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Land Co.er Change and Its So.io.Eco.o.ic Impact o. the Residents o. the Mara River, Kenya

American Jo.rnal o. Climate Change 2019年第3期8卷 404-438页

作者： Fredrick M. Mngube Do.glas N. Anyo.a paul o. abuom Ally-Said Matano.Raphael A. Kapiyo East Africa—Lake Victo.ia Basin Co.missio. Secretariat Kisumu Kenya Scho.l o. Enviro.ment and Earth Sciences Maseno University Kisumu Kenya

Anthro.o.enic activities are increasingly catalyzing natural climatic facto.s that drive land co.er change at different spatial scales. Available land co.er data o. the Mara River basin ho.ever give a bro.der picture o. the entire basin regardless o. the hetero.eneity that exists at the sub-catchment level. This study so.ght to.establish sub-catchment specific info.matio. o. land co.er changes thro.gh examinatio. o. satellite images o. fo.r Mara River sub-catchments (Amala, Nyango.es, Talek and Sand River) fo. the perio. 1987-2017. The relatio.ship between temperature, rainfall and land co.er was also.co.puted. In additio., a ho.seho.d survey and fo.us gro.p discussio.s were co.ducted in each sub-catchments to.establish the so.io.eco.o.ic impacts o. land co.er change o. the co.munity’s wellbeing. Fo.est co.er was do.inant in Amala (39.8%) and Nyango.es (43.7%) sub-catchments in 1987 but by 2017 cro. lands had surpassed fo.est co.er in the two.sub-catchments, acco.nting fo. 53.2% and 45.7%, respectively. Ho.ever, in Talek (52.8%) and Sand River (47.4%) sub-catchments, grassland was the do.inant land co.er type in 1987 and after the 30 year perio., grasslands remained do.inant in Sand River, while shrub land became do.inant in Talek sub-catchment. A weak po.itive co.relatio. was o.served between rainfall and fo.est co.er, shrub land and cro.land, while a negative co.relatio. was o.served between rainfall and bare land. Average temperature sho.ed a po.itive mo.erate co.relatio. with bare land and built up areas. Analysis o. survey data revealed that livesto.k keeping, temperature increase, type o. trees, educatio. level o. ho.seho.d head and weak enviro.mental laws were the main drivers o. land co.er change (P −0.587), beans (r = −0.5459), so.ghum (r = −0.351), co. peas (r = −0.544), and pigeo. peas (r = −0.337). Fo.us gro.p discussio.s participants were suppo.tive o. enviro.mental pro.ective measures to.reverse negative land co.er changes

关键词： Land Co.er Change So.io.Eco.o.ic Impact Mara River Sub-Catchments Kenya

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Effects o. Land Use Change o. Land Degradatio. Reflected by So.l Pro.erties alo.g Mara River, Kenya and Tanzania

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o.en Jo.rnal o. So.l Science 2015年第1期5卷 20-38页

作者： Ally-Said Matano.Canisius K. Kanangire Do.glas N. Anyo.a paul o. abuom Frank B. Gelder Gabriel o. Dida Philip o. o.uo. Ayub V. o. o.ulla Lake Victo.ia Basin Co.missio. Secretariat Kisumu Kenya Scho.l o. Enviro.ment and Earth Sciences Maseno University Maseno Kenya Pro.e Internatio.al Inc. Auckland New Zealand Scho.l o. Public Health and Co.munity Develo.ment Maseno University Maseno Kenya Department o. Chemistry Maseno University Maseno Kenya

Human-induced changes to.natural landscapes have been identified as so.e o. the greatest threats to.freshwater reso.rces. The change fro. natural fo.est co.er to.agricultural and pasto.al activities is rampant especially in the upper Mara River catchment (water to.er), as well as alo.g the co.rse o. the Mara River. The o.jective o. this study was to.determine the effect o. land use change o. the physico.chemical pro.erties o. so.l (bulk density, carbo., nitro.en, pho.pho.us and pH) alo.g the co.rse o. the Mara River. Five majo. land uses (agricultural lands, livesto.k/pasto.al lands, fo.ested lands, co.servancy/game reserves, and natural wetland) were explo.ed. Results revealed that the mean so.l bulk density was 0.956 g/cm3 and differed significantly between sites (p o.ass values differed significantly between sampling sites (land use types) within the Mara River Basin (F(4, 147) = 8.57, p o. o.er a perio. o. 150 minutes differed, no. o.ly amo.g sampling sites, but also.between different sides o. the river (left and right) within the same sampling site. So.l pH was generally acidic acro.s the five sites and varied significantly (F(4, 63) = 19.26, p tween sites alo.g the Mara River Basin. The mean percentage so.l nitro.en acro.s all sampling blo.ks was 4.87%, with significant differences o.served in percentage so.l nitro.en (F (4, 63) = 3.26, p o. differently alo.g the Mara River, while adjacent land degradatio. affected water physico.chemical pro.erties. These results po.nt to.the need to.have fo.used po.icies o. integrated land and water reso.rce management strategies in the Mara River Basin.

关键词： Catchment Area land Degradatio. Land Use Types Mara River Riparian Land

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Spatial distributio. and habitat characterizatio. o. mo.quito.species during the dry seaso. alo.g the Mara River and its tributaries,in Kenya and Tanzania

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Infectio.s Diseases o. Po.erty 2018年第1期7卷 14-29页

作者： Gabriel o.Dida Do.glas N.Anyo.a paul o.abuom Daniel Ako.o.Samso. o.Ado.a Ally-Said Matano.Philip o.o.uo. Co.lins o.ma Scho.l o. Public Health and Co.munity Develo.ment Maseno UniversityMasenoKenya Scho.l o. Enviro.ment and Earth Sciences Maseno UniversityMasenoKenya Impact Research and Develo.ment o.ganizatio. KisumuKenya Scho.l o. Health Sciences Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and TechnologyBondoKenya East African Co.munity/Lake Victo.ia Basin Co.missio. KisumuKenya Department o. Chemistry Maseno UniversityMasenoKenya Department o. Co.munity and Public Health Technical University of KenyaNairobiKenya

Backgro.nd:Vecto.-bo.ne diseases are increasingly beco.ing a majo. health pro.lem amo.g co.munities living alo.g the majo. rivers o. *** larger water bo.ies such as lakes and dams have been extensively researched,rivers and their tributaries have largely been *** study so.ght to.establish the spatial distributio. o. mo.quito.species during the dry seaso. and further characterize their habitats alo.g the Mara River and its ***:In this cro.s-sectio.al survey,mo.quito.larvae were sampled alo.g the Mara River,its two.perennial tributaries(Amala and Nyango.es),drying streams,and adjacent aquatic habitats(***,puddles that receive direct sunlight[o.en sunlit puddles],ro.k po.ls,hippo.and livesto.k ho.f prints,and vegetated po.ls).Each habitat was dipped 20 times using a standard *** between breeding sites and human habitatio. was determined using glo.al po.itio.ing system *** co.lected mo.quito.larvae were identified using standard taxo.o.ic *** physico.chemical parameters were measured in situ using a multiparameter *** mo.quito.larvae per habitat type were co.pared using analysis o. variance and chi-square tests,while the relatio.ship between mo.quito.larvae and physico.hemical parameters was evaluated using a generalized linear mixed *** Co.-Stuart test was used to.detect trends o. mo.quito.larvae *** test allo.ed fo. verificatio. o. mo.o.o.ic tendency(rejectio. o. null hypo.hesis o. trend absence)and its ***:A to.al o. 4001 mo.quito.larvae were co.lected,o. which 2712(67.8%)were co.lected fro. river/stream edge habitats and 1289(32.2%)were sampled fro. aquatic habitats lo.ated in the terrestrial eco.ystem abo.t 50 m away fro. the main river/*** gambiae s.s,***,and *** gro.p,the three mo.t po.ent vecto.s o. malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa,to.ether with o.her ano.heline mo.quito.s,were the mo.t do.inant mo.quito.species(70.3%)

关键词： Ano.heles gambiae Ano.heles funestus Culex Mo.quito Larval habitat Mara River Kenya Tanzania

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Mo.eling Vegetatio. Lifefo.ms Abundance based o. <i>Epigeal Termitaria</i>Physio.raphy and Altitude in Tro.ical Savannah o. Kato.o.Sub-Lo.atio., Kisumu Co.nty

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Jo.rnal o. Geo.cience and Enviro.ment Pro.ectio. 2017年第10期5卷 22-31页

作者： Wyclife Agumba o.uo.h Bo.iface o.uo.h o.ndo.paul abuom Department o. Geo.raphy and Natural Reso.rce Management School of Environment and Earth Sciences Maseno University Ki-sumu Kenya Department o. Enviro.mental Science School of Environment and Earth Sciences Maseno University Kisumu Kenya

Termite mo.nds are majo. sites o. functio.al hetero.eneity in the tro.ical eco.ystems glo.ally;thro.gh their pro.igio.s influence o. vegetatio. and so.l perturbatio.. They aid so.l aeratio., water infiltratio. and catabo.ism o. vegetative matter into.nutrient rich humus. There is no.do.umentatio. o. a mo.el fo. predictio. o. vegetatio. lifefo.ms with respect to.mo.nd basal radii, heights and altitude. o.jective o. this study was therefo.e to.develo. a mo.el fo. rapid predictio. o. vegetatio. lifefo.ms (trees, shrubs, lianas and grass) abundance based o. physio.raphy (basal radii and heights) and altitude o. the termite mo.nds. Study po.ulatio. o. the mo.nds was unkno.n. Cro.s sectio.al research design was used. Saturated sampling was do.e where sixty accessible termite mo.nds were studied. Bo.h basal radii and heights o. termite mo.nds were measured using 50 m tape measure o. hand-held inclino.eter. Altitude data were captured by hand-held Glo.al Po.itio.ing System (GPS). Trees, shrubs and lianas were identified visually and co.nted o. the mo.nds while grass abundance was estimated using 0.3 m by 0.3 m quadrat o. every termitarium. Multiple Linear Regressio.s were do.e to.mo.el vegetatio. lifefo.ms abundance based o. termite mo.nd basal radius, height and altitude. Results indicated that predicted MLR significantly (p ≤ 0.05) predicted trees, shrubs and lianas but no. grass abundance. Predicted trees abundance = -89.2587 + 10.46157 (radius (m)) - 4.96989 (height (m)) + 0.074074 (altitude (m)), predicted shrubs abundance = 19.26065 + 6.780626 (radius (m)) - 6.09157 (height (m)) - 0.00822 (altitude (m)) and predicted lianas abundance = -24.9345 + 5.881659 (radius (m)) - 0.68423 (height (m)) + 0.020729 (altitude (m)). This study demo.strated significant effect o. termite mo.nd physio.raphy o. vegetatio. lifefo.ms abundance as well as develo.ed a mo.el fo. rapid predictio. o. their abundance o. termite mo.nds.

关键词： Mo.eling Termite Mo.nds Vegetatio. Lifefo.ms Abundance Tro.ical Savannah

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Effects o. Papyrus Plants (Cyperus papyrus) o. the Physico.hemical Parameters and Nutrient Levels o. Water and Sediments in Yala Swamp Wetland in Western Kenya

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Jo.rnal o. Bio.hysical Chemistry 2024年第1期15卷 1-23页

作者： Vio.et Achieng o.o.o.paul o.ieno.abuom Emmanuel Amuko.e Shikanga Elly Tetty o.ewe Do.glas Nyambane Anyo.a Fredrick Mhina Mngube Stephen Ado.go.o.o.go Department o. Enviro.mental Studies Maseno University Kisumu Kenya Department o. Chemistry Maseno University Kisumu Kenya Department o. Physical and Bio.o.ical Sciences Murang’a University of Technology Murang’a Kenya Wetlands Internatio.al Dar es Salaam Tanzania Department o. Physical Sciences Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology Bondo Kenya

Yala swamp wetland is the largest fresh water wetland eco.ystem in Kenya suppo.ting a bro.d bio.iversity. It co.prises o. River Yala, the Yala swamp, Lakes Kanyabo.i, Nambo.o.and Sare, and a po.tio. o. Lake Victo.ia neighbo.ing the swamp. Appro.imately 2300 ha o. land have been reclaimed and has been used fo. large-scale agriculture resulting in mass destructio. o. papyrus to.create ro.m fo. framing. Papyrus are kno.n to.be impo.tant in phyto.emediatio. but despite this ro.e info.matio. is limited, lacks suppo.tive evidence and the empirical aspect o. the levels o. these po.lutants in relatio. to.the papyrus bio.ass is limited. The study is aimed at determining the effects o. Cyperus papyrus o. the water and sediment quality in Yala Swamp wetland. Six sampling sites were purpo.efully selected to.mo.ito. the variatio.s o. the physico.hemical parameters (temperature, disso.ved o.ygen: Do. pH, bio.o.ical o.ygen demand: Bo., to.al suspended so.ids: TSS, turbidity, electrical co.ductivity: EC and to.al disso.ved so.ids: TSS) and the levels selected nutrients (pho.pho.us and nitrates) in water and sediments as River Yala flo.s thro.gh Do.inio. Farms, Lake Sare which surro.nded by Cyperus papyrus and finally into.Lake Victo.ia. The samples were co.lected in triplicates during the wet and dry seaso.s (May and September 2015 respectively). The physico.hemical parameters were measured in situ using a Hydro.ab muiltimeter while the nutrients were analyzed using UV/Vis spectro.co.y. Statistical analysis was do.e using SAS V9.0 so.tware. The mean temperature was 26.19˚C ± 0.71˚C, Do. 3.72 ± 1.02 Mg/l, Bo.: 3.9 ± 0.32 Mg/l, pH: 7.52 ± 0.17, TDS: 109 ± 86.33, EC: 173.26 ± 13.8 μS/cm, TSS: 12.42 ± 18.51 Mg/l and Turbidity: 12.29 ± 10.03 NTU. The values varied significantly at P 0.05 amo.g all the sites. The results sho. that papyrus is useful in maintaining the required levels o. physico.hemical parameters. The study will assist in co.servatio. o. the papyrus to.help phyto.emediate

关键词： Adso.bing Co.taminants Phyto.emediatio. Co.servatio. Cyperus papyrus

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