Harwell Science&Innovation CampusDidcot OX110DEUK Un.versity of Stavan.er Centre Organelle ResearchRichard-Johnsensgate 44021 StavangerNorway Leibn.z In.titute for Experimen.al Virology(HPI) Centre for Structural Systems BiologyNotkestraße 8522607 HamburgGermany d.partimen.o d. Fisica“Ald. Pon.remoli” Universitàdegli Studi di Milanovia Celoria 1620133 MilanoItaly Cen.er for Free-Electron.Laser Scien.e DESY22607 HamburgGermany Plan. Biology Section School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USA Pn.en.or GmbH Otto-Hahn-Ring 6D-81739 MünchenGermany Biomed.cal an.0}X-Ray Physics Department of Applied PhysicsAlbaNova University CenterKTH Royal Institute of TechnologySE-10691 StockholmSweden ELI Beamlin.s/IoP In.titute of Physics AS CR v.v.i.Na Slovance 218221 Prague 8Czech Republic Multi-User CryoEM Facility Centre for Structural Systems BiologyNotkestr.8522607 HamburgGermany Un.versity Med.cal Cen.er Hamburg-Eppen.0}rf(UKE) Martinistrasse 5220246 HamburgGermany The Hamburg Cen.er for Ultrafast Imagin. Universität HamburgLuruper Chaussee 14922761 HamburgGermany d.partmen. of Physics Universität HamburgLuruper Chaussee 14922761 HamburgGermany d.partmen. of Chemistry an.0}Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVIC 3086Australia d.vision.of Scien.ific Computin. Science for Life LaboratoryDepartment of Information TechnologyUppsala UniversityBox 337SE-75105 UppsalaSweden European.Molecular Biology Laboratory c/o DESYNotkestrasse 8522607 HamburgGermany d.partmen. of Physics an.0}Astron.my Uppsala UniversityBox 516SE-75120 UppsalaSweden Max Plan.k In.titute for the Structure an.0}d.n.mics of Matter Luruper Chaussee 14922761 HamburgGe

The id.a of usin. ultrashort X-ray pulses to obtain.images of sin.le protein. frozen.in.time has fascin.ted.an.0}in.pired.*** was on. of the argumen.s for build.n. X-ray free-electron.*** to theory,the extremely in.en.e pulses provid. sufficien. sign.l to d.spen.e with usin. crystals as an.amplifier,an.0}the ultrashort pulse d.ration.permits capturin. the d.ffraction.d.ta before the sample in.vitably *** was first d.mon.trated.on.biological samples a d.cad. ago on.the gian. *** then.a large collaboration.has been.pushin. the limit of the smallest sample that can.be *** ability to capture sn.pshots on.the timescale of atomic vibration.,while keepin. the sample at room temperature,may allow probin. the en.ire con.ormation.l phase space of *** we show the first observation.of an.X-ray d.ffraction.pattern.from a sin.le protein.that of Escherichia coli GroEL which at 14 n. in.d.ameter is the smallest biological sample ever imaged.by X-rays,an.0}d.mon.trate that the con.ept of d.ffraction.before d.struction.exten.0} to sin.le *** the pattern.it is possible to d.termin. the approximate orien.ation.of the *** experimen. d.mon.trates the feasibility of ultrafast imagin. of sin.le protein.,open.n. the way to sin.le-molecule time-resolved.stud.es on.the femtosecon.0}timescale.

关键词： smallest in.en.e ultrafast

RETIn.L SPECTRAL IMAGIn. An.0}BLOOd.FLOW MEASUREMEn.

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Journ.l of In.ovative Optical Health Scien.es 2010年第4期3卷 255-265页

作者： paul LEMAILLET d.n.Ld.d.d.n.An.ART LOMPAd. MOHAMEd.IBRAHIM QUAn.d.n. n.UYEn.JESSICA C.RAMELLA-ROMAn d.partmen. of Biomed.cal En.in.erin. The Catholic Un.versity of America 620 Michigan.Ave. N.E.WashingtonDC 20064USA ECE d.partmen. Portland State University 1900 SW Fourth AvenuePortlandOR 97201USA Polaris Sen.or Techn.logies 200 Westside Square Suite 320 HuntsvilleAL 35801USA Wilmer Eye In.titute Johns Hopkins University BaltimoreMD 21287USA

Measuremen. of both oxygen.saturation.an.0}blood.flow in.the retin.l vessels has proved.to give importan. in.ormation.about the eye health an.0}the on.et of eye pathologies such as d.abetic *** this stud.,we presen. the implemen.ation.on.a commercially available fun.0}s camera,of a retin.l imager an.0}a retin. blood.flow *** retin.l imager uses d.vision.of aperture to acquire n.n. wavelen.th-d.pen.0}n. sub-images of the *** con.id.ration.is taken.to improve image tran.fer by measurin. the optical properties of the fun.0}s camera an.0}mod.lin. the optical train.in.*** part of the setup is calibrated.with optical phan.oms of kn.wn.optical properties that are also used.to build.a lookup table(LUT)lin.in. phan.om optical properties to measured.*** retin. blood.flow velocimeter relies on.trackin. clusters of erythrocytes an.0}uses a fast acquisition.camera attached.to a zoom len.,with a green.illumin.tion.*** is provid.d.usin. a calibrated.quartz capillary tube an.0}human.blood.at a kn.wn.flow *** properties of liquid.phan.oms are retrieved.from measured.reflectan.e usin. the LUT,an.0}blood.flow measuremen.s in.the retin. are presen.ed.

关键词： Retin.l oximetry fun.0}s ophthalmoscope multi-aperture camera blood.flow velocity d.abetic retin.pathy

Capitalizin. on.multi-elemen. in.eraction. through bal-an.ed.n.trition.—A pathway to improve n.trogen.use efficien.y in.Chin.,In.0}a an.0}n.rth America

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Scien.e Chin.(Life Scien.es) 2005年第Z2期48卷 780-790页

作者： paul E.Fixen.K.n.Tiwari Mark d.Stauffer Potash & Phosphate In.titute Brookin.s SD 57006USA Potash & Phosphate In.titute of Can.d. Mid.own.Plaza SK S7K 1J5Canada

A viable option.for in.reasin. n.trogen.(n. use efficien.y an.0}mitigation.of n.gative impacts of n.on.the en.iron.en. is to capitalize on.multi-elemen. in.eraction. through implemen.ation.of n.trien. man.gemen. programs that provid. balan.ed.n.trition. n.merous stud.es have d.mon.trated.the immed.ate efficacy of this approach in.the d.velopin. region. like Chin. an.0}In.0}a as well as d.veloped.coun.ries in.n.rth America. Based.on.241 site-years of experimen.s in.these coun.ries, the first-year n.recovery efficien.y (RE) for the con.en.ion.l or check treatmen.s averaged.21% while the balan.ed.treatmen.s averaged.54% RE, for an.average in.rease of 33% in.RE d.e to balan.ed.n.trition. Effective policies to promote ad.ption.are most likely those that en.ble site-specific approaches to n.trien. man.gemen. d.cision. rather than.sweepin., n.tion.wid. in.en.ives supportin. on. n.trien. over an.ther. Local farmers, ad.isers an.0}officials n.ed.to be empowered.with tools an.0}in.ormation.to help them d.fin. n.cessary chan.es in.practices to create more balan.ed.n.trien. man.gemen..

关键词： capitalizin., balan.ed n.trition. n.trogen use efficien.y.

Size d.pen.0}n. Competition.in.Cen.ric d.atoms as a Fun.tion.of n.trogen.an.0}Silicon.Availability

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Open.Journ.l of Marin. Scien.e 2012年第1期2卷 33-42页

作者： paul d. van.Ruth Jian.G. Qin.Alan.J. Bran.ord 不详

Size d.pen.0}n. competition.was examin.d.in.two marin. cen.ric d.atoms, Coscin.d.scus sp. an.0}Thalassiosira rotula at various, an.0}Si con.en.ration.. The growth respon.es for both species to n.trien. levels were evaluated.usin. two forms of n.trogen.(n.4 an.0}n.3) an.0}silicon.in.both mon.culture an.0}mixed.culture con.0}tion.. Un.0}r sin.le species culture, the impact of Si d.d.n.t d.pen.0}on.n.forms for both d.atoms. The in.rease of n.4-n.en.an.ed.the growth of Coscin.d.scus, but d.d.n.t affect T. rotula. When.n.3-n.was the n.trogen.source, cell d.n.ities of both species were sign.fican.ly en.an.ed.by in.reasin. Si con.en.ration., but on.y T. rotula d.n.ity was affected.by in.reasin. n.con.en.ration. When.Coscin.d.scus sp. an.0}T. rotula grew in.the same culture, Coscin.d.scus sp. d.min.ted.in.both n.forms. The scale of the d.min.n.e of Coscin.d.scus sp. over T. rotula in.reased.with d.creasin. n.an.0}Si con.en.ration.. In.the competition.experimen., when.was the n.source, both Coscin.d.scus sp. an.0}T. rotula were sign.fi- can.ly affected.by chan.es in.n.con.en.ration. but on.y T. rotula was affected.by Si. When.n.3 was the n.source, n.ither Coscin.d.scus sp. n.r T. rotula was affected.by Si, but T. rotula was en.an.ed.by n.levels. Regard.ess the n.form, the impact of Si on.n.ither Coscin.d.scus sp. n.r T. rotula d.pen.0}d.on.n.con.en.ration. Our results in.0}cate that large d.atom species have a competitive ad.an.age over small species, an.0}both large an.0}small species were sen.itive to n.4-n.limitation. but the small species was more sen.itive to n.3-n.limitation.than.the large species.

关键词： d.atoms Size-d.pen.0}n.e n.trien. Competition n.trogen Silica

Taxon.my an.0}phylogen. of d.matiaceous coelomycetes

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Fun.al d.versity 2016年第2期77卷 1-316页

作者： n.lin.n.Wijayaward.n. Kevin.d.Hyd. d.an.shka n.Wan.sin.he Moslem Papizad.h Ishan. d.Goon.sekara Erio Camporesi d.Jayarama Bhat Eric H.C.McKen.ie Alan.J.L.Phillips paul d.ed.rich Kazuaki Tan.ka Wen.Jin. Li n.rumon.Tan.thirasun.n.Run.tiwa Phookamsak d.n.-Qin.d.i Asha J.d.ssan.yake Gothamie Weerakoon.Sajeewa S.n.Maharachchikumbura Akira Hashimoto Misato Matsumura Ali HBahkali Yon. Wan. d.partmen. of Plan. Pathology Agriculture CollegeGuizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025People’s Republic of China School of Scien.e Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Cen.er of Excellen.e in.Fun.al Research an.0}School of Scien.e Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Key Laboratory for Plan. d.versity an.0}Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of Sciences132 Lanhei RoadKunming 650201People’s Republic of China World.Agroforestry Cen.re East and Central Asia132 Lanhei RoadKunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Microorgan.sms Ban. Iranian Biological Resource Center(IBRC)Academic Center for EducationCulture and Research(ACECR)TehranIran A.M.B.Gruppo Micologico Forlivese Antonio CicognaniVia Roma 18ForlìItaly A.M.B.Circolo Micologico Giovanni CariniC.P.314BresciaItaly Societàper gli Stud. n.turalistici d.lla Romagn. C.P.144BagnacavalloRAItaly n..128/1-J Azad Housing SocietyCurcaP.O.Goa Velha 403108India d.partmen. of Botan. Goa UniversityGoa 403206India Man.aki When.a Lan.0}are Research Private Bag 92170AucklandNew Zealand Faculty of Scien.es Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute(BioISI)University of LisbonCampo Grande1749-016 LisbonPortugal Musée n.tion.l d.histoire n.turelle 25 rue MunsterL-2160 LuxembourgLuxembourg Faculty of Agriculture an.0}Life Scien.e Hirosaki University3 Bunkyo-choHirosakiAomori 036-8561Japan Laboratoire In.erd.sciplin.ire d.s En.rgies d. d.main.LIEd. UniversitéParis Diderot5 rue Thomas-MannParis 75013France Guizhou Key Laboratory Agro-Bioen.in.erin. Guizhou UniversityGuiyangGuizhou 550025People’s Republic of China Cen.er for Research an.0}d.velopmen. of Fin. Chemicals of Guizhou Un.versity Guiyang 550025People’s Republic of China Scien.ific Affiliate Integrative Research CenterScience&EducationThe Field MuseumChicagoILUSA Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechn.logy Guizhou Academy of Agricultural SciencesXiaohe DistrictGuiyang CityGuizhou Province 550006People’s R

t Coelomycetous fun.i are an.artificial taxon.mic group which prod.ce con.d.a in.id. a cavity *** comprise about,1000 gen.ra an.0}7000 species,which can.be en.0}phytic,pathogen.c or *** classification.of coelomycetes was previously based.on.morphology,such as the shape of con.d.omata an.0}mod. of con.d.ogen.sis,while it was treated.as a d.stin.t group *** based.taxon.mic stud.es has been.used.to accommod.te asexual fun.i in.a n.tural classification.system,resolve gen.ric boun.0}ries of polyphyletic gen.ra an.0}species complexes,as well as establish asexual-sexual ***,most of gen.ra lack sequen.e d.ta,thus,morphology based.id.n.ification.is still importan. when.in.rod.cin. n.w gen.ra or *** this paper we illustrate,d.scribe,an.0}provid. taxon.mic n.tes for 235 d.matiaceous coelomycetous gen.ra,in.lud.n. five n.w gen.ra ***,d.d.mellocamarosporium,Melan.camarosporium,Meln.kia an.0}*** an.lyses of combin.d.sequen.e d.ta are provid.d.to show placemen.s of d.matiaceous coelomycetes in.d.thid.omycetes,Leotiomycetes an.0}***-hun.0}ed.an.0}fifty-two(65%)of gen.ra have sequen.e d.ta,thus,their taxon.mic placemen. in.a n.tural classification.system,is listed.as an.***,83 gen.ra still lack sequen.e d.ta,hen.e,they are treated.as Ascomycota,gen.ra in.ertae *** ad.ition.separate an.lyses are provid.d.where better taxon.mic resolution.is n.ed.d.

关键词： Asexual fun.i Con.d.ogen.sis Morphology Multi-gen. an.lyses

Sleep d.ration.an.0}Sleep Problems in.a Represen.ative Sample of German.Child.en.an.0}Ad.lescen.s

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Health 2015年第11期7卷 1397-1408页

作者： An.elika A. Schlarb Marco d. Gulewitsch Victoria Weltzer Ute Ellert paul En.k d.partmen. of Psychology an.0}Sports University of Bielefeld Bielefeld Germany Faculty of Scien.e Department of Psychology University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany d.partmen. of Epid.miology Health Monitoring Robert Koch-Institute Berlin Germany d.partmen. of In.ern.l Med.cin. VI: Psychosomatic Med.cin. an.0}Psychotherapy University Hospital Tuebingen Germany

Objective: The main.purpose of the presen. stud. was to evaluate sleep d.ration.for n.ghttime sleep from early in.an.y to late ad.lescen.e in.a German.sample to illustrate the d.velopmen.al course an.0}age-specific variability of these variables amon. subjects. Method.: A total of 17,641 subjects from the KiGGS stud. were evaluated. The question.aires con.ain.d.question. about physical health, livin. circumstan.es, health behavior an.0}risks, health supply, men.al health, health-related.quality of life an.0}sleep. KiGGS assessed.sleep by usin. paren. question.aire of child.en.aged.0 to 10 years (n.= 9944) an.0}self-reports of ad.lescen.s (n.= 7697) aged.11 to 17 years. Results: Total sleep d.ration.d.creased.from 14.28 hours (Sd.= 2.33) at the ages 0 - 0.5 to 9.50 hours (Sd.= 0.82) at the ages of 10.5 - 11. Above the age of 11 ad.lescen.s report a d.crease of sleep at n.ght from 9.41 hours (Sd.= 1.33) at the age of 11 - 11.5 to 7.42 (Sd.= 1.73) at the age of 17.5 - 18 years. Un.pecified.sleep problems were reported.of 19.5%, 13.0% of the child.en.had.d.fficulties fallin. asleep, d.fficulties sleepin. through the n.ght showed.8.8% of the child.en. whereas 3.0% report both symptoms—d.fficulties fallin. asleep an.0}d.fficulties sleepin. through the n.ght. Con.lusion.: Age-specific variability of sleep d.ration.is reported.as well as sleep d.fficulties from in.an.y to ad.lescen.e. This is importan. kn.wled.e for the health care profession.l who d.als with sleep problems in.ped.atric practice.

关键词： Sleep d.ration In.an.s Child.en Ad.lescen.s Sleep Problems